Superhéroes En La Pantalla De La Guerra Contra El Terror

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Superhéroes En La Pantalla De La Guerra Contra El Terror Superhéroes en la pantalla de la guerra contra el terror Un estudio semiótico - discursivo a las trilogías cinematográficas Iron Man y The Dark Knight María Elisena Sánchez Román ADVERTIMENT . La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX ( www.tdx.cat ) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB ( diposit.ub.edu ) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investiga ció i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX ni al Dipòsit Digital de la UB . No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX o al Dipòsit Digital de la UB (framing). 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En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora. WARNING . On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX ( www.tdx.cat ) service and by the UB Digital Repository ( diposit.ub.edu ) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrati ve aims is not authorized n or its spre ading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository . Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Tho s e rights affect to the p resentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author. UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA Facultat de Filologia Construcció i Representació d´Identitats Culturals Tesis Doctoral Superhéroes en la pantalla de la guerra contra el terror Un estudio semiótico-discursivo a las trilogías cinematográficas Iron Man y The Dark Knight María Elisena Sánchez Román Dirección Dra. Elena Losada Soler Dr. Eloi Grasset Morell Barcelona 2015 Superhéroes en la pantalla de la guerra contra el terror Un estudio semiótico-discursivo a las trilogías cinematográficas Iron Man y The Dark Knight A Diego Antonio, a Isabella, porque son la fuente de mi poder Índice Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………………. 9 Resumen………………………………………………………………………………. 13 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….. 14 INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………… 15 0.1 Presentación y justificación ………………………………………………………. 15 0.2 Objetivos…………………………………………………………………………... 23 0.3 Posicionamiento teórico e implicaciones metodológicas…………………………. 24 0.3.1 Stuart Hall y los Estudios Culturales……………………………………….. 24 0.3.2 Análisis semiótico discursivo transdisciplinario, modelo operativo de Julieta Haidar…………………………………………………………… 29 0.3.3 Modelo de análisis transdisciplinario para los medios de comunicación….. 33 CAPÍTULO I. Cultura mediática y espacios de re-conocimiento…………………. 39 1.1 Los medios de comunicación como aparatos ideológicos-hegemónicos.…………. 39 1.2 Encoding-Decoding, un modelo articulado de comunicación…………………….. 46 1.3 Los paisajes de Appadurai, el trabajo de las disyuntivas…………………………. 54 1.4 Hiper reconocimiento y notoriedad mediática en la modernidad líquida…………. 60 CAPÍTULO II. El cine de superhéroes como espacio de poder en el siglo XXI…. 67 2.1 Hollywood y la cultura mainstream……………………………………………..... 68 2.2 Warner Brothers, la exportación del entretenimiento…………………………….. 77 2.3 Los estrenos y las estrategias de marketing………………………………………. 85 2.4 Superhéroes y el poder de la pantalla…………………………………………….. 89 CAPÍTULO III. El poder del discurso y el discurso del poder………………….. 108 3.1 Condiciones de posibilidad de emergencia……………………………………….. 108 3.1.1 Procedimientos de exclusión…………………………………………….. 109 3.1.1.1 El silencio……………………………………………………….. 110 3.1.1.2 La locura………………………………………………………..... 131 3.1.1.3 La voluntad de verdad…………………………………………… 138 3.1.2 Procedimientos de control interno……………………………………….. 142 3.1.2.1 El comentario……………………………………………………. 143 3.1.3 Procedimientos de control de las condiciones de utilización……………. 146 3.2 La coyuntura……………………………………………………………………… 150 CAPÍTULO IV. Guerra y terror en la comunidad………………………………. 165 4.1 Naturalización y estereotipos, para bien o para mal……………………………… 165 4.1.1 Superhéroes, Occidente o el discurso del Imperio………………………. 168 4.1.2 Villanos, Oriente o el discurso del mal………………………………….. 