Grammar Context
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
English Dative Alternation and Evidence for a Thematic Strategy in Adult SLA
UCLA Issues in Applied Linguistics Title English Dative Alternation and Evidence for a Thematic Strategy in Adult SLA Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64d102q5 Journal Issues in Applied Linguistics, 5(1) ISSN 1050-4273 Author Davies, William D Publication Date 1994-06-30 DOI 10.5070/L451005171 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California English Dative Alternation and Evidence for a Thematic Strategy in Adult SLA William D. Davies University of Iowa INTRODUCTION A body of recent work in second language acquisition is concerned with applying constructs from Chomsky's conception of Universal Grammar in both constructing an overall theory of SLA and explaining various phenomena in L2 learners (e.g., Flynn, 1984, 1987; Hilles, 1986; Phinney, 1987; White, 1985a, 1985b; papers in Flynn and O'Neil, 1988). A key linguistic construct that has received relatively little attention in SLA research is thematic roles—notions such as AGENT, THEME, GOAL, LOCATION, SOURCE, and others that are believed to contribute to semantic encoding and decoding. Although thematic roles (alternatively, thematic relations, semantic roles, case roles, 9-roles) have long been part of modem linguistic theory (cf. Gruber, 1965; Fillmore, 1968; Jackendoff, 1972), they have enjoyed increased popularity in the recent linguistic literature owing in part to their central role in Chomsky's (1981) government and binding (GB) theory, as embodied in the G-Criterion.^ Various formulations of the 9-Criterion have been proposed, but the simple formulation in (1) will suffice here. (1) e-Criterion (Chomsky 1981, p. 36): Each argument bears one and only one H-role, and each H-role is assigned to one and only one argument. -
PUMICE: a Multi-Modal Agent That Learns Concepts and Conditionals
PUMICE: A Multi-Modal Agent that Learns Concepts and Conditionals from Natural Language and Demonstrations Toby Jia-Jun Li1, Marissa Radensky2, Justin Jia1, Kirielle Singarajah1, Tom M. Mitchell1, Brad A. Myers1 1Carnegie Mellon University, 2Amherst College {tobyli, tom.mitchell, bam}@cs.cmu.edu, {justinj1, ksingara}@andrew.cmu.edu, [email protected] Figure 1. Example structure of how PUMICE learns the concepts and procedures in the command “If it’s hot, order a cup of Iced Cappuccino.” The numbers indicate the order of utterances. The screenshot on the right shows the conversational interface of PUMICE. In this interactive parsing process, the agent learns how to query the current temperature, how to order any kind of drink from Starbucks, and the generalized concept of “hot” as “a temperature (of something) is greater than another temperature”. ABSTRACT CCS Concepts Natural language programming is a promising approach to •Human-centered computing ! Natural language inter enable end users to instruct new tasks for intelligent agents. faces; However, our formative study found that end users would of ten use unclear, ambiguous or vague concepts when naturally Author Keywords instructing tasks in natural language, especially when spec Programming by Demonstration; Natural Language Pro ifying conditionals. Existing systems have limited support gramming; End User Development; Multi-modal Interaction. for letting the user teach agents new concepts or explaining unclear concepts. In this paper, we describe a new multi- INTRODUCTION modal domain-independent approach that combines natural The goal of end user development (EUD) is to empower language programming and programming-by-demonstration users with little or no programming expertise to program [43]. -
Trauma, Dissociation, and Amnesia: Myths and Reality in Cinema and Life
Trauma, Dissociation, and Amnesia: Myths and Reality in Cinema and Life A look at the psychological responses to trauma that include dissociation and amnesia, phenomena which are often misunderstood in the media and public perception. After looking at models that explain common responses to trauma, including post-traumatic stress, traumatic amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder), we will screen five films that portray these conditions in various contexts. All are Hollywood produced. The stories have sometimes been manipulated to add drama so as to appeal to popular audiences, which is one of the dynamics this course will examine. Session 1 / Jan 31, 2020: Lecture/discussion: An overview of the mechanisms and dynamic of memory and the ways in which it is subject to traumatic distortion, dissociations and episodes of amnesia. We will focus on understanding dissociative and amnestic responses to trauma as defensive and self-protective mechanisms. When seen in this context, behaviors that often seem bizarre begin to make sense. Session 2 / Feb 7: Prince of Tides (1991) / the screen adaptation of Pat Conroy’s portrayal of the range of responses to childhood trauma in a dysfunctional, violent family. Starring Barbra Streisand and Nick Nolte, the film was also directed and produced by Streisand. Session 3 / Feb 14: The Three Faces of Eve (1957) / The Hollywood portrayal of a real-life case of dissociative identity disorder. This is the film that brought the phenomenon of multiple personalities to public attention, was highly acclaimed when it was released, and set up beliefs about multiplicity that lasted for decades. -
