Silicon Britain Could Every Region Soon Be Home to a Thriving Tech Cluster?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Silicon Britain Could Every Region Soon Be Home to a Thriving Tech Cluster? FUNDING THE FUTURE SUMMER 2014 JOURNAL Silicon Britain Could every region soon be home to a thriving tech cluster? Taking up the mantle Putting a price on bitcoin No holding back New BVCA chairman Tim Farazmand Are investors willing to take a gamble Why Germany’s economy has continued reveals his plans for the year ahead on a mysterious virtual currency? to grow amid the eurozone crisis Introduction Contents The rise of the UK tech cluster, British investors’ lukewarm response to bitcoin-related ventures and Germany’s economy set the agenda for this issue The UK technology industry is one of published earlier this year by the BVCA, the country’s shining lights. Be it biotech which showcases this country’s vast or cleantech, hardware or software, array of talent across all technological Britain is undoubtedly a legitimate player sectors. When flicking through the on the world stage. report and our cover story, it is clear But much of the focus – from that the UK is a nation of enterprise and 20 politicians, officials and the media entrepreneurialism, and one in which – often centres on London. This is perhaps venture capital and private equity have an The story of inevitable given its cultural, economic important role to play. UK“ innovation and political dominance, yet focusing on Our members invest in ventures that the capital often means the work being will be central to Britain’s ability to 26 involves more done across the country is overlooked or compete and lead in the new economy. downplayed. While London and the Tech High-growth businesses, backed by than just the City initiative continue to do outstanding experienced investors, can help Britain things, the story of UK innovation involves to achieve the scientific and technological capital more than just the capital. innovation that is crucial to our position ” The BVCA will be campaigning in the global economy. about this issue in the run-up to next One innovation taking the world by year’s general election. Rebalancing the storm, which the British cannot take economy is not just about growing sectors, credit for, is the rise of bitcoin. Last but also regions, to ensure stronger, more year saw a number of venture capital sustainable economic growth and an investments in bitcoin-related start-ups economy that is better placed to withstand in the US, but so far there has been little financial shocks. interest in Britain. Our piece starting on Our cover story (page 20) is very page 14 looks at why and whether things much in this vein, looking at the string may change. of technology clusters throughout the Elsewhere, we look at Germany 14 UK. Following on from Tech Country, (page 26), which, like Britain, is another a substantial piece of research we European economic powerhouse that is undertook last year, the article finds that home to some interesting companies and News Crunching European Creative spirit entrepreneurialism and innovation are tech clusters. The tech industry in Berlin 04 Stories on the regional 18 the numbers 26 powerhouse 38 How leading animation, thriving across the land, from the hi-tech is particularly strong to the point where BVCA Management Team Research showing that most With a strong economy, solid TV, films and music companies hub in Cambridge and life sciences in it is locked in a battle with London for Awards, banking union and the Q1 2014 deals in the UK were trade links and robust industries, have turned the UK into a hotbed Manchester, to Bristol’s expertise in the crown of Europe’s leading tech hub. European fund rules backed by venture capital and Germany is one of Europe’s most of creativity semi-conductors and the oil and gas focus But unlike World Cup 2014, this is one private equity firms attractive places to invest of Aberdeen. particular contest I expect us to win. Taking centre stage Guest columnist The rise of UK tech clusters was also 10 New BVCA chairman Tech nation Missing the 42 Celia Moore from evident in Britain’s Hot Talent, a book Tim Hames, Director General Tim Farazmand talks about 20 Silicon Roundabout may 30 vital step London Business School on business, private equity and his grab the headlines, but the UK is How failing to implement making ethical investments when love of rock music home to many tech clusters that business methodology properly under the influence of money deserve attention can affect your business Editor Rob Morris Content Director Janice Warman Creative Director Ben Barrett Reserve your copy of the BVCA Journal. Art Director David Donaghy Designer Dean Buckley Picture Editor Johanna Ward To guarantee that you receive your copy Going for broke Publisher Georgina Beach Production Director John Faulkner of the next edition, please email Mia Iwama 14 Can British