Wedgetail Circle, Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Home , Banksia mucronulata, Citrullus, Ctenotus delli, Hakea candolleana, Hakea circumalata, Hakea gilbertii

Prepared for: Coterra Environment 2/460 Roberts Road, Subiaco, WA 6008

Prepared by: Jeff Turpin, Simon Cherriman and Mike Bamford M.J. & A.R. Bamford Consulting Ecologists 23 Plover Way KINGSLEY WA 6026

14th August 2013 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Executive summary Urbis on behalf of the landowner (Kordamentha) is proposing a residential development on land in the area adjoining Wedgetail Circle at Parkerville in Perth, Western Australia. As part of the Environmental Impact Assessment for the project, Bamford Consulting Ecologists (BCE) was commissioned by Coterra Environment to conduct a Level 1 fauna assessment of the proposed development area – termed the “survey area”. The Level 1 fauna assessment included a desktop review and site inspection - with a focus on habitat assessment for threatened Black-Cockatoo species. A Level 1 fauna assessment is required to identify the fauna values of a site so that impacts upon these from any proposed development can be assessed and, where possible, minimised.

The survey area (Lot 9503 Wedgetail Circle) lies approximately 25 km north-east of the Perth Central Business District in the outer suburb of Parkerville approximately 6km north-west of the Mundaring townsite. It adjoins the eastern boundary of John Forrest National Park (1577 ha). The survey area is approximately 195 hectares and contains mostly intact native vegetation, with smaller cleared areas previously used for farmland and agriculture. The survey area lies between two existing residential developments along Wedgetail Circle and Hidden Valley Road. The landscape surrounding the proposed development is dominated by rural and residential lots.

BCE uses an impact assessment process with the following components: • The identification of fauna values: o Assemblage characteristics: uniqueness, completeness and richness; o Species of conservation significance; o Recognition of vegetation/substrate associations (VSAs) that provide habitat for fauna, particularly those that are rare, unusual and/or support significant fauna; o Patterns of biodiversity across the landscape; o Ecological processes upon which the fauna depend. • The review of impacting processes such as: o Habitat loss leading to population decline; o Habitat loss leading to population fragmentation; o Degradation of habitat due to weed invasion leading to population decline; o Ongoing mortality from operations; o Species interactions including feral and overabundant native species; o Hydrological change; o Altered fire regimes; and o Disturbance (dust, light, noise). • The recommendation of actions to mitigate impacts.

The fauna investigations were based on a desktop assessment and a site reconnaissance survey in January 2013. The desktop study identified 257 vertebrate fauna species as potentially occurring in the Parkerville survey area: 15 frogs, 60 reptiles, 151 birds and 22 native and 9 introduced mammals. Of these, 58 species were recorded on site during the field survey. The assemblage includes at least 46 species of conservation significance (19 recorded).

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 1 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Key fauna values are:

Fauna assemblage. Moderately rich and intact except for the loss of a suite of medium-size mammal species. Likely to be typical of fauna assemblages on uncleared land in the region.

Species of conservation significance. These include three reptile species, 38 bird species, four mammal species and one invertebrate. Of greatest interest, because they are of high levels of conservation significance and may be present regularly (including the potential for breeding), are the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo, Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo, Baudin’s Black Cockatoo, Carpet Python, Peregrine Falcon, Chuditch, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Brush Wallaby, Southern Brown Bandicoot and Scorpionfly (Austromerope poultoni). Feeding and breeding by Black-Cockatoos were recorded within the site.

Vegetation and Substrate Associations. Three VSAs were identified across the survey area, with one of these disturbed cleared areas. Both the natural VSAs are regionally widespread and well represented in uncleared areas, but have been subject to clearing for agriculture. They also provide significant linkages to the adjacent John Forrest National Park and other neighbouring uncleared areas.

Patterns of biodiversity. Biodiversity is likely to be spread across the natural VSAs, but areas of particular significance include VSA1 as the Banksias and Eucalypts may support foraging all three Black-Cockatoos.

Key ecological processes. Main processes currently affecting the fauna assemblage in the survey area include local hydrology, fire, fauna interactions (feral predators, over-abundant native species) and weed invasion. Changes to these processes are likely to occur with residential development of the area

Recommendations relate to impacts as outlined below.

Loss of habitat • Retain large eucalypt trees suitable for breeding, roosting and foraging by Black-Cockatoos; • Develop as much as possible on already cleared land; • Minimise disturbance to VSA 1; • Clearly delineate areas to be cleared; • Develop and implement a plan to avoid and manage Dieback (Phytophthora cinnamomi) and other plant diseases, especially to prevent invasion into the National Park.

