Xenacoelomorpha's Significance for Understanding Bilaterian
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A Phylum-Wide Survey Reveals Multiple Independent Gains of Head Regeneration Ability in Nemertea
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/439497; this version posted October 11, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. A phylum-wide survey reveals multiple independent gains of head regeneration ability in Nemertea Eduardo E. Zattara1,2,5, Fernando A. Fernández-Álvarez3, Terra C. Hiebert4, Alexandra E. Bely2 and Jon L. Norenburg1 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA 2 Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 3 Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain 4 Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 5 INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Bariloche, RN, Argentina Corresponding author: E.E. Zattara, [email protected] Abstract Animals vary widely in their ability to regenerate, suggesting that regenerative abilities have a rich evolutionary history. However, our understanding of this history remains limited because regeneration ability has only been evaluated in a tiny fraction of species. Available comparative regeneration studies have identified losses of regenerative ability, yet clear documentation of gains is lacking. We surveyed regenerative ability in 34 species spanning the phylum Nemertea, assessing the ability to regenerate heads and tails either through our own experiments or from literature reports. Our sampling included representatives of the 10 most diverse families and all three orders comprising this phylum. -
Xenacoelomorpha's Significance for Understanding Bilaterian Evolution
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Xenacoelomorpha’s significance for understanding bilaterian evolution Andreas Hejnol and Kevin Pang The Xenacoelomorpha, with its phylogenetic position as sister biology models are the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and group of the Nephrozoa (Protostomia + Deuterostomia), plays the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which basic prin- a key-role in understanding the evolution of bilaterian cell types ciples of developmental processes have been studied in and organ systems. Current studies of the morphological and great detail. It might be because the field of evolutionary developmental diversity of this group allow us to trace the developmental biology — EvoDevo — has its origin in evolution of different organ systems within the group and to developmental biology and not evolutionary biology that reconstruct characters of the most recent common ancestor of species under investigation are often called ‘model spe- Xenacoelomorpha. The disparity of the clade shows that there cies’. Criteria for selected representative species are cannot be a single xenacoelomorph ‘model’ species and primarily the ease of access to collected material and strategic sampling is essential for understanding the evolution their ability to be cultivated in the lab [1]. In some cases, of major traits. With this strategy, fundamental insights into the a supposedly larger number of ancestral characters or a evolution of molecular mechanisms and their role in shaping dominant role in ecosystems have played an additional animal organ systems can be expected in the near future. role in selecting model species. These arguments were Address used to attract sufficient funding for genome sequencing Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of and developmental studies that are cost-intensive inves- Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway tigations. -
Zootaxa, Platyhelminthes, Acoela, Acoelomorpha, Convolutidae
Zootaxa 1008: 1–11 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 1008 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Waminoa brickneri n. sp. (Acoela: Acoelomorpha) associated with corals in the Red Sea MAXINA V. OGUNLANA1, MATTHEW D. HOOGE1,4, YONAS I. TEKLE3, YEHUDA BENAYAHU2, ORIT BARNEAH2 & SETH TYLER1 1Department of Biological sciences, The University of Maine, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5751, USA., e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel., e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Upsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden., e-Mail: [email protected] 4 Author of correspondence Abstract While the majority of acoels live in marine sediments, some, usually identified as Waminoa sp., have been found associated with corals, living closely appressed to their external surfaces. We describe a new species collected from the stony coral Plesiastrea laxa in the Red Sea. Waminoa brickneri n. sp. can infest corals in high numbers, often forming clusters in non-overlapping arrays. It is bronze-colored, owing to the presence of two types of dinoflagellate endosymbionts, and speckled white with small scattered pigment spots. Its body is disc-shaped, highly flattened and cir- cular in profile except for a small notch at the posterior margin where the reproductive organs lie. The male copulatory organ is poorly differentiated, but comprises a seminal vesicle weakly walled by concentrically layered muscles, and a small penis papilla with serous glands at its juncture with the male pore. -
