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Developing Organization-Specific Enterprise Architecture Management Functions Using a Method Base TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN Lehrstuhl für Informatik XIX Developing Organization-Specific Enterprise Architecture Management Functions Using a Method Base Sabine M. Buckl Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Informatik der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. H. Krcmar Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. F. Matthes 2. Prof. Dr. P. Johnson, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Schweden Die Dissertation wurde am 15.02.2011 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Informatik am 14.04.2011 angenommen. II Zusammenfassung Die gegenseitige Ausrichtung von Geschäft und IT beschreibt den beständigen Wandel mit dem sich Unternehmen im Zeitalter globalisierter Märkte, sich schnell verändernder gesetzlicher Vorschriften und technologischer Innovationen konfrontiert sehen. Vor dem Hintergrund dieses Spannungsfeldes gewinnt das Management der Unternehmensarchitek- tur (EAM) als Instrument zur gesteuerten Weiterentwicklung des Unternehmens an Be- deutung. Dabei stellt das EAM Methoden für die Beschreibung, Analyse und Kommunika- tion des Ist-Zustandes, des erwünschten Soll-Zustandes sowie von Transformationsplänen der Unternehmensarchitektur bereit. Die Forschung und Praxis hat in der Vergangenheit eine Vielzahl von Entwurfstheorien, Fallstudien, Standards und praxiserprobten Lösungen über die Gestaltung einer EAM Funktion veröffentlicht. Die Anwendung dieser Ansätze ist jedoch mit Herausforderungen, wie der Ausrichtung an sich ändernden Problemstel- lungen, sowie der Anpassung der Funktion an den Unternehmenskontext, verbunden. Um von der bereitgestellten Wissensbasis profitieren zu können, stehen Unternehmen vor dem Dilemma, die Entwurfstheorien zu identifizieren, auszuwählen und zu verbinden, welche zu ihrem spezifischen Unternehmenskontext sowie ihren Problemstellungen passen. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit stellt eine Entwurfsmethode zur Gestaltung unter- nehmensspezifischer EAM Funktionen vor, welche die genannten Herausforderungen adressiert. Anhand eines Aktivitätsmodells unterstützt die Entwurfsmethode Unter- nehmensarchitekten bei der inkrementellen Ausgestaltung einer problemadäquaten und unternehmensspezifischen EAM Funktion unter Verwendung einer Methodenbibliothek, welche praxiserprobte Lösungen in Form von Methodenbausteinen in einem Theoriever- bund zusammenführt. Unter Ausnutzung der Organisation der Methodenbausteine in der Methodenbibliothek werden im Rahmen der Entwurfsmethode passende Methoden- bausteine für ein Unternehmen identifiziert. Hierzu stellt die Entwurfsmethode einen Ka- talog von Kontextbeschreibungen zur Klassifikation des Unternehmens bereit. Zusätzlich werden Methodenbausteine anhand eines zweidimensionalen Modells von EAM Problem- stellungen, welches auf der Unterscheidung von abstrakten Zielen und möglichen Anwen- dungsgebieten basiert, an die unternehmensspezifischen Problemstellungen angepasst. Mit Hilfe der von der Entwurfsmethode bereitgestellten Techniken zur Konfiguration, Adap- tion und Integration werden die Methodenbausteine zu einer umsetzbaren EAM Funktion zusammengefügt. Eine Methode zur konsistenten Weiterentwicklung der Methodenbiblio- thek erlaubt die Integration von neuen oder veränderten Problemstellungen, Kontexten sowie Lösungen und rundet den Beitrag der Arbeit ab. Der Entwurf und die Entwicklung einer organisationsspezifischen EAM Funktion stellt einen komplexen und fehleranfälligen Prozess dar, welcher von einer Werkzeugunter- stützung profitiert. Im Rahmen der Arbeit wird ein prototypischen Werkzeug vorgestellt, welches den Zugriff auf die Methodenbibliothek erleichtert und den Unternehmensarchitek- ten bei der Durchführung der Schritte der Entwurfsmethode unterstützt. Eine Evaluierung der Methodenbibliothek, der darauf aufbauenden Entwurfsmethode und der Entwurfstech- niken anhand konkreter Praxisfälle schließt die Arbeit ab. III IV Abstract The mutual alignment of business and IT refers to various challenges that modern enter- prises are exposed to due to globalized markets, changing legal regulations, and techno- logical innovations. In response to these challenges enterprises aim at a strategic man- agement of their enterprise architecture (EA) which provides a holistic model of the key elements and relationships of an enterprise and connects strategy, business, and IT. EA management is a strategic management function to describe, analyze, and communicate the current, planned, as well as the envisioned target state of the EA. Past research has produced a multitude of case studies and theories to design the EA management function. At the same