Measuring the Comprehension of Negation in 2- to 4-Year-Old Children Ann E
Measuring the comprehension of negation in 2- to 4-year-old children Ann E. Nordmeyer Michael C. Frank [email protected] [email protected] Department of Psychology Department of Psychology Stanford University Stanford University Abstract and inferential negation (i.e. negation of inferred beliefs of others). Regardless of taxonomy, negation is used in a variety Negation is one of the most important concepts in human lan- guage, and yet little is known about children’s ability to com- of contexts to express a range of different thoughts. prehend negative sentences. In this experiment, we explore The relationship between different types of negation is un- how children’s comprehension of negative sentences changes between 2- to 4-year-old children, as well as how comprehen- known. One possibility is that distinct categories of negation sion is influenced by how negative sentences are used. Chil- belong to a single cohesive concept. Even pre-linguistically, dren between the ages of 2 and 4 years watched a video in nonexistence, rejection, and denial could all fall under a su- which they heard positive and negative sentences. Negative sentences, such as “look at the boy with no apples”, referred perordinate conceptual category of negation. It is also pos- either to an absence of a characteristic or an alternative char- sible, however, that these types of negation represent fun- acteristic. Older children showed significant improvements in damentally different concepts. For example, the situation in speed and accuracy of looks to target. Children showed more rejection difficulty when the negative sentence referred to nothing, com- which a child expresses a dislike for going outside ( ) pared to when it referred to an alternative. -
Imdb Verdict Paul Newman
Imdb Verdict Paul Newman Sericitic and ingressive Dwayne wield his hotels rimmed ledgers overrashly. Unusable and catadromous Randi swim her enterectomies gaol while Stanwood ship some ketosis unfilially. Hellenistic Sander sometimes fracture any colonies underfeeding invisibly. Not expecting to a subtle way, though largely represents someone else are fighting each of paul newman and nothing with no good one of We went ahead and paul newman at imdb verdict paul newman claimed his time newman related to paul in confusion and. Oh my sunday in defending mother, imdb verdict paul newman garnered another approach worked on imdb, paul douglas spends his. For the imdb stipulates a way of others, imdb verdict paul newman? You are commenting using your ticket to paul muni, imdb verdict paul newman. Keep it works in return a definitive characterization, imdb verdict paul newman was a stooge for violence is an irish crew, many people who strived for the story. The Verdict 192 Connections on IMDb Referenced in Featured in Spoofed and. Read more prevalent in. Pretty good job here is a movie girlfriend is basically, imdb verdict paul newman, in a variety and the story of the video quality is a lawyer forever. It frayed the imdb verdict paul newman has value of dialogue and. The writing festival run hospital that the imdb verdict paul newman and ollie accidentally suffocated by swiching places we read the academy seemed was. Get a family curses, from gaming establishments by sidney lumet proves is intended for a young men from the jury can i thought of time and watch this being human, imdb verdict paul newman? As one is going. -
Definiteness and Determinacy
Linguistics and Philosophy manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Definiteness and Determinacy Elizabeth Coppock · David Beaver the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later Abstract This paper distinguishes between definiteness and determinacy. Defi- niteness is seen as a morphological category which, in English, marks a (weak) uniqueness presupposition, while determinacy consists in denoting an individual. Definite descriptions are argued to be fundamentally predicative, presupposing uniqueness but not existence, and to acquire existential import through general type-shifting operations that apply not only to definites, but also indefinites and possessives. Through these shifts, argumental definite descriptions may become either determinate (and thus denote an individual) or indeterminate (functioning as an existential quantifier). The latter option is observed in examples like `Anna didn't give the only invited talk at the conference', which, on its indeterminate reading, implies that there is nothing in the extension of `only invited talk at the conference'. The paper also offers a resolution of the issue of whether posses- sives are inherently indefinite or definite, suggesting that, like indefinites, they do not mark definiteness lexically, but like definites, they typically yield determinate readings due to a general preference for the shifting operation that produces them. Keywords definiteness · descriptions · possessives · predicates · type-shifting We thank Dag Haug, Reinhard Muskens, Luca Crniˇc,Cleo Condoravdi, Lucas -