Species interactions • Discourage the presence of feral species, particularly the feral Cat and Fox, by the use of appropriate waste management procedures. • Inform prospective residents on responsible cat ownership.

Hydrological changes

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 2 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

• Develop an understanding of the surface and sub-surface drainage and possible effects of residential development. Habitat degradation due to weed invasions • Develop a weed management/hygiene plan. This could address areas such as the use of clean fill during house construction and the issue of garden escapees becoming naturalised in the nearby National Park.

Changes in fire regime • Develop a fire management plan, especially with regard to the nearby National Park.

Primary threats to Black-Cockatoos (based on DSEWPaC 2012e) • Avoid clearing native vegetation where possible. Clearing of any area of quality feeding habitat greater than 1 ha, including Marri and proteaceous shrubs, must be referred to the federal environment minister (DSEWPaC 2012e). • Conduct further survey work in spring 2013 to assess if potential nesting trees within the survey area are currently utilised by Black-Cockatoos as breeding sites. • If unavoidable, any clearing of known nesting trees (Section 4.2.2) must be referred to the federal environment minister prior to clearing for assessment and approval (DSEWPaC 2012e). Where possible, known or likely breeding sites should be retained with a disturbance free buffer to be discussed with the DEC and DSEWPaC. • Preserve any feeding habitat (list of trees in Appendix 5) around known nesting trees. Any clearing of foraging habitat around known nest trees needs to be referred to the federal environment minister (DSEWPaC 2012e). • Avoid clearing trees larger than 500mm DBH as these have the potential to be Black- Cockatoo nesting trees in the future.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 3 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Contents

Executive summary ...... 1 Contents...... 4 1 Introduction ...... 6 1.1 Introduction ...... 6 1.2 General Approach to Fauna Impact Assessment...... 6 1.3 Description of Survey Area ...... 7 2 Background ...... 1 2.1 Regional Description ...... 1 2.2 Vegetation Units ...... 2 2.3 Black-cockatoos ...... 2 2.3.1 Species, ecology, habitat requirements and threats ...... 2 2.3.2 Nesting tree size and hollow dimensions ...... 4 3 Methods ...... 5 3.1 Overview ...... 5 3.2 Desktop Assessment ...... 6 3.2.1 Sources of information ...... 6 3.2.2 Nomenclature and taxonomy ...... 7 3.2.3 Interpretation of species lists ...... 7 3.3 Field survey ...... 8 3.3.1 Overview ...... 8 3.3.2 Dates and Personnel ...... 8 3.3.3 Vegetation and Substrate Associations ...... 8 3.3.4 Targeted searching for conservation significant species ...... 8 3.3.5 Black-Cockatoo Assessment...... 8 3.3.6 Motion Sensitive Cameras ...... 9 3.3.7 Bat surveys ...... 10 3.3.8 Opportunistic observations ...... 10 3.4 Survey limitations ...... 10 3.5 Impact Assessment ...... 12 3.5.1 Criteria for impact assessment ...... 13 4 Results ...... 15 4.1 Vertebrate Fauna ...... 15

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 4 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

4.1.1 Overview of fauna assemblage ...... 15 4.1.2 Species of conservation significance ...... 19 4.1.3 Black-Cockatoo Species ...... 22 4.1.4 Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo ...... 22 4.1.5 Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo ...... 23 4.1.6 Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo ...... 24 4.2 Black-Cockatoo Field assessment ...... 24 4.2.1 Overview ...... 24 4.2.2 Potential hollow-bearing tree survey ...... 24 4.3 Summary of species of conservation significance ...... 26 4.4 Vegetation and Substrate Associations (VSAs)...... 26 4.5 Patterns of biodiversity ...... 29 4.6 Ecological processes ...... 29 4.7 Summary of fauna values ...... 29 5 Impact assessment ...... 30 5.1 Overview of Impacts ...... 30 5.1.1 Loss of habitat leading to population decline ...... 30 5.1.2 Loss of habitat leading to population fragmentation ...... 30 5.1.3 Degradation of habitat due to weed invasion ...... 31 5.1.4 Ongoing mortality ...... 31 5.1.5 Species interactions ...... 31 5.1.6 Hydroecology ...... 31 5.1.7 Altered fire regimes ...... 31 5.1.8 Disturbance ...... 31 5.1.9 Summary of impacts ...... 32 6 Recommendations ...... 35 7 References ...... 37 8 Appendices ...... 42

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 5 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction Urbis, on behalf of the landowner, Kordamentha, is proposing a residential development on land in the area adjoining Wedgetail Circle at Parkerville in Perth, Western Australia. As part of the Environmental Impact Assessment for the project, Bamford Consulting Ecologists (BCE) was commissioned by Coterra Environment to conduct a Level 1 fauna assessment of the proposed development area – termed the “survey area”. The Level 1 fauna assessment included a desktop review and site inspection - with a focus on habitat assessment for threatened Black-Cockatoo species. A Level 1 fauna assessment is required to identify the fauna values of a site so that impacts upon these from any proposed development can be assessed and, where possible, minimised.

