DOJ's Antitrust Division
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Amazon's Antitrust Paradox
LINA M. KHAN Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox abstract. Amazon is the titan of twenty-first century commerce. In addition to being a re- tailer, it is now a marketing platform, a delivery and logistics network, a payment service, a credit lender, an auction house, a major book publisher, a producer of television and films, a fashion designer, a hardware manufacturer, and a leading host of cloud server space. Although Amazon has clocked staggering growth, it generates meager profits, choosing to price below-cost and ex- pand widely instead. Through this strategy, the company has positioned itself at the center of e- commerce and now serves as essential infrastructure for a host of other businesses that depend upon it. Elements of the firm’s structure and conduct pose anticompetitive concerns—yet it has escaped antitrust scrutiny. This Note argues that the current framework in antitrust—specifically its pegging competi- tion to “consumer welfare,” defined as short-term price effects—is unequipped to capture the ar- chitecture of market power in the modern economy. We cannot cognize the potential harms to competition posed by Amazon’s dominance if we measure competition primarily through price and output. Specifically, current doctrine underappreciates the risk of predatory pricing and how integration across distinct business lines may prove anticompetitive. These concerns are height- ened in the context of online platforms for two reasons. First, the economics of platform markets create incentives for a company to pursue growth over profits, a strategy that investors have re- warded. Under these conditions, predatory pricing becomes highly rational—even as existing doctrine treats it as irrational and therefore implausible. -
La Protección De La Intimidad Y Vida Privada En Internet La Integridad
XIX Edición del Premio Protección de Datos Personales de Investigación de la Agencia Española de Protección de Datos PREMIO 2015 Las redes sociales se han convertido en una herramienta de comu- nicación y contacto habitual para millones de personas en todo el La protección de la intimidad mundo. De hecho, se calcula que más de un 75% de las personas Amaya Noain Sánchez que se conectan habitualmente a Internet cuentan con al menos un y vida privada en internet: la perfil en una red social. La autora plantea en el texto si las empre- sas propietarias de estos servicios ofrecen una información sufi- integridad contextual y los flujos de ciente a los usuarios sobre qué datos recogen, para qué los van a información en las redes sociales utilizar y si van a ser cedidos a terceros. En una reflexión posterior, propone como posibles soluciones el hecho de que estas empresas (2004-2014) pudieran implantar directrices técnicas compartidas y una adapta- ción normativa, fundamentalmente con la privacidad desde el di- seño, la privacidad por defecto y el consentimiento informado. Así, Amaya Noain Sánchez el resultado sería un sistema de información por capas, en el que el usuario fuera conociendo gradualmente las condiciones del trata- miento de su información personal. Este libro explica el funcionamiento de una red social, comenzan- do por la creación del perfil de usuario en el que se suministran datos, y analiza cómo la estructura del negocio está basada en la monetización de los datos personales, con sistemas como el targe- ting (catalogando al usuario según sus intereses, características y predilecciones) y el tracking down (cruzando información dentro y fuera de la red). -
Facebook Timeline
Facebook Timeline 2003 October • Mark Zuckerberg releases Facemash, the predecessor to Facebook. It was described as a Harvard University version of Hot or Not. 2004 January • Zuckerberg begins writing Facebook. • Zuckerberg registers thefacebook.com domain. February • Zuckerberg launches Facebook on February 4. 650 Harvard students joined thefacebook.com in the first week of launch. March • Facebook expands to MIT, Boston University, Boston College, Northeastern University, Stanford University, Dartmouth College, Columbia University, and Yale University. April • Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, and Eduardo Saverin form Thefacebook.com LLC, a partnership. June • Facebook receives its first investment from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel for US$500,000. • Facebook incorporates into a new company, and Napster co-founder Sean Parker becomes its president. • Facebook moves its base of operations to Palo Alto, California. N. Lee, Facebook Nation, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5308-6, 211 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 212 Facebook Timeline August • To compete with growing campus-only service i2hub, Zuckerberg launches Wirehog. It is a precursor to Facebook Platform applications. September • ConnectU files a lawsuit against Zuckerberg and other Facebook founders, resulting in a $65 million settlement. October • Maurice Werdegar of WTI Partner provides Facebook a $300,000 three-year credit line. December • Facebook achieves its one millionth registered user. 2005 February • Maurice Werdegar of WTI Partner provides Facebook a second $300,000 credit line and a $25,000 equity investment. April • Venture capital firm Accel Partners invests $12.7 million into Facebook. Accel’s partner and President Jim Breyer also puts up $1 million of his own money. -