time, practitioners have developed voluminous standards and textbooks that document best practices. However, enterprises have difficulties in applying these theories and practices and to adapt them to their specific problems and organizational contexts. Since context and problems change over time, a regular adaptation of the EA management function is required. As a consequence, it is difficult for an organization to benefit from the body of knowledge and to select as well as combine theories that match its specific context and problems. In this thesis we present a method to develop organization-specific EA management func- tions closing the above identified gap. The development method builds on a method base, consisting of interrelated method building blocks (MBB) extracted from practice-proven ap- proaches. Based on an activity framework of the EA management function the development method guides an organization in incrementally designing an EA management function by completing the activities with algorithmically identified fine-grained MBBs suitable for the given organizational context and the specific problem. The development method builds on a two-dimensional model of EA management problems distinguishing between the ab- stract goal and the concern describing the part of the EA to which the goal applies. The development method employs a catalog of organizational context descriptions relevant for the design of the EA management function and supplies techniques to ensure operational implementability. The development method further provides guidelines for adapting EA management functions in response to changing organizational contexts and problems. In addition, we supply an administration method to develop and evolve the method base in a consistent and coherent manner with newfound best practices. Theory-based design and development of an EA management function is a complex and error-prone process, for which technical support is considered helpful. In this thesis, we present a prototypic web-based toolset that supports the enterprise architect in executing the development method and applying the configuration techniques. The applicability of the development method, the method base, and the corresponding techniques is evaluated in case studies from the finance industry and the public sector. V VI Acknowledgment Though my name is printed on the cover of this thesis, the word “I” does not appear within its chapters. I do this to pay tribute to the encouragement of my advisors and colleagues, and the support of my family and friends. I am indebted to many people for their long-lasting support. In the following lines some of them are gratefully acknowledged. However, I am aware of the fact that words cannot express the gratitude and respect I feel for all of them. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Florian Matthes for his constant support, insightful suggestions, and intellectual guidance to make this thesis reality through many obstacles and difficult periods. I further want to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Pontus Johnson for being my second referee and for our interesting discussions in the Blue Mountains (Australia) and in Stockholm. The sebis chair has provided an excellent environment for my research. I spent many enjoyable hours with my colleagues chatting about my latest crazy ideas over a cup of coffee. Without this rich environment I doubt that many of my ideas would have come to fruition. My thanks go to Dr. Thomas Büchner, Dr. Alexander M. Ernst, Dr. Josef Lankes, Ivan Monahov, Christian Neubert, Sascha Roth, Christopher Schulz, Alexander Steinhoff, and Dr. André Wittenburg. I would also like to thank the students who in one way or the other contributed to my research with their theses, guided research, or as students working at sebis. A special thanks goes to Thomas Dierl, who spend almost his whole student life as a motivated member of our team. I would like to express my gratitude to all the workshop participants, interviewees, and project partners who supported my work by spending their time and sharing their views and expe- riences with me. Reflecting research ideas against practice greatly contributed to mywork, allowed me to keep my research focused, and enabled evaluation of the results. My thanks in particular goes to Dr. Andreas Gehlert who reviewed different parts of this thesis. This work would not have been possible without the support of my colleague and friend Christian M. Schweda, who was willing to pursue the goal of BEAMS by researching the language counterpart. You were instrumental in helping me get past all the self-doubting that inevitably crops up in the course of a Ph.D. For all of this, I thank you. Last, but most of all, thanks to my family for their
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