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Intertidal Fauna of Lundy. In: Hiscock, K. (Ed.) (1971)

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REFERENCES Boyden, C. R. B. (1971). Intertidal fauna of Lundy. In: Hiscock, K. (ed.) (1971). Report on the proposal to eastablish a marine nature reserve around Lundy, Marine Biological investigations 1971. Published by the Lundy Field Society 66 pp. Harvey, L.A. (1950). The granite shores of Lundy. Rep. Lundy Fld Soc., 4, 34-44. Hiscock, K. ( 1974). The marine fauna of Lundy. General Introduction. Rep. Lundy Fld Soc., 25, 16-19. King, P . K. (1974). British sea spiders. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) 5. London: Linnaen Society, 68 pp. Rep. Lundy Fld Soc. 27 (1976). THE MARINE FAUNA OF LUNDY OPISTHOBRANCHIA GREGORY H. BROWN Department of Zoology, The University, Bristol & PETER J. HUNNAM Dale Fort Field Centre, Dale, Have1/ordwest, Dyfed INTRODUCTION The opisthobranchs of sea areas to the south-west of England have received relatively close scrutiny in recent years. Advances in understanding the system­ atics and ecology of these animals have been possible as a result of numerous specimens collected by SCUBA divers. This has led to two publications which will be of assistance in the study of specimens from Lundy. Hunnam & Brown (1975) list and describe species from the Dale peninsula which is thought to be hydrographically 'downstream' from Lundy, while Thompson & Brown (1976) describe all valid species known from the British Isles with information on ecology and distribution. Future collections will undoubtedly supplement the Lundy List but it was felt necessary to publish at the present time as several new records for the Bristol Channel and one new record for Great Britain are included. A total of 47 species are listed. Ten species from nearby localities, as yet unknown from Lundy, are mentioned in an addendum. SAMPLING AND COLLECTING METHODS The abundance of several species, and the necessity to search particular habitats for others, precluded the possibility of an accurate quantitative survey. In order to maximize the precious time underwater spent in searching all available prey species, other recording was unavoidably coarse. Abundance was estimated on a one to three scale and substrate types were split into four categories. Obser­ vations on the surface and information from nautical charts enabled the assess­ ment of maximum current speeds and exposure to wave action. Dives were standardized at 15-20 minutes duration on sites spread around the island at various depths ranging from 0 to 30 metres below C.D. As only epifaunal forms are readily available to a diver, it is probable that further infaunal opistho­ branchs, especially bullomorphs, will be collected using dredging techniques. DISTRIBUTION The close relationship between the opisthobranchs and their food species is well known. Various authors have likened it to a parasitic association. Thompson (1964) showed that certain larvae will only settle and metamorphose on the prey species. Opisthobranch distribution is therefore expected to mirror the dis- 37 ~ 0'1 c ..-.. ~o. ., ~ ~ ..c:!:! ~ +' c: () 0 0 0 ..:::. ~ " "' +' >. -- -- - •rl til ~ ........z G) ...... ..c: etl VI ~ .._ -- m c: •rl oo~...., ou ..c:"' .-< "' >. +'til~~ · ;j~ rf ~ ~ U) 0'1 g ~+>?cO::~ g ~ d~--.:£~~ ~~ ~-s~~z~ (.)~d~"~i;! 0 0 •rl .!o<: 2 -VI~ ~ rl. ~ :C ~ ~ _VI -til CY O 2 ~ ~ ~ < .... ...-( 0 0 ~ .... ::1 j:Q ·1"4 d C!l j:Q ~ 0 () ., til 0..0..~~ ~ c: O..O'>.Cl.r;ri c: ~.,~ Collection sites; ~ ~ Cl. 0 .... ...., ~ ~~ ~ ~~8 ~lG ~~~-~~~3b·£ ~~~t~§§ ~~"g"gt'g~ ~~~~~ ~tt'm~~t ~ ::1 r-1 r-1 ~ ~~ :S ~:::: H ~ t - ~ ~ ~2~~j(.~~ 3~~~:~~~~~~~~3~~~: ~~gJ££]g&~:?.&lJ r-i· N~.d ~...Dr--: o:;~o ~~c-:~..; ~...Or-..:a:i~o· M· N·'"".d~ r-1 rl r-1M r-l r-lrlMr-lr-I N NNNNN i~~i~i~;~i ~i~<i~ :i Fast current ::1 \'io.vc- shel tered si tee: t coast) areas Wave - ex.;)osed sites (west coast) ( c~.~ ~ 3peci es; Prey soccies !"'" Antiopella criSta ta ...... ~: Greilada. elegans · ·-······· · ····· ~ Polyce ra faeroensis ····-······ ···-·-···-······· ·· · } polyzoans [ 'I'raeania eallida • .. .. ···:I :• =·-·.--:-.·.·. · ·_ .