New and Known Nemertodermatida (Platyhelminthes-Acoelomorpha)
Belg. J. Zoo!. - Volume 128 (1998) - issue 1 - pages 55-92 - Brussels 1998 Received: 18 February 1998 NEW AND KNOWN NEMERTODERMATIDA (PLATYHELMINTHES-ACOELOMORPHA)... -A REVISION - WOLFGANG STERRER Bermuda Natural History Museum, Flatts FLBX, Bermuda e-mail [email protected] Abstract. Described in 1930-31 by Steinbiick who considered it the most primitive bilaterian, the turbellarian genus Nemertoderma is known for its rote in platyhelminth phylogeny as much as for its muddled taxonomy. On the basis of material collected in the Mediterranean, Atlantic and Pacifie Oceans sin ce 1964 this paper re-diagnoses the known 4 genera and 7 species (Nemertoderma bathycola Steinbiick, 1930-31 ; N. westbladi Steinbiick, 1938; N. psammicola Sterrer, 1970 (syn. N. rubra Faubel, 1976); Meara stichopi Westblad, 1949; Meara sp. (see SMITH et al., 1994); Nemertinoides elongatus Riser, 1987 ; and Flagellophora apelti Fau bel & Diirjes, 1978), describes one new genus with 2 new species (Ascoparia neglecta n. g., n. sp. and A. secunda n. sp.), and pro vides observations from living material on morphological variability, body size vs . reproductive state, statocyst structure and statolith variability, and sperm morphology and dimorphism. The paper concludes with diagnoses for the known taxa of Nemertodermatida, including the new family Ascopariidae. Key words: Platyhelminthes, free-living, marine; systematics, new species. INTRODUCTION ln 1930-31 Otto STEfNBOCK described Nemertoderma bathycola from a single tiny worm whicb he and Erich Reisinger bad dredged from a muddy bottom, at 300-400 rn depth, off Greenland. Nemertoderma caused a small sensation, not only because Steinbock, a meticulous observer, was also an assertive character (who liked to express himself double-spaced, with exclamation marks added) but because Nemertoderma was indeed unusual. -
Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide
EVOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE - Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide BASAL METAZOANS Dirk Erpenbeck Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany Simion Paul and Michaël Manuel Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris, France. Paulyn Cartwright University of Kansas USA. Oliver Voigt and Gert Wörheide Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany Keywords: Metazoa, Porifera, sponges, Placozoa, Cnidaria, anthozoans, jellyfishes, Ctenophora, comb jellies Contents 1. Introduction on ―Basal Metazoans‖ 2. Phylogenetic relationships among non-bilaterian Metazoa 3. Porifera (Sponges) 4. Placozoa 5. Ctenophora (Comb-jellies) 6. Cnidaria 7. Cultural impact and relevance to human welfare Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Basal metazoans comprise the four non-bilaterian animal phyla Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (anthozoans and jellyfishes), Placozoa (Trichoplax) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). The phylogenetic position of these taxa in the animal tree is pivotal for our understanding of the last common metazoan ancestor and the character evolution all Metazoa,UNESCO-EOLSS but is much debated. Morphological, evolutionary, internal and external phylogenetic aspects of the four phyla are highlighted and discussed. SAMPLE CHAPTERS 1. Introduction on “Basal Metazoans” In many textbooks the term ―lower metazoans‖ still refers to an undefined assemblage of invertebrate phyla, whose phylogenetic relationships were rather undefined. This assemblage may contain both bilaterian and non-bilaterian taxa. Currently, ―Basal Metazoa‖ refers to non-bilaterian animals only, four phyla that lack obvious bilateral symmetry, Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EVOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE - Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide These four phyla have classically been known as ―diploblastic‖ Metazoa. -
Xenacoelomorpha Atworms Are Basal Deuterostome