1.2 General Approach to Fauna Impact Assessment The purpose of impact assessment is to provide government agencies with the information they need to decide upon the significance of impacts of a proposed development. BCE uses an impact assessment process with the following components: Ø The identification of fauna values: • Assemblage characteristics: uniqueness, completeness and richness; • Species of conservation significance; • Recognition of ecotypes or vegetation/substrate associations (VSAs) that provide habitat for fauna, particularly those that are rare, unusual and/or support significant fauna; • Patterns of biodiversity across the landscape; • Ecological processes upon which the fauna depend. Ø The review of impacting processes such as: • Habitat loss leading to population decline; • Habitat loss leading to population fragmentation; • Degradation of habitat due to weed invasion leading to population decline; • Ongoing mortality from operations; • Species interactions including feral and overabundant native species; • Hydrological change; • Altered fire regimes; and • Disturbance (dust, light, noise). Ø The recommendation of actions to mitigate impacts.

Descriptions and background information on these values and processes can be found in Appendices 1 to 4. Based on this impact assessment process, the objectives of investigations are to: identify fauna values; review impacting processes with respect to these values and the proposed development; and provide recommendations to mitigate these impacts.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 6 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

1.3 Description of Survey Area The survey area (Lot 9503 Wedgetail Circle) lies approximately 25 km north-east of the Perth Central Business District in the outer suburb of Parkerville approximately 6km north-west of the Mundaring townsite. It also adjoins the eastern boundary of John Forrest National Park (see Figure 1). The survey area contains mostly intact native vegetation, with smaller cleared areas previously used for farmland and agriculture. It is approximately 195 hectares in total area.

The survey area lies between two existing residential developments along Wedgetail Circle and Hidden Valley Road (see Figure 2). Although John Forrest National Park (~2700 ha) lies to the west of the survey area, the landscape surrounding the proposed development is dominated by rural and residential lots. Within a 5 km radius of the centrepoint of the survey area, approximately 75% of the landscape (~ 5800 ha) supports substantially undisturbed native vegetation, of which approximately 50% (~3000 ha) lies within reserves or national parks. The survey area therefore represents about 2% of native vegetation within a radius of 5km.

Figure 1. The regional location of the Lot 9503 Wedgetail Circle (shaded red).

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 7 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Figure 2. The Parkerville survey area (shaded pink).

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 1 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

2 Background 2.1 Regional Description The Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) (Environment Australia, 2000) has identified 26 bioregions in Western Australia (Figure 3, DSEWPaC 2012a). Bioregions are classified on the basis of climate, geology, landforms, vegetation and fauna (Thackway and Cresswell, 1995). IBRA Bioregions are affected by a range of different threatening processes and have varying levels of sensitivity to impact (EPA, 2004).

The Parkerville survey area lies in the Jarrah Forest Bioregion and the Northern Jarrah Subregion (DSEWPaC 2012b).

Figure 3. IBRA Subregions in Western Australia.

Note the survey area lies in JF1 (Northern Jarrah Forest) IBRA subregion.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 1 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Williams and Mitchell (2001) describe the Northern Jarrah Forest subregion as:

“Plateau characterised by Jarrah-Marri forest on laterite gravels and, in the eastern part, by woodlands of Wandoo - Marri on clayey soils. Eluvial and alluvial deposits support Agonis shrublands. In areas of Mesozoic sediments, Jarrah forests occur in a mosaic with a variety of species-rich shrublands. Northern Jarrah Forest incorporates the area east of the Darling Scarp. Vegetation comprises Jarrah - Marri forest in the west with Bullich and Blackbutt in the valleys grading to Wandoo and Marri woodlands in the east with Powder bark on breakaways. There are extensive but localised sand sheets with Banksia low woodlands. Heath is found on granite rocks and as a common understorey of forests and woodlands in the north and east. The climate is Mediterranean and the subregional area is 2, 255, 904 ha.”