investors get Laying roots Big appetite Hastings at [email protected] behind bitcoin-related ventures Guernsey is fast David Salkeld, CEO Managing Director Claire Oldfield CEO Martin MacConnol To advertise in the magazine, please contact 25 33 BVCA Journal is published on behalf of the BVCA by Wardour, 5th Floor, Drury House, Peter Sandberg on +44 (0)20 7420 1820 or when so little is known about the becoming a top private equity of food producer Symington’s, 34–43 Russell Street, London WC2B 5HA Tel +44 (0)20 7010 0999 www.wardour.co.uk at [email protected] virtual currency? David Turner hub, attracting some of the is still hungry for growth after ILLUSTRATION: PETER CROWTHER ASSOCS speaks to industry insiders industry’s big players years of steady expansion 2 BVCAJOURNAL BVCAJOURNAL 3 NEWS News ELTIF progress good for private equity Banking union Progress on the European Long-term (AIFMD) if they are to become Investment Funds (ELTIF) regulation authorised under the ELTIF regulation. continues with encouraging prospects Under the AIFMD, it will only be takes step forward for the private equity and venture capital industry. Long-term investment is a popular Patient capital was a remedy Taxpayers in the EU will no longer topic in Brussels, with the provision for the financial sector’s short- have to bail out struggling banks after of ‘patient’ capital a remedy for the a plan to create a common system for financial sector’s short-term speculative term speculative behaviour handling banking crises was approved. behaviour prior to the crash. Members In March, the European Parliament of both the European Parliament and before the economic crash agreed to introduce the Single Council of Ministers are keen to make Resolution Mechanism, a eurozone the voluntary regime as attractive as possible to market cross-border to system to shut failing banks, and a possible for would-be fund managers. professional, non-retail investors. €55 billion shared fund to cover its Prospective managers must adhere The European Parliament side costs, paid for by the banks rather than fully to the terms of the Alternative has proposed increased flexibility by taxpayers in Europe. Investment Fund Managers Directive surrounding how and when assets can The fund will be used to shore up from a member state with a depressed be disposed of, as well as the possibility European banks that hit hard times, banking system. In March 2013, Cyprus that the ELTIF itself can be structured as many did following the onset of the was plunged into crisis when the EU as a partnership. Although the Council global economic downturn in 2008. But revealed that anyone with more than of Ministers’ position is not as clear, some critics claim that €55 billion is not €100,000 in a Cypriot account could lose the broad direction of debate suggests enough to protect banks from the losses up to 40% of their savings to finance it is possible to find a middle ground. that the sector has seen in recent years. a bank bailout. The news led to mass With the European Parliament elections Others say that the final decision on panic, with thousands of people in taking place in May, more talks were how to deal with a bank in trouble could Cyprus scambling to withdraw cash expected to be scheduled for this involve more than 100 decision makers, from their bank accounts. autumn at the earliest. which, in their view, is too many to Michel Barnier, European Some investors and industry insiders reach a consensus quickly. Commissioner for the internal market hope that the talks will eventually lead Some also believe that the system and services, said that the common to a new fund vehicle that will facilitate lacks a robust EU-wide deposit system is “not a perfect construction”, the role already played by private equity guarantee scheme. Without it, there is but one that was won through the “spirit in providing long-term finance to the nothing to stop a mass exodus of funds of compromise”. real economy. News in brief Colombia calling respective countries. The present in Bogotá, and may Tax relief for The tax relief is the first of Venture Capital Trusts. While the £5 million that the BVCA for British investors BVCA, in collaboration with the help to cover the cost of flights social investments its kind, promising to catapult likely to encourage investors has been pushing for in its Colombian capital Bogotá British Embassy, represented and/or accommodation for Social investment in the UK has social impact investment into to commit money to social consultation response. will host the second annual the UK industry at the 2013 those interested in exploring been given a significant boost the mainstream and have a enterprises, the overall The Government aims to Colombia Start-up and Investor summit and hopes to be investment opportunities in with the launch of the Social real positive effect on social investment limit a social introduce a larger scheme with Summit this October.