Peter R. Orszag
PETER R. ORSZAG Peter R. Orszag is Vice Chairman of Corporate and Investment Banking and Chairman of the Financial Strategy and Solutions Group at Citigroup, Inc. He is also a Nonresident Senior Fellow in Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution and a Contributing Columnist at Bloomberg View. Prior to joining Citigroup in January 2011, Dr. Orszag served as a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and a Contributing Columnist at the New York Times. He previously served as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget in the Obama Administration, a Cabinet-level position, from January 2009 until July 2010. From January 2007 to December 2008, Dr. Orszag was the Director of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Under his leadership, the agency significantly expanded its focus on areas such as health care and climate change. Prior to CBO, Dr. Orszag was the Joseph A. Pechman Senior Fellow and Deputy Director of Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution. While at Brookings, he also served as Director of The Hamilton Project, Director of the Retirement Security Project, and Co-Director of the Tax Policy Center. During the Clinton Administration, he was a Special Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and before that a staff economist and then Senior Advisor and Senior Economist at the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Orszag has also founded and subsequently sold an economics consulting firm. Dr. Orszag graduated summa cum laude in economics from Princeton University and obtained a Ph.D. in economics from the London School of Economics, which he attended as a Marshall Scholar. -
ORGANIZING the PRESIDENCY Discussions by Presidential Advisers Back to FDR
A Brookings Book Event STEPHEN HESS BOOK UPDATED: ORGANIZING THE PRESIDENCY Discussions by Presidential Advisers back to FDR The Brookings Institution November 14, 2002 Moderator: STEPHEN HESS Senior Fellow, Governance Studies, Brookings; Eisenhower and Nixon Administrations Panelists: HARRY C. McPHERSON Partner - Piper, Rudnick LLP; Johnson Administration JAMES B. STEINBERG V.P. and Director, Foreign Policy Studies, Brookings; Clinton Administration GENE SPERLING Senior Fellow, Economic Policy, and Director, Center on Universal Education, Council on Foreign Relations; Clinton Administration GEORGE ELSEY President Emeritus, American Red Cross; Roosevelt, Truman Administrations RON NESSEN V.P. of Communications, Brookings; Ford Administration FRED FIELDING Partner, Wiley Rein & Fielding; Nixon, Reagan Administrations Professional Word Processing & Transcribing (801) 942-7044 MR. STEPHEN HESS: Welcome to Brookings. Today we are celebrating the publication of a new edition of my book “Organizing the Presidency,” which was first published in 1976. When there is still interest in a book that goes back more than a quarter of a century it’s cause for celebration. So when you celebrate you invite a bunch of your friends in to celebrate with you. We're here with seven people who have collectively served on the White House staffs of eight Presidents. I can assure you that we all have stories to tell and this is going to be for an hour and a half a chance to tell some of our favorite stories. I hope we'll be serious at times, but I know we're going to have some fun. I'm going to introduce them quickly in order of the President they served or are most identified with, and that would be on my right, George Elsey who is the President Emeritus of the American Red Cross and served on the White House staff of Franklin D. -
The Consequences of Global Educational Expansion
The Consequences of Global Educational Expansion Social Science Perspectives Emily Hannum and Claudia Buchmann project on universal project on universal basic and secondary education basic and secondary education Officers of the American Academy PRESIDENT Patricia Meyer Spacks EXECUTIVE OFFICER Leslie Cohen Berlowitz VICE PRESIDENT Louis W. Cabot SECRETARY Emilio Bizzi TREASURER Peter S. Lynch EDITOR Steven Marcus VICE PRESIDENT, MIDWEST CENTER Martin Dworkin VICE PRESIDENT, WESTERN CENTER John R. Hogness Occasional Papers of the American Academy “Evaluation and the Academy: Are We Doing the Right Thing?” Henry Rosovsky and Matthew Hartley “Trends in American & German Higher Education” Edited by Robert McC. Adams “Making the Humanities Count: The Importance of Data” Robert M. Solow, Francis Oakley, John D’Arms, Phyllis Franklin, Calvin C. Jones “Probing Human Origins” Edited by Morris Goodman and Anne Simon Moffat “War with Iraq: Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives” Carl Kaysen, Steven E. Miller, Martin B. Malin, William D. Nordhaus, John D. Steinbruner To order any of these Occasional Papers please contact the Academy’s Publications Office. Telephone: (617) 576-5085; Fax: (617) 576-5088; E-mail: [email protected] The Consequences of Global Educational Expansion Social Science Perspectives Emily Hannum and Claudia Buchmann © 2003 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. ISBN#: 0-87724-039-6 The views expressed in this volume are those held by each contributor and are not necessarily those of the Officers -