Williams and Mitchell (2001) also note primary populations of Critical Weight Range mammals such as Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus fusciventer), Chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii), Woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi), Brush-tailed Phascogale (Phascogale tapoatafa) and some species such as Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) and Western Ring-tailed Possum (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) are restricted to riparian habitat. Granite outcrops are also noted as supporting significant populations of associated flora and fauna.

2.2 Vegetation Units Beard (1981) mapped the region including the Parkerville area. The vegetation community in the survey area is mapped as e2, 3 Mc – Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) - Marri (Corymbia calophylla) Medium forest.

2.3 Black-cockatoos 2.3.1 Species, ecology, habitat requirements and threats Three species of black-cockatoo may occur in the vicinity of the survey area. These are listed in Table 1. All species are listed under both the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999 and the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, as indicated in Table 1.

Table 1. Black-Cockatoos likely to occur in the vicinity of the survey area.

The status of each species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBCA 1999) and the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WCA 1950) is shown.

Species EPBCA 1999 WCA 1950

Calyptorhynchus banksii naso Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Vulnerable Schedule 1 (Vulnerable) Calyptorhynchus latirostris Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo Endangered Schedule 1 (Endangered) Calyptorhynchus baudinii Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo Vulnerable Schedule 1 (Endangered)

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 2 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

There is considerable published information on the ecology of, and threats to, these black-cockatoo species. Key references include: • Action plans (Garnett et al. 2010); • Recovery plans (Cale 2003; DEC 2007, DEC 2012); • EPBC guidelines (DEWHA 2010); • Commonwealth listing and conservation advice (DEWHA 2009a, b); • The federal Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities’ (SEWPaC; formerly DEWHA) Species Profile and Threats (SPRAT) Database (DSEWPaC 2012a, b, c, d); • Scientific literature (Davies 1966; Saunders 1974, 1979a, b, 1980; Saunders et al. 1982; Saunders 1986; Johnstone and Storr 1998; Higgins 1999; Johnstone and Kirkby 1999, 2008); and • Major reports (Johnstone et al. 2011; Kabat et al. 2012).

Much of this information has been compiled by DSEWPaC (2012a, b, c). Summarising this work further, there are several salient points for assessing the potential value of the survey area for black-cockatoos:

Key ecology - All species are long-lived with low annual reproduction rates and cannot, therefore, rapidly increase their population size. - Carnaby’s and Baudin’s Black-Cockatoos undergo regular, seasonal migration between breeding and non-breeding areas. - Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos are currently considered not to undergo regular migration. In recent years there appears to have been a distinct expansion of the range of this species on to the Swan Coastal Plain, including many suburbs within the Perth metropolitan area. - In recent years there have been considerable shifts in the breeding ecology, distribution and movement patterns of Forest Red-tailed and Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoos. These may be a response to habitat degradation/clearing and/or climatic factors.

Key habitat requirements - All species rely on large tree-hollows in eucalypts to breed. Each species has its own preference for nesting tree species and its own geographical breeding range (although these overlap between species). There is a solid understanding of these preferences (see Appendix 5 for summary). - All species primarily feed on plant seeds and flowers, but also consume wood-boring insect larvae when available. Each species has its own preference for food plant species (with considerable overlap). There is a solid understanding of these preferences (see Appendix 5 for summary). - Land clearing has dramatically reduced the availability of these foraging and/or nesting resources for all species;

Key threats - Key threatening processes include illegal shooting, habitat loss, habitat degradation, nest hollow shortage, competition for available nest hollows from other parrots and feral Honeybees (Apis mellifera), and illegal trade.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 3 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

2.3.2 Nesting tree size and hollow dimensions Black-cockatoos require tree hollows that have an entrance diameter of more than 100 mm (Whitford 2001). Internal dimensions may be more important than entrance diameter, although these are much more difficult to assess (Whitford 2001; Gibbons and Lindenmayer 2002; Whitford and Williams 2002). For Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos, the minimum height of a nesting hollow was 4.4 m above the ground (Whitford 2001). The minimum diameter at breast height (DBH) of a nesting tree was 608 mm and the minimum age of an actual nesting tree was 214 years (Whitford 2002). In the study by Whitford and Williams (2002) the youngest tree to bear a hollow that was potentially suited to Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos was 131 years (although this was not used). In general, hollows of sufficient size to support black-cockatoos do not form until trees are at least 230 years old, and the majority of nests are found in 300-500 year old trees (Johnstone 2006).