Recommended publications
  • The Human-Capital Needs of Tech-City, London
    THE HUMAN-CAPITAL NEEDS OF TECH CITY, LONDON By Max Nathan TRANSATLANTIC COUNCIL ON MIGRATION THE HUMAN-CAPITAL NEEDS OF TECH CITY, LONDON Max Nathan August 2014 Acknowledgments This research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), for its eleventh plenary meeting, held during November 2013 in London. The meeting’s theme was “Cities and Regions: Reaping Migration’s Local Dividends” and this paper was one of the reports that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: Open Society Foundations, Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Barrow Cadbury Trust (UK policy partner), the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www.migrationpolicy.org/transatlantic. © 2014 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. Cover Design: Danielle Tinker, MPI Typesetting: Rebecca Kilberg, MPI No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www.migrationpolicy.org. Information for reproducing excerpts from this report can be found at www.migrationpolicy.org/about/copyright-policy. Inquiries can also be directed to: Permissions Department, Migration Policy Institute, 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Imaginaries and Tech Cities: Place-Branding East London's Digital Economy
    Title Spatial Imaginaries and Tech Cities: Place-branding East London’s digital economy Type Article URL https://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/id/eprint/14511/ Dat e 2 0 1 8 Citation Voss, Georgina and Nathan, Max and Vandore, Emma (2018) Spatial Imaginaries and Tech Cities: Place-branding East London’s digital economy. Journal of Economic Geography, 19 (2). pp. 409-432. ISSN 1468-2710 Cr e a to rs Voss, Georgina and Nathan, Max and Vandore, Emma Usage Guidelines Please refer to usage guidelines at http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/policies.html or alternatively contact [email protected] . License: Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives Unless otherwise stated, copyright owned by the author FORTHCOMING IN JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Spatial Imaginaries and Tech Cities: Place-branding East London's digital economy Max Nathan1, Emma Vandore2 and Georgina Voss3 1 University of Birmingham. Corresponding author 2 Kagisha Ltd 3 London College of Communication Corresponding author details: Birmingham Business School, University House, University of Birmingham, BY15 2TY. [email protected] Abstract We explore place branding as an economic development strategy for technology clusters, using London’s ‘Tech City’ initiative as a case study. We site place branding in a larger family of policies that develop spatial imaginaries, and specify affordances and constraints on place brands and brand-led strategies. Using mixed methods over a long timeframe, we analyse Tech City’s emergence and the overlapping, competing narratives that preceded and succeeded it, highlighting day-to-day challenges and more basic tensions. While a strong brand has developed, we cast doubt on claims that policy has had a catalytic effect, at least in the ways originally intended.
    [Show full text]
  • The Magic Roundabout: Exploring a Young Digital Cluster in Inner East London
    DRAFT PAPER / TRIPLE HELIX CONFERENCE 2013 The Magic Roundabout: Exploring a young digital cluster in Inner East London Max Nathan1, Emma Vandore2 and Georgina Voss3 1 Spatial Economics Research Centre, London School of Economics; National Institute for Economic and Social Research 2 Centre for London 3 SPRU, University of Sussex; University of Brighton Abstract [to complete] Keywords digital economy, clusters, innovation, London, Silicon Roundabout Acknowledgements This paper is based on research published by the Centre for London (Nathan, Vandore and Whitehead, 2012), and supported by the British Venture Capital Association, BT Plc and the Federation of Small Businesses. Thanks to the Secure Data Service, Tech City Map / Trampoline Systems and DueDil for help with data. Thanks also to Giulia Faggio and Rosa Sanchis-Guarner for help with code, Duncan Smith for maps, and to seminar participants at the UCL Bartlett School of Planning, Frontier Economics and UEA Business School for helpful comments on previous versions. The paper represents the views of the authors, not the Centre for London, the original funders or the data providers. All remaining errors and omissions are our own. This work includes analysis based on data from the Business Structure Database, produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and supplied by the Secure Data Service at the UK Data Archive. The data is Crown copyright and reproduced with the permission of the controller of HMSO and Queen's Printer for Scotland. The use of the ONS statistical data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS or the Secure Data Service at the UK Data Archive in relation to the interpretation or analysis of the data.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Light Touch Cluster Policy Work? Evaluating the Tech City Programme