-:-: ·.·.·.···-·.:· s· Po lye e ra quadrilinen ta ::I Lima cia cla. vigera. ......·--- .•. Onchidoris l u teo cine ta ...,..._ .. 0. I>' ;- .. Stylotella columella Cadlina laevis ······-··-····· · · ···-·· ....0' Dendrono tus frondosus . ..... '0"' ·· ········ ·· ···•· } Tubula ria indi visa g Coryphella verrucosa. ..... a nd T. laryn."t (';" Fac:elina corona ta .......- ---·- · ······-··· · · ··· · · ·· . ~ . .. .. "'0' c: Do to fragilis ..... ....... ...... ..... ::I Nemertesia anten!'l.in.."l 0. Do to pinna ti!'ida ···___·-······- · · ··· ··· and N. ramos ~ ~ • I ··· ··· ····· ·-·· Do to corona ta "';;;; · calyptoblas tic hytlroids Coryphella peda ta ::;•. -.."':":.1- ·· · ·:· · ·-····.·· . ·.~: ..... ....0 hydro ids Pacelina annulicornis ···.····· · · · ·····•· · · ·· ·· · ·· · · · ···· hydroids 3 l'avoririus blianus ·---···-··-· other nudibranchs 0 spawn of @ ----···---········ ~.. I) Tri toni a odhneri Eunicella verru.cosa !" 0 0 Depth r a nge· 5 5 oi d1.ve s in II metres below C .D. 10 rlrrlJir 1 I ri nriiil 15 15 2 riiiiilr 20 ~IIILIIlr 25 I I 25 !:.l:.: .:: l - 2 • 3 - 10 -E---J.~ A -E- B ~C~'"'"- B ~-E--- C ___.._D...,. A = granite bedrock with gul.lie3 , eli ffs and over h.<!ne!l .:;: ll. + B = granite bedrock r eef s ..,.i th sand- filled gul li e~ n.nd :telp on reef tops (numb•-er o f' !lflecimens c~l.lected C = large boulders in zand and s r avel durit16 a 15 - 20 min. period) D = boulders covered in silt and. lyi~ in f'ine :>.:lnd or silt. tribution of the prey species. Fig. 1 shows the results for those species collected at six or more sites. The primary consideration in any conclusions drawn from these data must be that the study was concentrated into a two-week period in one particular year. The seasonal and annual variation will only become apparent when future surveys are completed. The results, taken as a whole, show that opisthobranchs are to be found all around the island although certain species predominate in certain areas. Strong­ current and wave-exposed, west coast situations supported the growth of large patches of Tubularia indivisa and T. larynx whose presence is indirectly indicated in Fig. 1 by the nudibranch prey species Dendronotus frondosus, Coryphella verrucosa and Face/ina coronata. Nemertesia antennina, and to a lesser extent N. ramosa, were present at nearly all localities below 10 m, excepting the very strong current areas. Forty Nemertesia colonies were inspected during a dive near Gull Rock, 65% of which were found to have attached adults or spawn of Doto fragilis or D. pimzatifida. Large colonies of Eunicella verrucosa bearing Tritonia odhneri were commonly encountered below 15m along a stretch of the east coast from Brazen Ward to Halfway Wall Bay. Two belt transects, each of approximately 60 m' were marked out and inspected, running from shallow to deep (25 m) water near Brazen Ward. Within these transect areas a total of 36 gorgonian colonies were encountered, of which II had T. odhneri adults or spawn attached. On these II colonies were found 22 spawn masses and 25 adults, ranging between 14 and 34 mm in length. Sublittoral surveys carried out around Skomer in Pembrokeshire have indicated that divers can have a drastic effect on 'souvenir' species. The sea fan, Eunicel/a, is favoured by many collectors because of its delicate shape and colour as well as its rarity. Hiscock (1974) suggests that the growth rate is little more than I em per year which is of little comfort to conservationists interested not only in the sea fan but also intimately associated species. Tritonia odlzneri has never been found away from Eunicella verrucosa and the perfect mimicry of the nudibranch indicates that this species is restricted to living solely on this prey species. E. verrucosa was found less frequently on the west coast but here too, T. odhneri was found grazing on some of the colonies. Algal distribution is important not only to the herbivores but also to those species feeding on encrusting polyzoans attached to the algae; Limacia clavigera feeds on Electra pi/osa often encrusting on Delesseria sanguinea and Polycera quadri/ineata feeds on Membranipora membranacea encrusting on Laminaria