Penser L'existence De Vie Dans Les Profondeurs Marines Au Xixe Siècle

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Penser L'existence De Vie Dans Les Profondeurs Marines Au Xixe Siècle Penser l’existence de vie dans les profondeurs marines au XIXe siècle : entre abîme impossible et origine du vivant (1804-1885) Loïc Péton To cite this version: Loïc Péton. Penser l’existence de vie dans les profondeurs marines au XIXe siècle : entre abîme impossible et origine du vivant (1804-1885). Histoire. Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016BRES0001. tel-01398655 HAL Id: tel-01398655 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01398655 Submitted on 17 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE présentée par sous le sceau de l’Université européenne de Bretagne Loïc Péton pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BRETAGNE OCCIDENTALE Préparée au Centre François Viète Histoire des sciences École Doctorale Sciences Humaines et Sociales Thèse soutenue le 5 janvier 2016 devant le jury composé de : Penser l'existence de vie dans Grégory CHAMBON Maître de conférence - HDR, Université de Bretagne les profondeurs marines au Occidentale / Directeur e Stéphane TIRARD XIX siècle : Professeur, Univsersité de Nantes / Co-encadrant entre abîme impossible et Hervé FERRIÈRE origine du vivant (1804-1885) Maître de conférence, Université de Bretagne Occidentale Martine ACERRA Professeur, Université de Nantes / Rapporteur Olivier PERRU 1 Professeur, Lyon 1 / Rapporteur Pascal ACOT Docteur d'état, chargé de recherches honoraire au CNRS 2 « Vous êtes tous les deux ténébreux et discrets : Homme, nul n'a sondé le fond de tes abîmes ; Ô mer, nul ne connaît tes richesses intimes, Tant vous êtes jaloux de garder vos secrets ! » Charles Baudelaire, L'homme et la mer 3 Remerciements Je tenais tout d'abord à remercier vivement Grégory Chambon, pour avoir accepté de diriger ma thèse lors de ces quatre années, ainsi que Stéphane Tirard, qui a pu me suivre depuis le mémoire de master et qui a su m'orienter tout au long de ce périple entamé depuis lors. Leur disponibilité et leur savoir furent indispensables pour ce travail. J'adresse mes remerciements à l'école doctorale Sciences Humaines et Sociales pour avoir offert un cadre et une aide à cette thèse. Je remercie également Sylvain Laubé pour son investissement pour obtenir un financement auprès de la présidence de l'Université de Bretagne Occidentale, que je remercie également, sans eux cette thèse n'aurait été. En outre, j'adresse également mes remerciements à Martine Acerra, Pascal Acot, Hervé Ferrière et Olivier Perru pour le temps consacré à l'analyse de mon travail et pour leur expertise indispensable à la concrétisation de celui-ci. Je remercie bien évidemment l'ensemble des membres du Centre François Viète, de Brest comme de Nantes, qui m'ont aidé, de près comme de loin, notamment grâce à leurs échanges. Parmi eux, je remercie plus particulièrement : l'ensemble des doctorants, ou maintenant jeunes docteurs, du CFV dont Karine Le Jeune et Axel Petit, mes « aînés » de soutenance, avec qui les échanges furent toujours enrichissants ; Céline Briée qui me conseilla dès le début du mémoire à propos de l'histoire de la biologie marine ; Aurélie Giacomini et Anaïs Durand pour leur aide toujours précieuse lorsque j'étais de passage à Nantes ; Jenny Boucard et Pierre Teissier pour leur disponibilité et leur analyse qui constitua une aide importante ; Anaël Marrec avec qui j'eus l'honneur d'organiser la première journée des doctorants du CFV ayant lieu à Brest ; Frédéric Soulu pour les échanges sur la science coloniale française, cela de la même façon que Hervé Ferrière qui m'apporta en plus son savoir d'historien de la biologie marine ; Colette Le Lay et Olivier Sauzereau qui me permirent, entre autres, d'écrire sur un Nantais écrivain de la mer : Jules Verne ; Fernando Figueirido pour ses conseils venant du sud ; Pierre Savaton pour ses connaissances en géologie ; Laurence Ghier et Françoise Veillet pour leur aide lors de traductions. En outre, je remercie les différents doctorants brestois en SHS, et au-delà, que j'ai croisé au cours de ses années et dont les échanges inter-disciplinaires furent toujours instructifs, notamment lors de la Fabrique de la thèse. 