    ISSN 2042-2695 CEP Discussion Paper No 1648 August 2019 Does Light Touch Cluster Policy Work? Evaluating the Tech City Programme Max Nathan Abstract Despite academic scepticism, cluster policies remain popular with policymakers. This paper evaluates the causal impact of a flagship UK technology cluster programme. I build a simple framework and identify effects using difference-in-differences and synthetic controls on rich microdata. I further test for timing, cross-space variation, scaling and churn channels. The policy grew and densified the cluster, but has had more mixed effects on tech firm productivity. I also find most policy ‘effects’ began before rollout, raising questions about the programme’s added value. Key words: cities, clusters, technology, economic development, synthetic controls JEL Codes: L53; L86; O31; R30; R50 This paper was produced as part of the Centre’s Urban and Spatial Programme. The Centre for Economic Performance is financed by the Economic and Social Research Council. Thanks to Simon Collinson, Anne Green, Neil Lee, Henry Overman, Maria Sanchez-Vidal, Rosa Sanchis-Guarner and Emmanouil Tranos for input, Francesca Arduini for code, Cushman & Wakefield for rents data, and to Martin Dittus, Kat Hanna, Sandra Jones, Natalie Kane, Andy Pratt, Matt Spendlove, Emma Vandore, Georgina Voss, Jess Tyrell, Rob Whitehead and Jonty Wareing for fruitful discussions. Seminar participants at Birmingham, Middlesex, Bath and QMUL and at UEA Düsseldorf 2018 made many useful suggestions. Early parts of this research were funded through a Regional Studies Association Early Career Grant. I am grateful to the RSA for their support. This work includes analysis based on data from the Business Structure Database, produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and supplied by the Secure Data Service at the UK Data Archive.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Businesses in the Creative Industry Sector in Lewisham
    Digital Businesses in the Creative Industry Sector in Lewisham March 2012 Andrew Erskine Consulting and Tracey Gregory Consultancy for the Arts Service and Economic Development Service of the London Borough of Lewisham Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. 2 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 5 1.1 Lewisham digital and media businesses in context ........................ 5 1.2 Defining the digital and media business sector .............................. 9 1.3 Methodology ................................................................................. 10 2. The Digital and Media Sector in Lewisham .................................... 12 2.1 Digital and media businesses in Lewisham – Location ............... 12 2.2 Lewisham digital and media Businesses – the sub sectors......... 15 2.2.1 Software ................................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Media content ......................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Advertising and specialist design ........................................... 21 2.2.4 Other digital media businesses ............................................... 23 2.3 Co-location with other parts of the digital and creative sector ..... 24 2.4 Digital and media sector employment ........................................ 26 3. Lewisham Digital and Media Businesses – Current Practice, Perceptions, Aspirations and Barriers ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Deep Dive: 04 Digital and Creative Industries
    Deep Dive: 04 Digital and Creative Industries Date: September 2016 FINAL REPORT Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 3 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7 2 Definitions ................................................................................................................. 8 3 Significance ............................................................................................................. 10 4 Business and Employment ...................................................................................... 12 5 Skills ........................................................................................................................ 26 6 Key Assets .............................................................................................................. 34 7 Growth Potential ...................................................................................................... 42 8 Spatial Considerations ............................................................................................. 48 September 2016 2 Executive Summary Context Across Greater Manchester (GM) – and the North more broadly – the Digital and Creative Industries sector is disrupting traditional business models and providing strong growth in both employment and Gross Value Added (GVA). Digital, one of four prime capabilities identified for the Northern