173 4.2 La narración……………………………………………………………………… 195 4.2.1 De la hiper realidad a la hiper modernidad……………………………… 196 4.2.2 Un llamado al pueblo americano………………………………………… 199 4.3 La comunidad del terror………………………………………………………..... 201 CAPÍTULO V. Poder e ideología, entre la memoria y el olvido………………… 209 5.1 La Memoria……………………………………………………………………….. 211 5.1.1 Espacio…………………………………………………………….. 213 5.1.2 Conmemoración……………………………………………………. 221 5.2 El Olvido………………………………………………………………………….. 227 5.2.1 El retorno…………………………………………………………… 228 5.2.2 El suspenso y el comienzo…………………………………………. 231 CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………………… 244 LISTA DE REFERENCIAS………………………………………………………... 256 ANEXOS Anexo 1. Modelo Encoding-Decoding de Stuart Hall………………………………… 272 Anexo 2. Modelo semiótico-discursivo transdisicplonario de Julieta Haidar………... 273 Anexo 3. Shoot To Thrill. AC/DC……………………………………………………. 274 8 Agradecimientos Para quienes me han guiado durante cuatro años y han creído en este proyecto de investigación, la Dra. Elena Losada Soler y el Dr. Eloi Grasset Morell, no hay suficientes palabras que puedan expresar mi gratitud. Sin su dedicación, entusiasmo y conocimientos esta tesis no habría sido posible. Al Dr. Grasset, particularmente le agradezco sus críticas, su paciencia y su facilidad para hacerme comprender lo que debía hacer, sus oportunas intervenciones siempre fueron enriquecedoras intelectualmente y motivadoras anímicamente. A los dos por acompañarme aun a la distancia y animarme hasta el final, grazas, gràcies! Agradezco también al Programa para el Mejoramiento del Profesorado (PROMEP) de la Secretaría de Educación Pública, de México, por otorgarme la Beca para estudios de Doctorado de alta calidad en el extranjero. Financiamiento que me permitió la estancia en Barcelona durante tres años, junto a mi familia, para poder dedicarme de tiempo completo a la investigación doctoral. Por todas las gestiones administrativas derivadas de la beca en la Universidad Intercultural de Chiapas, agradezco también al Ing. Rigoberto Ríos Jiménez, la Maestra Eliza Saez Camacho y al Maestro Erick Fabian Bermudez Molina. Gracias al Dr. Andrés Fábgregas Puig, por apoyar mi candidatura a la beca, cuando era Rector de la Universidad Intercultural de Chiapas, e impulsar mi superación académica. Decidirme por Barcelona, fue sin duda, el mejor consejo que pudo darme, pues como bien me lo advirtió, los beneficios que hallé en esas tierras fueron más allá de la academia, la riqueza cultural de Cataluña y la diversidad cultural de Barcelona enriqueció mi desarrollo a nivel personal y humano. 9 En mi formación académica es indiscutible la huella que ha dejado la Dra. Julieta Haidar, a quien tuve prácticamente solo para mi cuando cursé Análisis del Discurso, en la Maestría en Estudios Humanísticos, del Tecnológico de Monterrey. No hay manera de alcanzar su rigor metodológico, pero siempre con paciencia me ayudó a aprender. Gracias por transmitirme el respeto y la dedicación que el estudio del discurso merece. Por otro lado, que esta investigación se haya realizado desde los Estudios Culturales, se lo debo sin duda al Dr. Eduardo Restrepo, quién con paciencia y dedicación me enseñó el legado de Stuart Hall. Gracias por tu sencillez y calidad humana, por impulsar los estudios culturales entre los jóvenes investigadores de nuestra América Latina. En este sentido, también debo agradecer a la Dra. Mònica Rius por las lecturas sugeridas, y la invitación a participar en una sesión de la asignatura Orientalisme del Máster en Construcció i Representació d´Indentitats Culturales. Moltes Gràcies! Un agradecimiento especial a Érica Consoli e Izaskun Arrese, mis compañeras de discusión, reflexión y lectura. Por sus palabras de aliento hasta el final, por las horas compartidas en los distintos espacios de la Facultad y por ayudarme en las gestiones necesarias para el depósito de la tesis. Gracias también a Adina Mocanu, por su cariño y palabras de ánimo, por enseñarme con su ejemplo que siempre es posible hacer mucho más. A Jenny Arck y a Nel Pardo,
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