Xenacoelomorpha atworms are basal Deuterostome Yi Wang ( [email protected] ) Research article Keywords: Xenacoelomorpha atworm, Darwin’s “tree of life” Posted Date: August 28th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-64037/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/11 Abstract Background: Whether position Xenacoelomorpha as an early branch of Bilateria (Protostomes + Deuterostomes) has been intensely debated during last several decades. Considering Darwin’s “tree of life”, with the “Phylogenetic Species Concept”, we choose mitochondrial genome as the subject to predict phylogenetic position of Xenacoelomorpha, by genes genealogy. Results: Herein, we sequence Heterochaerus australis’s mitochondrial genome and infer intrinsic relationships of Metazoan with Xenacoelomorpha. The optimal tree under the popular maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions are consensus with each other being strongly supported. The relationship between Chordates, Ambulacrarians and Xenoturbella/Acoelomorph is resolved. To avoid previous query about alignment process, the datasets are alignmented and trimmed automatically. Reducing taxon or cutting outgroups can not affect the relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and other Metazoan. Meanwhile, analysis using CAT model and Dayhoff groups also supporting the prediction made by mtZOA, relaxing the restriction of alignment criteria ( MAFFT, strategy G–ins–1, BLOSUM 62, 45, 30 ) introducing potential misleading -
Placozoans Are Eumetazoans Related to Cnidaria
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/200972; this version posted October 11, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Placozoans are eumetazoans related to Cnidaria Christopher E. Laumer1,2, Harald Gruber-Vodicka3, Michael G. Hadfield4, Vicki B. Pearse5, Ana Riesgo6, 4 John C. Marioni1,2,7, and Gonzalo Giribet8 1. Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom 2. European Molecular Biology Laboratories-European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom 8 3. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraβe 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany 4. Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center/University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States of America 5. University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, 1156 High Street, Santa 12 Cruz, CA 95064, United States of America 6. The Natural History Museum, Life Sciences, Invertebrate Division Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom 7. Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, 16 Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom 8. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America 20 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/200972; this version posted October 11, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. -
Comparative Analysis of Acoel Embryonic Development
Comparative analysis of acoel embryonic development Viviana Cetrangolo Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) University of Bergen, Norway 2020 Comparative analysis of acoel embryonic development Viviana Cetrangolo ThesisAvhandling for the for degree graden of philosophiaePhilosophiae doctorDoctor (ph.d (PhD). ) atved the Universitetet University of i BergenBergen Date of defense:2017 02.10.2020 Dato for disputas: 1111 © Copyright Viviana Cetrangolo The material in this publication is covered by the provisions of the Copyright Act. Year: 2020 Title: Comparative analysis of acoel embryonic development Name: Viviana Cetrangolo Print: Skipnes Kommunikasjon / University of Bergen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
Genomic Data Do Not Support Comb Jellies As the Sister Group to All Other Animals
Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals Davide Pisania,b,1, Walker Pettc, Martin Dohrmannd, Roberto Feudae, Omar Rota-Stabellif, Hervé Philippeg,h, Nicolas Lartillotc, and Gert Wörheided,i,1 aSchool of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TG, United Kingdom; bSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TG, United Kingdom; cLaboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France; dDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany; eDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; fDepartment of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’ Adige 38010, Italy; gCentre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, USR CNRS 2936, Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, Moulis 09200, France; hDépartement de Biochimie, Centre Robert-Cedergren, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7; and iBayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich 80333, Germany Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved November 2, 2015 (received for review September 11, 2015) Understanding how complex traits, such as epithelia, nervous animal phylogeny separated ctenophores from all other ani- systems, muscles, or guts, originated depends on a well-supported mals (the “Ctenophora-sister” -
Biomolecule and Bioentity Interaction Databases in Systems Biology: a Comprehensive Review