4 Au-delà du CFV, je suis reconnaissant envers les organisateurs de colloques qui m'accueillirent, dont Vera Schwach et Walter Lenz, qui me permirent de participer au colloque international en océanographie « Knowledge at work in the oceans of the world » en 2013 à Manchester, ainsi que les membres de la Société d'histoire et d'épistémologie des sciences de la vie, à laquelle j'appartiens, et dont les divers événements forment toujours un moment d'interactions enrichissantes. En outre, je tiens à souligner l'importance du travail des équipes de conservateurs et d'archivistes des différentes bibliothèques et institutions que j'ai arpentées, en France comme à Londres, dont plus particulièrement Gilles Chatry, de l'Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer de Brest, Florence Greffe, et son équipe, à l'Académie des sciences de Paris. Par ailleurs, je remercie chaleureusement Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre, de Monaco, qui me transmit ses notes personnelles sur Georges Aimé, cela en espérant que l'histoire du personnage, que j'incite, se poursuive, ce que cette thèse ne fait que modestement. Je remercie mes parents Michelle et Daniel car leur aide fut précieuse puisqu'ils eurent le plaisir, et parfois la difficulté, de réaliser les premières relectures, chose non aisée sans formation en histoire. Je suis aussi reconnaissant envers mon frère Gaël qui s'y employa également et dont les conseils cinématographiques, et autres, furent utiles en terme de paliers de décompression... Je lui souhaite par ailleurs bon courage pour la fin de sa thèse en histoire du cinéma. Je lui ferai parvenir des conseils océanographiques à cette fin. Merci également à Vera qui m'aida et me soutint, à mes amis qui m'aidèrent de loin et m'aérèrent l'esprit. Enfin, je remercie tous ces auteurs disparus qui, par leurs traces, léguèrent du fil à retordre à l'historien, sans qui il ne serait. Je remercie également ces balbutiements sous- marins, sirènes anciennes et modernes, ectoplamisques ou charnues, qui, de leur antre obscur, nous attirent et nous questionnent, que ce soit sur la vie et ses capacités, le monde ou nous- même. 5 Table des matières Introduction.......................................................................................................15 L'histoire de l'étude de l'océan..........................................................................................16 Une histoire de l'étude de la vie marine profonde...........................................................20 Le cadre de notre histoire..................................................................................................24 La méthode employée.........................................................................................................27 Partie 1 – L'homme et l'abîme.........................................................................31 Chapitre 1 – L'abîme mythifié..........................................................................................31 1-1 – Le haut et le bas : une valorisation ascendante......................................................31 1-1-1 – Le couple haut-bas.........................................................................................32 1-1-2 – Les causes de la valorisation du haut.............................................................33 1-1-3 – Le bas infernal................................................................................................35 1-1-4 – Des espaces sacrés..........................................................................................37 1-2 – La verticale renouvelée..........................................................................................38 1-2-1 – Des interdits renversés...................................................................................38 1-2-2 – Des espaces nouveaux....................................................................................40 1-2-2-1 – La verticalité attrayante..........................................................................41 1-2-2-2 – L'altitude vécue......................................................................................42 1-2-2-3 – L'introspection face à l'infini..................................................................45 1-3 – L'homme et la mer : un abîme anthropophage.......................................................47 1-3-1 – La mer, espace de l'engloutissement..............................................................48 1-3-1-1 – Une mer inconnue et redoutée................................................................48 1-3-1-2 – La peur de l'engloutissement..................................................................50 1-3-2 – Le désir du rivage et de l'abîme......................................................................53 1-3-3 – Un océan horizontal parcouru........................................................................56 Chapitre 2 – Expérimenter l'abîme..................................................................................59
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