2017-2018 Annual Report 2017-2018 View
Founded in 1940, the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. (LDF) is the nation’s first civil and human rights law organization and has been completely separate from the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) since 1957. From that era to the present, LDF’s mission has always been transformative: to achieve racial justice, equality, and an inclusive society. Photo: LDF Founder Thurgood Marshall contents 02 Message from the Chairs of the Board, Gerald S. Adolph and David W. Mills 04 Message from Sherrilyn Ifill, President and Director-Counsel 07 Litigation 10 A. Education 14 B. Political Participation 18 C. Criminal Justice 22 D. Economic Justice 26 E. Equal Justice 28 F. Supreme Court Advocacy 30 Policy and Advocacy 34 Thurgood Marshall Institute (TMI) 40 LDF in the Media 44 Fellowship and Scholarship Programs 48 Special Events 51 Supporters 61 Financial Report 64 Board of Directors We are proud to say that despite these Gerald S. Adolph mounting threats, LDF remains equal to the task. This annual report is a testament to LDF’s remarkable success in and out of the courtroom. David W. Mills 1 message from the chairs of the board In 1978, LDF’s founder Thurgood Marshall said, “Where you see wrong or inequality or injustice, speak out, because this is your country. This is your democracy. Make it. Protect it. Pass it on.” The NAACP Legal Defense Fund has been pursuing that mission since its founding. Through litigation and advocacy, LDF works to protect and preserve our democracy, so that its promises of liberty and justice can at last be made real for all Americans. -
FTC Nominee Expected to Oppose Broad Privacy Rules
Portfolio Media. Inc. | 860 Broadway, 6th Floor | New York, NY 10003 | www.law360.com Phone: +1 646 783 7100 | Fax: +1 646 783 7161 | [email protected] FTC Nominee Expected To Oppose Broad Privacy Rules By Bibeka Shrestha Law360, New York (September 2, 2011) -- If confirmed, Federal Trade Commission nominee Maureen Ohlhausen would likely call for greater transparency about privacy practices but fight comprehensive restrictions on the collection and use of consumer information, according to privacy experts. Should the Senate greenlight President Barack Obama's pick, Ohlhausen would leave her partner position at Wilkinson Barker Knauer LLP's privacy, data protection and cybersecurity practice to join the FTC's five-member board as its second Republican commissioner for a seven-year term starting Sept. 26. Ohlhausen would replace Republican Commissioner William Kovacic, who has served on the commission since January 2006. Experts say it would be surprising for the technology policy heavyweight to meekly sign on to FTC Chairman Jon Leibowitz's privacy agenda, which seeks to set a minimum standard of conduct for companies across the board that collect personal information, rather than focusing on specific sectors like the financial industry. "As a general matter, I do not think that she would not support 'substantive' regulation — restrictions on what companies can collect and disclose or how they can use the information that they collect," said Andrew Smith, a Morrison & Foerster LLP partner who worked closely with Ohlhausen while at the FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection. Leibowitz has sought to move past the notice-and-choice mechanism espoused under the George W. -
Redes Sociales: El Valor De La Información Y La Protección De La Privacidad
REDES SOCIALES: EL VALOR DE LA INFORMACIÓN Y LA PROTECCIÓN DE LA PRIVACIDAD WILLIAM ALBERTO RENDÓN VERGEL Director Andrés Felipe Umaña Chaux Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito para optar por el título de abogado UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE DERECHO BOGOTÁ D.C. 2014 TABLA DE CONTENIDO. TABLA DE CONTENIDO. I. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………….……………4 A. METODOLOGÍA…………..……………………………………………. ………………6 B. REDES SOCIALES Y PRIVACIDAD………………………………….……. …………7 II. ANÁLISIS DE ASPECTOS RELEVANTES Y PROBLEMÁTICA DE LAS REDES SOCIALES…………..……………………………………………….….………..9 A. DATA MINING, BIG DATA Y LA CREACIÓN DE PERFILES DE USUARIOS MEDIANTE EL ANÁLISIS DE INFORMACIÓN PERSONAL. ………………………….9 i. Big data y la predicción de información……………………………... ………………12 B. IDENTIFICACIÓN PERSONAL MEDIANTE RECOLECCIÓN DE DATOS BIOMÉTRICOS………………………………………………………………... ………….14 C. RECOPILACIÓN, USO Y MANEJO INDEBIDO DE COOKIES…………………………….…………………………………………... ………..16 D. DERECHO AL OLVIDO………………………………………………………. ………18 E. PRIVACIDAD DE MENORES Y PROTECCIÓN ESPECIAL...………………. ……..18 F.LA EXTRATERRITORIALIDAD Y LOS OBSTACULOS QUE SUPONE……. ……19 III. LA POSICIÓN CONTRACTUAL DE LAS REDES SOCIALES OBJETO DE ESTUDIO………………………………………………………………………………….20 A. FACEBOOK………………………………………………………………………...…..21 B. TWITTER…………………………………………………………………………….....22 C.INSTAGRAM……………………………………………………………………………23 D. SNAPCHAT………………………………………………………………………….…24 IV. SITUACIÓN EN COLOMBIA………………………………….…………………..25 V. PROPUESTAS PARA LA PROTECCIÓN JURÍDICA DE LA PRIVACIDAD EN REDES SOCIALES…………………...………………………………………………….29 -