biomolecules Review Biomolecule and Bioentity Interaction Databases in Systems Biology: A Comprehensive Review Fotis A. Baltoumas 1,* , Sofia Zafeiropoulou 1, Evangelos Karatzas 1 , Mikaela Koutrouli 1,2, Foteini Thanati 1, Kleanthi Voutsadaki 1 , Maria Gkonta 1, Joana Hotova 1, Ioannis Kasionis 1, Pantelis Hatzis 1,3 and Georgios A. Pavlopoulos 1,3,* 1 Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece; zafeiropoulou@fleming.gr (S.Z.); karatzas@fleming.gr (E.K.); [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (F.T.); voutsadaki@fleming.gr (K.V.); [email protected] (M.G.); hotova@fleming.gr (J.H.); [email protected] (I.K.); hatzis@fleming.gr (P.H.) 2 Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark 3 Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece * Correspondence: baltoumas@fleming.gr (F.A.B.); pavlopoulos@fleming.gr (G.A.P.); Tel.: +30-210-965-6310 (G.A.P.) Abstract: Technological advances in high-throughput techniques have resulted in tremendous growth Citation: Baltoumas, F.A.; of complex biological datasets providing evidence regarding various biomolecular interactions. Zafeiropoulou, S.; Karatzas, E.; To cope with this data flood, computational approaches, web services, and databases have been Koutrouli, M.; Thanati, F.; Voutsadaki, implemented to deal with issues such as data integration, visualization, exploration, organization, K.; Gkonta, M.; Hotova, J.; Kasionis, scalability, and complexity. Nevertheless, as the number of such sets increases, it is becoming more I.; Hatzis, P.; et al. Biomolecule and and more difficult for an end user to know what the scope and focus of each repository is and how Bioentity Interaction Databases in redundant the information between them is. -
The Origin of Animal Body Plans: a View from Fossil Evidence and the Regulatory Genome Douglas H
© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Development (2020) 147, dev182899. doi:10.1242/dev.182899 REVIEW The origin of animal body plans: a view from fossil evidence and the regulatory genome Douglas H. Erwin1,2,* ABSTRACT constraints on the interpretation of genomic and developmental The origins and the early evolution of multicellular animals required data. In this Review, I argue that genomic and developmental the exploitation of holozoan genomic regulatory elements and the studies suggest that the most plausible scenario for regulatory acquisition of new regulatory tools. Comparative studies of evolution is that highly conserved genes were initially associated metazoans and their relatives now allow reconstruction of the with cell-type specification and only later became co-opted (see evolution of the metazoan regulatory genome, but the deep Glossary, Box 1) for spatial patterning functions. conservation of many genes has led to varied hypotheses about Networks of regulatory interactions control gene expression and the morphology of early animals and the extent of developmental co- are essential for the formation and organization of cell types and option. In this Review, I assess the emerging view that the early patterning during animal development (Levine and Tjian, 2003) diversification of animals involved small organisms with diverse cell (Fig. 2). Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) (see Glossary, Box 1) types, but largely lacking complex developmental patterning, which determine cell fates by controlling spatial expression -
Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States
NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 440 Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Turbellaria: Acoela and Nemertodermatida Louise F. Bush July 1981 u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Terry L. Leitzell, Assistant Administrator for FisherIes FOREWORD This NMFS Circular is part of the subseries "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States;' which consists of original, illustrated, modern manuals on the identification, classification, and general biology of the estuarine and coastal marine plants and, animals of the northeastern United States. The manuals are published at irregular intervals on as many taxa of the region as there are specialists available to collaborate in their preparation. Geographic coverage of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is planned to include organisms from the headwaters of estuaries seaward to approximately the 200 m depth on the continental shelf from Maine to Virginia, but may vary somewhat with each major taxon and the interests of collaborators. Whenever possible representative specimens dealt with in the manuals are deposited in the reference collections of major museums of the region. The "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is being prepared in col laboration with systematic specialists in the United States and abroad. Each manual is based primarily on recent and ongoing revisionary systematic research and a fresh examination of the plants and animals, Each major taxon, treated in a separate manual, includes an introduction, illustrated glossary, uniform originally illustrated keys, annotated checklist with information \vhen available on distribution, habitat, life history, and related biology, references to the major literature of the group, and a systematic jnde:\.