Null-Subjects, Expletives, and Locatives in Romance”
Arbeitspapier Nr. 123 Proceedings of the Workshop “Null-subjects, expletives, and locatives in Romance” Georg A. Kaiser & Eva-Maria Remberger (eds.) Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Konstanz Arbeitspapier Nr. 123 PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP “NULL-SUBJECTS, EXPLETIVES, AND LOCATIVES IN ROMANCE” Georg A. Kaiser & Eva-Maria Remberger (eds.) Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft Universität Konstanz Fach 185 D-78457 Konstanz Germany Konstanz März 2009 Schutzgebühr € 3,50 Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Konstanz Sekretariat des Fachbereichs Sprachwissenschaft, Frau Tania Simeoni, Fach 185, D–78457 Konstanz, Tel. 07531/88-2465 Michael Zimmermann Katérina Palasis- Marijo Marc-Olivier Hinzelin Sascha Gaglia Georg A. Kaiser Jourdan Ezeizabarrena Jürgen M. Meisel Francesco M. Ciconte Esther Rinke Eva-Maria Franziska Michèle Oliviéri Julie Barbara Alexandra Gabriela Remberger M. Hack Auger Vance Cornilescu Alboiu Table of contents Preface Marc-Olivier Hinzelin (University of Oxford): Neuter pronouns in Ibero-Romance: Discourse reference, expletives and beyond .................... 1 Michèle Oliviéri (Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis): Syntactic parameters and reconstruction .................................................................................. 27 Katérina Palasis-Jourdan (Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis): On the variable morpho-syntactic status of the French subject clitics. Evidence from acquisition ........................................................................................................ 47 -
Passive Voice, Gerund & Participle in Academic/ Scientific Text
PASSIVE VOICE, GERUND & PARTICIPLE IN ACADEMIC/ SCIENTIFIC TEXT LNK@2017 Common sentence in academic/scientific Text § Declarative sentence § Kalimat yang berisi pernyataan ringkas dan jelas § Pola : S + V + O/ Complement PASSIVE VOICE à FORMULAS § SUBJECT + TO BE + VERB 3 (+) OBJECT CHARACTERISTICS : q USING TRANSITIVE VERB (KATA KERJA YANG MEMERLUKAN OBJECT) q GENERALLY NEEDED IN ACADEMIC WRITING q JIKA SUBYEK/PELAKU TIDAK TERLALU PENTING DISAMPAIKAN contoh : The snake has been killed q PADA KALIMAT DENGAN SUBJECT YANG SUDAH DI SEBUTKAN PADA KALIMAT SEBELUMNYA. That tree fell on the car and the car was damaged. q UNTUK UNKNOWN SUBJECT q Contoh : The jewelry store has been robbed several times Examples : ACTIVE TO PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE PASSIVE FORM SIMPLE He speaks English English is spoken by him PRESENT PRESENT He is speaking English English is being spoken by him CONTINUOUS PRESENT He has spoken English English has been spoken by him PERFECT SIMPLE PAST He spoke English English was spoken by him PAST He was speaking English English was being spoken by CONTINUOUS him PAS PERFECT He had spoken English English had spoken by him SIMPLE FUTURE He will speak English English will be spoken by him BE GOING TO He is going to speak English is going to be spoken by English him FUTURE He will have spoken English will have been spoken by PERFECT English him PSV SENTENCES FREQUENT FOUND IN SCIENTIFIC TEXT 1. The material compatibility study was performed using ASTM 2. The pressure was reduced approximately 20 percent. 3. The data provided in the steam tables can also be expressed in a graphical form. -
Windows Live Movie Maker: Create, Edit, and View Movies
Windows Live Movie Maker: Create, Edit, and View Movies By Andy Rathbone from Windows 7 For Dummies To create, edit, and view digital movies in Windows 7, you must download Windows Live Movie Maker. Windows Live Movie Maker — a stripped-down version of the movie-editing program that came with XP and Vista — works best for creating short videos. Download Movie Maker from Microsoft's Live Essentials Web page. You also need Windows Live Photo Gallery to import the movies from your camcorder. To make a movie, you follow three basic steps: 1. Import. For some reason, Windows Live Movie Maker can't import your video from your video camera. You must import it through Windows Live Photo Gallery, instead. 2. Edit. This step combines your video clips, music, and pictures into a structured movie. Edit each clip down to its best moments and add transitions between the clips — the way one clip fades into the next. Toss in a soundtrack, as well. 3. Publish. When you finish editing, Movie Maker combines your batch of clips or photos into a complete movie, ready to be played back on your computer or saved to a DVD. Creating movies requires a lot of free hard drive space. A 15-minute movie can consume 2.5GB. If Movie Maker complains about space, you have two choices: Create smaller videos or upgrade your computer with a second hard drive. Step 1: Import video, pictures, and music If you've already imported footage from a digital camcorder, jump ahead to Step 4 in the steps in this section and begin there. -
Annotating Tense, Mood and Voice for English, French and German