spp. The only nudibranch distribution which cannot be readily explained as equivalent to the prey distribution, is that of Favorinus blianus. Twenty-seven specimens were collected, all from the sheltered east coast. This species is known to eat eggs of other nudibranchs including species found spawning prolifically on the west side. Both in numbers of individuals and variety of species, the dorid nudibranchs feeding on polyzoans were well represented all around the island but especially at sites with only a moderate maximum current. Sponge-eating dorids were rarely obtained indicating either the true situation or a failing in the search technique which is not apparent. Hydroid-eating aeolids and dendronotaceans were abundant only in the fast current areas and on the exposed west coast, with the one exception of Doto spp. on Nemertesia spp. already mentioned. RARE SPECIES The supposedly rare species, Doris maculata, Face/ina annulicornis, Favorinus blianus, Greilada e/egans and Polycera faeroensis are now known to be well established to the south-west of England (Hunnam & Brown, 1975) and will not be included here. Species collected around Lundy warranting special mention are : Colpodaspis pusilla M . Sars, 1870 (Fig. 2D). This is only the second British record following its collection near Plymouth by Garstang in 1893. Garstang was dredging in 30 m of water over red sandstone but the Lundy specimen was 39 D Fig. 2. Rare species of opisthobranchs found around Lundy: A, Tritonia odhneri, dorsal view: pink body with lighter areas around the rhinophores and branchiae. B, the same, adults and spawn attached to Eunicella verrucosa. C, Trinchesia sp., dorsal view: translucent white body with yellow cerata overlain with white pigment patches. D, Colpodaspis pusilla, dorsal view: white body with white powdery pigment on the rhinophores. E, Trapania pal/ida, dorsal view: trans­ lucent white body with glistening white pigment on all projections.
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  • Prey Preference Follows Phylogeny: Evolutionary Dietary Patterns Within the Marine Gastropod Group Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) Jessica A

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    Goodheart et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:221 DOI 10.1186/s12862-017-1066-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Prey preference follows phylogeny: evolutionary dietary patterns within the marine gastropod group Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) Jessica A. Goodheart1,2* , Adam L. Bazinet1,3, Ángel Valdés4, Allen G. Collins2 and Michael P. Cummings1 Abstract Background: The impact of predator-prey interactions on the evolution of many marine invertebrates is poorly understood. Since barriers to genetic exchange are less obvious in the marine realm than in terrestrial or freshwater systems, non-allopatric divergence may play a fundamental role in the generation of biodiversity. In this context, shifts between major prey types could constitute important factors explaining the biodiversity of marine taxa, particularly in groups with highly specialized diets. However, the scarcity of marine specialized consumers for which reliable phylogenies exist hampers attempts to test the role of trophic specialization in evolution. In this study, RNA- Seq data is used to produce a phylogeny of Cladobranchia, a group of marine invertebrates that feed on a diverse array of prey taxa but mostly specialize on cnidarians. The broad range of prey type preferences allegedly present in two major groups within Cladobranchia suggest that prey type shifts are relatively common over evolutionary timescales. Results: In the present study, we generated a well-supported phylogeny of the major lineages within Cladobranchia using RNA-Seq data, and used ancestral state reconstruction analyses to better understand the evolution of prey preference. These analyses answered several fundamental questions regarding the evolutionary relationships within Cladobranchia, including support for a clade of species from Arminidae as sister to Tritoniidae (which both preferentially prey on Octocorallia).