Amazon's Surveillance Infrastructure and Revitalizing a Fair Marketplace
JULY 2021 Eyes Everywhere: Amazon's Surveillance Infrastructure and Revitalizing a Fair Marketplace Daniel A. Hanley 1 1 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................ 2 I. Introduction ........................................................................................ 3 II. Competitor Surveillance ......................................................................... 4 A. Amazon Marketplace ...................................................................... 4 B. Amazon Web Services ...................................................................... 5 C. Fulfillment by Amazon ..................................................................... 6 III. Consumer Surveillance ...................................................................... 7 A. Amazon Marketplace ...................................................................... 7 B. Amazon Alexa .................................................................................. 8 C. Amazon Ring .................................................................................... 9 D. Amazon's Other Consumer Surveillance Ambitions ..................... 10 IV. Harms .............................................................................................. 11 A. Copying Competitor Products ...................................................... 11 B. Self-Preferencing ............................................................................ 13 C. Arbitrary and Exclusionary Rules .................................................. -
Towards a Deeper Understanding of Facebook Resistance
UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT ECONOMIE EN BEDRIJFSKUNDE ACADEMIEJAAR 2014 – 2015 TOWARDS A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF FACEBOOK RESISTANCE Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Master of Science in de Bedrijfseconomie Petra Truant onder leiding van Dr. Katrien Verleye en Dr. Simon Quaschning UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT ECONOMIE EN BEDRIJFSKUNDE ACADEMIEJAAR 2014 – 2015 TOWARDS A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF FACEBOOK RESISTANCE Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Master of Science in de Bedrijfseconomie Petra Truant onder leiding van Dr. Katrien Verleye en Dr. Simon Quaschning Vertrouwelijkheidsclausule PERMISSION Ondergetekende verklaart dat de inhoud van deze masterproef mag geraadpleegd en/of gereproduceerd worden, mits bronvermelding. Naam student:............................................................................................................................ Samenvatting Deze masterproef focust op Facebook resistance, een fenomeen dat erg actueel is, maar in de academische literatuur amper aandacht geniet. Van Dijck’s classificatie van sociale media langsheen een technoculturele (gebruikers en gebruik, content, technologie) en socio-economische dimensie (beleid, eigenaarschap, business model), lijkt geschikt om het onderwerp in de juiste context te kaderen. Doorheen deze zes niveaus komen van Dijck’s concepten van ‘friending’ en ‘sharing’ veelvuldig aan bod. Deze ervoeren een verschuiving van ‘connectedness’ naar ‘connectivity’. Dit betekent een verregaande commercialisering en comodificatie -
What Does Lina Khan's Appointment As FTC Chair Mean for Your Business?
Litigation & Arbitration Group Client Alert What Does Lina Khan’s Appointment as FTC Chair Mean for Your Business? June 25, 2021 Contact Fiona Schaeffer Andrew Wellin Eric Hyla Lena K. Bruce Partner Special Counsel Associate Associate +1 212.530.5243 +1 212.530.5432 +1 212.530.5243 +1 212.530.5028 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] On June 15, 2021, within hours of her Senate confirmation as a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Commissioner, 32-year-old Lina Khan was appointed by President Biden to serve as the youngest FTC Chair in history. Khan has established herself as a progressive antitrust activist and a leader of the “New Brandeis Movement”1 that advocates for a revival of more aggressive U.S. antitrust policies and enforcement from the earlier part of the 20th century. Khan’s most widely-recognized and influential work, “Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox,” published in the Yale Law Journal in 2017 (while she was a Yale law student), argues that the current US antitrust paradigm (heavily influenced by the Chicago School) is too narrowly focused on consumer welfare and “is unequipped to capture the architecture of market power in the modern economy.”2 Because the consumer welfare standard focuses on short-term price and output effects, it is ill-equipped to address the purported harms to competition that big tech platforms raise. In her article, Khan maintains that platform markets, such as Amazon, have evaded antitrust liability because they focus on long-term growth over short-term profits – in short, they can make predatory, below-cost pricing a rational and profitable strategy, and can control the infrastructure on which their rivals depend without raising prices or reducing output in the short-term.