    [Show full text]
  • Tech Nation 2016, Our Second Annual Publication We’Ve Seen Some Real Successes with Tech on the UK’S Digital Economy
    TRANSFORMING UK INDUSTRIES THE RT HON DAVID CAMERON MP THE PRIME MINISTER FOREWORD Britain’s world leading tech sector gives us a competitive edge that is not just EILEEN BURBIDGE CHAIR, TECH CITY UK transforming our daily lives but also our AND PARTNER, PASSION CAPITAL economy – we are a becoming a true Tech GERARD GRECH CEO, TECH CITY UK Nation. It’s also helping us to transform the way Government works. Welcome to Tech Nation 2016, our second annual publication We’ve seen some real successes with Tech on the UK’s digital economy. City UK, but this is not purely about specialist Fuelled by a strong digital growth trajectory, the UK is an evolving startups and digital businesses. Tech is truly Tech Nation. The 2016 report demonstrates the clear contribution transforming the way we do all kinds of that digital technology is making to employment in digital and business, right across the country. traditional industries, and to the economy across the country. Indeed, more than half of all digital jobs now The opportunities are enormous if we are to fulfil our potential aren’t in high-tech hubs of London or Leeds – as a nation driven by digital tech innovation. The journey starts they are in businesses of every description, in with knowing what we have to offer and where we need to get every sector – in those that would not traditionally to, working with a highly supportive Government to create the be considered digital businesses at all. optimum set of conditions for continued growth. The digital economy is expanding at an The response from the digital community and their eagerness extraordinary pace, creating jobs and fuelling to share data in support of Tech Nation 2016 has been growth in regions and cities up and down phenomenal.
    [Show full text]
  • Powering the Digital Economy 2015 Foreword
    POWERING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY 2015 FOREWORD BARONESS JOANNA SHIELDS GERARD GRECH CHAIR, TECH CITY UK CEO, TECH CITY UK In 2013, we created the Tech City UK Cluster Alliance to engage digital businesses across the From East London’s Tech City up to EdinBurgh and Beyond, digital Businesses increasingly choose purpose of using their collective expertise to to work near each other, creating dynamic tech accelerate digital growth. clusters up and down the country. THE RT. HON. DAVID CAMERON MP It Became clear that great digital companies Each cluster has its own unique DNA and assets. PRIME MINISTER spring from collaborative communities of Every digital company is on its own trajectory. But entrepreneurs, supported By established nearly everyone we spoke to during the Tech Nation Backing the industries of the future is a key part of our long-term businesses, universities and Government all project said they work Best when they’re near other economic plan to support business, create more jobs and build working toward common goals. This report like-minded Businesses: sharing resources, ideas a more resilient economy. The digital economy has become an showcases 21 digital clusters across the UK where and expertise. integral part of our country and the rapid growth of many digital talent and great ideas have come together to fuel The UK’s digital economy is thriving. Venture innovation and success. capital investment in London’s tech companies technology excellence. For the digital landscape is far greater than the Through Tech City UK, this Government has supported digital capital alone – 74% of the digital Businesses we entrepreneurs in London, creating one of the capital’s great success analysed are actually Based outside Inner London.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Birmingham Spatial Imaginaries and Tech Cities
    University of Birmingham Spatial Imaginaries and Tech Cities Nathan, Max; Vandore, Emma; Voss, Georgina DOI: 10.1093/jeg/lby018 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Nathan, M, Vandore, E & Voss, G 2019, 'Spatial Imaginaries and Tech Cities: Place-branding East London's digital economy', Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 409-432. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby018 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Journal of Economic Geography following peer review. The version of record Max Nathan, Emma Vandore, Georgina Voss; Spatial Imaginaries and Tech Cities: Place-branding East London’s digital economy, Journal of Economic Geography is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby018 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain.