  • Blötdjur Sidopalpssnäckor – Taggsäcksnäckor Mollusca: Cimidae –Asperspinidae

    Blötdjur Sidopalpssnäckor – Taggsäcksnäckor Mollusca: Cimidae –Asperspinidae

    Blötdjur Sidopalpssnäckor – taggsäcksnäckor Mollusca: Cimidae –Asperspinidae Denna volym omfattar samtliga svenska arter nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna Blötdjur Sidopalpssnäckor–taggsäcksnäckor Mollusca: Cimidae–Asperspinidae TEXT Kennet Lundin Klas Malmberg Fredrik Pleijel Bidrag har dessutom lämnats av Ted von Proschwitz BILD Fredrik Pleijel Klas Malmberg SLU Artdatabanken Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet • 19 Inledning et ligger ett skimmer av sagoväsen över nakensnäckor och deras havs- levande släkting ar. De befinner sig mellan poesi och verklighet. De är D osynliga ovan ytan men finns ändå och befolkar havets landskap som är lika verkligt och påtagligt som världen ovan. En av dem suddar ut gränsen mellan djur och växt. En är änglalik men har en djävulsk insida. Många är färgsprakande med utskott som innehåller apte- rade nässelkapslar, vilka de får från de nässeldjur de äter. Pussar du någon av dem så svider det rejält på läpparna. En är stor, vit och mjuk med ett skal dolt av tjocka mantelflikar och kom- mer bara upp ur den mjuka bottenleran för att lägga en äggmassa som liknar finska marmeladkulor. Ingen fisk äter dock den vita snäckan eftersom den har körtlar i huden som kan producera svavelsyra. Denna volym av Nationalnyckeln är den inledande volymen om under- klassen Hetrobranchia och omfattar marina bakgälade snäckor samt de lim- niska kamgälssnäckorna. Här finns övergripande presentationer av såväl un- derklassen Heterobranchia som av infraklasserna lägre Heterobranchia och Euthyneura med tillhörande arttexter och nycklar. Övriga taxa inom Hetero- branchia presenteras i en annan volym. Vetigastropoda PatellogastropodaVetigastropoda Gastropoda Neritimorpha Caenogastropoda Släktträd som visar evolution och släktskap mellan underklasser inom Gastropoda. Heterobranchia Källa: Cunha & Giribet 2019 ILLUSTRATION: JAN-ÅKE WINQVIST Draknuding Facelina bostoniensis.
  • THE FESTIVUS ISSN: 0738-9388 a Publication of the San Diego Shell Club

    THE FESTIVUS ISSN: 0738-9388 a Publication of the San Diego Shell Club

    (?mo< . fn>% Vo I. 12 ' 2 ? ''f/ . ) QUfrl THE FESTIVUS ISSN: 0738-9388 A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XXII January 11, 1990 Number: 1 CLUB OFFICERS SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD President Kim Hutsell R. Tucker Abbott Vice President David K. Mulliner American Malacologists Secretary (Corres. ) Richard Negus Eugene V. Coan Secretary (Record. Wayne Reed Research Associate Treasurer Margaret Mulliner California Academy of Sciences Anthony D’Attilio FESTIVUS STAFF 2415 29th Street Editor Carole M. Hertz San Diego California 92104 Photographer David K. Mulliner } Douglas J. Eernisse MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION University of Michigan Annual dues are payable to San Diego William K. Emerson Shell Club. Single member: $10.00; American Museum of Natural History Family membership: $12.00; Terrence M. Gosliner Overseas (surface mail): $12.00; California Academy of Sciences Overseas (air mail): $25.00. James H. McLean Address all correspondence to the Los Angeles County Museum San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 of Natural History Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 Barry Roth Research Associate Single copies of this issue: $5.00. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Postage is additional. Emily H. Vokes Tulane University The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM, date appears on the masthead above. Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park. PROGRAM TRAVELING THE EAST COAST OF AUSTRALIA Jules and Carole Hertz will present a slide program on their recent three week trip to Queensland and Sydney. They will also bring a display of shells they collected Slides of the Club Christmas party will also be shown.