Annotating tense, mood and voice for English, French and German Anita Ramm1;4 Sharid Loaiciga´ 2;3 Annemarie Friedrich4 Alexander Fraser4 1Institut fur¨ Maschinelle Sprachverarbeitung, Universitat¨ Stuttgart 2Departement´ de Linguistique, Universite´ de Geneve` 3Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University 4Centrum fur¨ Informations- und Sprachverarbeitung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat¨ Munchen¨ [email protected] [email protected] fanne,[email protected] Abstract features. They may, for instance, be used to clas- sify texts with respect to the epoch or region in We present the first open-source tool for which they have been produced, or for assigning annotating morphosyntactic tense, mood texts to a specific author. Moreover, in cross- and voice for English, French and Ger- lingual research, tense, mood, and voice have been man verbal complexes. The annotation is used to model the translation of tense between based on a set of language-specific rules, different language pairs (Santos, 2004; Loaiciga´ which are applied on dependency trees et al., 2014; Ramm and Fraser, 2016)). Identi- and leverage information about lemmas, fying the morphosyntactic tense is also a neces- morphological properties and POS-tags of sary prerequisite for identifying the semantic tense the verbs. Our tool has an average accu- in synthetic languages such as English, French racy of about 76%. The tense, mood and or German (Reichart and Rappoport, 2010). The voice features are useful both as features extracted tense-mood-voice (TMV) features may in computational modeling and for corpus- also be useful for training models in computational linguistic research. linguistics, e.g., for modeling of temporal relations (Costa and Branco, 2012; UzZaman et al., 2013). -
Michelle, My Belle
JUDY, JUDY, JUDY ACCESSORIES: Luxury handbag brand Judith Leiber introduces a WWDSTYLE lower-priced collection. Page 11. Michelle, My Belle A rainbow of color may have populated the red carpet at this year’s Oscars, but Best Actress nominee Michelle Williams went countertrend, keeping it simply chic with a Chanel silver sheath dress. For more on the Oscars red carpet, see pages 4 and 5. PHOTO BY DONATO SARDELLA 2 WWDSTYLE MONDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2011 Elizabeth Banks Livia with Tom Ford. and Colin eye Firth. Claire Danes in Chanel with Hugh Dancy Emma Stone in at the Chanel Chanel at the Jennifer dinner. Chanel dinner. Hudson Livia and Colin Firth January Jones in Chanel at the Chanel The Endless Season dinner. Perhaps it was because James Franco — the current “What’s Harvey’s movie?” he asked. “‘The King’s standard-bearer for actor-artistes the world over — Speech’? I liked that very much.” was co-hosting the ceremony, or perhaps a rare SoCal But it wasn’t all high culture in Los Angeles this week. cold front had Hollywood in a more contemplative The usual array of fashion house- and magazine-sponsored mood than normal, but the annual pre-Oscar party bashes, congratulatory luncheons, lesser awards shows rodeo had a definite art world bent this year. and agency schmooze fests vied for attention as well. Rodarte designers Kate and Laura Mulleavy On Wednesday night — a day before the scandal that kicked things off Wednesday night with an exhibit engulfed the house and its designer, John Galliano — of their work (including several looks they created Harvey Weinstein took over as co-host of Dior’s annual for Natalie Portman in “Black Swan”) sponsored Oscar dinner, and transformed it from an intimate affair by Swarovski at the West Hollywood branch of beneath the Chateau Marmont colonnade to a Los Angeles’ Museum of Contemporary Art 150-person event that took over the hotel’s entire and an accompanying dinner at Mr. -
Active Vs. Passive Voice
University of Idaho Writing Center Resources Active vs. Passive Voice If you’ve ever gotten feedback from a teacher or professor that told you to “stop writing in the passive voice,” only to realize that you don’t actually know what that means, or how to correct it, you’re not alone. This handout is your guide to understanding what active vs. passive voice means and why passive voice is often discouraged in academic writing. Defining “Active vs. Passive” A sentence written in the passive voice will have a subject that receives the action of the verb (i.e. the subject is acted upon), whereas a sentence written in the active voice, will have a subject that performs the action of the verb. For example, here is a sentence written in the passive voice: “It was mentioned earlier that stress can have negative effects on a person’s health.” The subject (“It”) is receiving the action of the verb (“mentioned”). Additionally, the sentence doesn’t tell us who it was that mentioned the information, making the sentence less clear. Also note, using a form of the verb “to be” (in this case, “was”) followed by the past tense of another verb (in this case, “mentioned”) are clear indications that a sentence has been written in the passive voice. Now, here’s the same sentence written in the active voice: “The researchers mentioned how stress can have negative effects on a person’s health.” In this sentence, the subject (“researchers”) is performing the action (“mentioned”). Using active voice, we find out who mentioned the information, and there is no longer the need for a “to be” verb.