    [Show full text]
  • Tech City: the Future of Inner East London’S Digital Economy
    A TALE OF TECH CITY: THE FUTURE OF INNER EAST LONDON’S DIGITAL ECONOMY Open Access. Some rights reserved. Centre for London is a new politically independent, As the publisher of this work, Centre for London wants to encourage the not-for-profit think tank focused on the big policy circulation of our work as widely as possible while retaining the copyright. challenges facing London. It aims to help London We therefore have an open access policy which enables anyone to access our content online without charge. Anyone can download, save, perform build on its long history as a centre of economic, or distribute this work in any format, including translation, without written social, and intellectual innovation, and create a fairer, permission. This is subject to the terms of the Centre for London licence more prosperous, democratic and sustainable city. found at the back of this publication. Its main conditions are: Centre for London acts as a critical friend to · Centre for London and the author(s) are credited London’s leaders and policymakers, and promotes a · This summary and the address www.centreforlondon.co.uk are displayed wider understanding of the challenges facing London. · The text is not altered and is used in full · The work is not resold The Centre develops long term, rigorous and · A copy of the work or link to its use online is sent to Centre for London. radical policy solutions for the capital. It works collaboratively with its supporters, drawing on their You are welcome to ask for permission to use this work for purposes other than those covered by the licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Centrepiece the Magazine of the Centre for Economic Performance Volume 25 Issue 1 Spring 2020
    CentrePiece The Magazine of The Centre for Economic Performance Volume 25 Issue 1 Spring 2020 CAN WE BE HAPPIER? The cost of being young Poor students Regional inequalities Cluster policy Self-employment TV superstars CentrePiece CentrePiece is the magazine of the CEP director, Stephen Machin Centre for Economic Performance at the Editor, Romesh Vaitilingam London School of Economics. Articles in this Design, DesignRaphael Ltd issue reflect the opinions of the authors, not Print, Westminster European/Lavenham Press Ltd of the Centre. Requests for permission to reproduce the articles should be sent to the © Centre for Economic Performance 2020 Editor at the address below. Volume 25 Issue 1 (ISSN 1362-3761) All rights reserved. Editorial and Subscriptions Office Centre for Economic Performance London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE Annual subscriptions for one year (3 issues): Individuals £13.00 Students £8.00 Organisations (UK and Europe) £30.00 Rest of world £39.00 Visa and Mastercard accepted Cheques payable to London School of Economics Editorial Since the general election in December, between generations and inequalities in And in an investigation of differences the new catchphrase in UK public policy people’s wellbeing. in the consumer prices facing generational discussions is ‘levelling up’ – what can be In a study of access to higher groups, Rahat Siddique notes that the done to help parts of the country where education, Gill Wyness and colleagues UK’s young adults – the ‘millennials’ – economic performance is comparatively find that many young people from poorer are changing their spending patterns weak. Spatial disparities have long been backgrounds attend less academically compared with previous generations as a focus of work at the Centre for prestigious courses than their A-level they navigate a contrasting economic Economic Performance (CEP) – and in attainment merits.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring a Young Digital Cluster in Inner East London
    Here Be Startups: Exploring a young digital cluster in Inner East London Max Nathan1 and Emma Vandore2 1 Spatial Economics Research Centre, London School of Economics; National Institute for Economic and Social Research; IZA. 2 Director, Kagisha Limited Abstract The digital industries cluster known as 'Silicon Roundabout' has been quietly growing in East London since the 1990s. Rebranded 'Tech City', it is the focus of huge public and government attention. National and local policymakers wish to accelerate the local area's development: such cluster policies are back in vogue as part of a re-awakened interest in industrial policy. Surprisingly little is known about Tech City's firms or the wider ecosystem, however, and cluster programmes have a high failure rate. We perform a detailed mixed-methods analysis, combining rich enterprise-level data with semi- structured interviews. We track firm and employment growth from 1997-2010 and identify several distinctive features: branching from creative to digital content industries, street-level sorting of firms, the importance of local amenities and a lack of conventional cluster actors such as universities or anchor businesses. We also argue that the existing policy mix embodies a number of tensions, and suggest areas for improvement. Keywords Cities, digital economy, clusters, London, Tech City Corresponding author Max Nathan, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK. [email protected] Acknowledgements This paper is based on research published by the Centre for London and supported by the British Venture Capital Association, BT Plc and the Federation of Small Businesses. Thanks to the Secure Data Service, Tech City Map and DueDil for data, Giulia Faggio and Rosa Sanchis-Guarner for code, and Duncan Smith for maps.
    [Show full text]