Regional Studies in Marine Science Exploring Marine Invasions
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Regional Studies in Marine Science 37 (2020) 101333 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Regional Studies in Marine Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rsma Exploring marine invasions connectivity in a NE Atlantic Island through the lens of historical maritime traffic patterns Nuno Castro a,⇤, Patrício Ramalhosa a,b, Jesús Jiménez a, José Lino Costa c, Ignacio Gestoso a,d, João Canning-Clode a,d a MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação (ARDITI), Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Piso 0, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal b OOM - Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação Tecnologia e Inovação, Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Piso 0, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal c MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal d Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA article info abstract Article history: In recent decades, maritime traffic has been increasing globally. Introduction vectors involving ships, Received 20 January 2020 hull fouling and ballast water are often cited as having high risk for introducing marine non- Received in revised form 18 May 2020 indigenous species (NIS) worldwide. Due to its geographical location, Madeira Island (Portugal) had Accepted 28 May 2020 a significant role in past maritime connections, with the ability to serve as a ‘‘port of call’’ facility. Available online 1 June 2020 However, little is known about past temporal maritime traffic patterns in Madeira, and particularly its Keywords: relationship with NIS introductions. In this context, the present study was designed to create a first Marine traffic and comprehensive baseline for historical maritime traffic data for Funchal port, Madeira’s main port, Madeira island between 1936 and 2004. Official marine traffic data with stops in Funchal were documented, including Biological invasions information concerning last port, ship type, ship size, and residence time in port. In addition, a Introduction vectors comprehensive literature search of NIS detected in Madeira Island until 2004 was conducted. Based on Ballast water the frequency of ship arrivals from different origins five statistically different periods of maritime traffic Biofouling were determined. The most common maritime traffic origin arriving at Funchal was from Portugal (mainland), Great-Britain, Canary Islands and Spain mainland (Mediterranean). The most relevant IUCN bioregions of Madeira’s maritime traffic origins were in accordance with the frequency of the native distribution of the island’s marine NIS inventories until 2004. The present study reports for the first time a significant and positive relationship with native regions of NIS present in Madeira until 2004 with the most relevant maritime traffic routes, confirming maritime traffic as one of the main vectors for the introduction of these species in Madeira Island. Finally, a continuous monitoring, update, and analysis of maritime traffic, identifying invading corridors, needs to be maintained as a fundamental tool for management NIS introductions in Madeira Island. © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction et al., 2018). There has been a large intensification in biological invasions, with an increase in the number of species (plants Biodiversity today faces unprecedented constraints as an- and animals) introduced into ecosystems far from their native thropogenic activities have been and are still continuing to al- range (Antunes et al., 2009). In the marine system, there are ter ecosystems on local and global scales (Hooper et al., 2005; several vectors that can transport NIS from their native range to Costello et al., 2010). Climate change, habitat destruction and the other locations (Bax et al., 2001). In this context, shipping has introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) are key stressors been identified as a major introduction vector for NIS through ballast water and hull fouling (Chainho et al., 2015; Minton et al., that are affecting biodiversity and causing ecosystem disturbance 2015). Recreational boating is another important vector of NIS (Thuiller, 2007; Costello et al., 2010). These modifications are introduction through hull fouling. Firstly described as secondary causing dramatic changes in the biotic structure and compo- spreading vector or hubs (Zabin et al., 2014; Marchini et al., 2015), sition of ecological communities (Hooper et al., 2005; Gestoso recent research provided evidence that recreational boating is also responsible for primary introductions (Ferrario et al., 2017). ⇤ Corresponding author. However, there are other introduction vectors associated with E-mail address: [email protected] (N. Castro). human activities, such as aquaculture, live bait, aquarium trade https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101333 2352-4855/© 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2 N. Castro, P. Ramalhosa, J. Jiménez et al. / Regional Studies in Marine Science 37 (2020) 101333 (e.g. discards or releases) or marine debris (Padilla and Williams, should be at levels that do not adversely alter ecosystems. The 2004; Guedes et al., 2009; Afonso, 2011; Galil et al., 2015; Rech first commitment to minimize the problem should be to im- et al., 2016; Carlton et al., 2018). plement practices to control and manage the introductions of New non-indigenous estuarine and marine species (e.g. NIS by maritime traffic. Alongside the MSFD in September 2017 Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh 1822; Carcinus maenas (Lin- entered into force the Ballast Water Convention (BWC), where naeus, 1758); Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve, 1850)) several standards need to be met to reduce NIS introduction by have been establishing worldwide (Ruiz et al., 2000; Papini et al., this vector (IMO, 2020). Moreover, the International Maritime 2013) at a rate that appears to be increasing (Sardain et al., 2019). Organization (IMO) have implemented the GloBallast program to Moreover, shipping in the past decades has increased globally, assist the implementation of the BWC (IMO, 2020). with 80% of global trade by volume and more than 70% of its In addition to these actions, it is essential to identify the main value being carried by ship (UNCTAD, 2017). Introduction vectors shipping routes and the likelihood for new species introductions involving the movement of ships and boats (e.g. biofouling and (Holeck et al., 2006). In the Macaronesia region studies related ballast water discharges) are often cited as having high risk for with NIS and maritime traffic are scarce (but see Canning-Clode the introduction of marine NIS and this concurs with the finding et al., 2013; Micael et al., 2014). Particularly in Madeira, there that NIS hotspots are usually located in areas with a high volume has been a growing interest in biological invasions with numer- of maritime traffic and people (Eno et al., 1997; Canning-Clode ous NIS detections in recent years, resulting from ongoing NIS et al., 2013; Seebens et al., 2013). In this context, Canning-Clode monitoring campaigns (Wirtz and Canning-Clode, 2009; Canning- et al. (2013) and Lacoursière-Roussel et al. (2016) verified that assemblages of NIS fouling species (e.g. Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, Clode et al., 2013; Ramalhosa et al., 2017b, 2019). However, 1766); Distaplia corolla Monniot F., 1974) were consistently studies regarding shipping characterization in Madeira are only higher in areas with increased arrivals of ships and recreational found in the form of books, mostly associated to shipping compa- vessels. In North America, Ruiz et al. (2000) observed that ship- nies operating in the region (Correia, 2003, 2009). Consequently, ping accounted for 51% of the 298 initial invasions documented in little is known about past maritime traffic in Madeira, particularly their study. There are several features related to shipping/boating its patterns over time and its connection with species invasions. that may influence NIS introductions (i.e. intensity of propagule In this context, the present study conducted a first and base- pressure), namely the ship type (e.g. Container, Bulker, Tanker) line characterization of the historical maritime traffic into and size, their residence time in port and traffic patterns, among Madeira Island and its relationship with NIS detections over a 70- others (Davidson et al., 2006; Minton et al., 2015). For example, year-old period. Based on a comprehensive dataset of historical containerization of cargo has reduced the risk of invasions by NIS, maritime traffic, we further identified opportunity windows and because this ship type has a shorter residence time in ports and relevant invasion corridors for NIS, essential to control species faster sailing speeds, decreasing this way the opportunities for invasions particularly relevant in an insular context. colonization of hulls in ports and persistence on hulls (Davidson et al., 2006). 2. Material and methods Ever since humans began travelling in ships, they have carried diverse organisms, accidentally or deliberately (Bax et al., 2003). For example, wooden sailing ships were often heavily covered 2.1. Study area with fouling organisms, in the hull, dry ballast and anchor chain (Carlton, 1999). In the XV century, in Europe, Portuguese and The Madeira Archipelago (Portugal) is located in the North At- Spanish sailors