DSEWPaC (2010, 2011, 2012a, b, c, e) recommended that surveys for potential hollow-bearing trees should identify trees greater than 500 mm DBH (to include trees that are likely to become hollow- bearing in the next 50 years).

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 4 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

3 Methods 3.1 Overview The methods used in these investigations are based upon the general approach to fauna investigations for impact assessment as outlined in Section 1.2 and with reference to Appendices 1 to 4. Thus, the impact assessment process involves the identification of fauna values, review of impacting processes and preparation of mitigation recommendations.

In addition, the approach to fauna impact assessment was carried out with reference to guidelines and recommendations set out by the Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) on fauna surveys and environmental protection, and Commonwealth biodiversity legislation (EPA 2002; EPA 2004b). The EPA proposes two levels of investigation that differ in the approach to field investigations, Level 1 being a review of data and a site reconnaissance to place data into the perspective of the site, and Level 2 being a literature review and intensive field investigations (e.g. trapping and other intensive sampling). The level of assessment recommended by the EPA is determined by the size and location of the proposed disturbance, the sensitivity of the surrounding environment in which the disturbance is planned, and the availability of pre-existing data.

Due to the size and location of the proposed project, Coterra requested a Level 1 fauna assessment of the survey area with a focus on the locally and conservation significant species including Black Cockatoos and the Southern Brown Bandicoot. A Level 1 fauna assessment consists of a desktop study and basic ground-truthing through a reconnaissance survey.

The following approach and methods is divided into three groupings that relate to the stages and the objectives of impact assessment: • Desktop assessment. The purpose of the desktop review is to produce a species list that can be considered to represent the vertebrate fauna assemblage of the survey area based on unpublished and published data using a precautionary approach. • Field investigations. The purpose of the field investigations is to gather information on this assemblage: confirm the presence of as many species as possible (with an emphasis on species of conservation significance), place the list generated by the desktop review into the context of the environment of the survey area, collect information on the distribution and abundance of this assemblage, and develop an understanding of the survey area’s ecological processes that maintain the fauna. Note that field investigations cannot confirm the presence of an entire assemblage, or confirm the absence of a species. This requires far more work than is possible in the EIA process. For example, in an intensive trapping study, How and Dell (1990) recorded in any one year only about 70% of the vertebrate species found over three years. In a study spanning over two decades, Bamford (2010) has found that the vertebrate assemblage varies over time and space, meaning that even complete sampling at a set of sites only defines the assemblage of those sites at the time of sampling.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 5 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

• Impact assessment. Determine how the fauna assemblage may be affected by the proposed development based on the interaction of the project with a suite of ecological and threatening processes.

3.2 Desktop Assessment 3.2.1 Sources of information Information on the fauna assemblage of the survey area was drawn from a wide range of sources. These included state and federal government databases and results of regional studies. Databases accessed were the DEC Naturemap (incorporating the Western Australian Museum’s FaunaBase and the DEC Threatened and Priority Fauna Database), BirdLife Australia’s Atlas Database (BA), the EPBC Protected Matters Search Tool and the BCE database (Table 2). Information from the above sources was supplemented with species expected in the area based on general patterns of distribution. Sources of information used for these general patterns were: • Frogs: Tyler & Doughty (2009); • Reptiles: Storr et al. (1983); Storr et al. (1990); Storr et al. (1999); Storr et al. (2002) and Wilson & Swan (2008); • Birds: Blakers et al. (1984); Johnstone and Storr (1998, 2004) and Barrett et al. (2003); and • Mammals: Menkhorst & Knight (2001); Strahan (2004); Churchill (2008); and Van Dyck and Strahan (2008).

Table 2. Sources of information used for the desktop assessment.

Database Type of records held on database Area searched / Year

Records in the WAM and DEC databases. Includes NatureMap (DEC Survey Area – plus 20 historical data and records on Threatened and Priority 2012) km buffer species in WA.

Species list for one BirdLife Australia Records of bird observations in Australia, 1998-2012. degree cell containing the Atlas Database survey area

EPBC Protected Records on matters of national environmental Survey area plus 40 km Matters significance protected under the EPBC Act. buffer

Level 1 and Level 2 Fauna Investigations conducted in BCE Database 2007 – 2012 the local area – including Red Hill.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 6 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

3.2.2 Nomenclature and taxonomy As per the recommendations of EPA (2004), the nomenclature and taxonomic order presented in this report are based on the Western Australian Museum’s (WAM) Checklist of the Vertebrates of Western Australia 2008. The authorities used for each vertebrate group were: amphibians (Doughty and Maryan 2010a), reptiles (Doughty and Maryan 2010b), birds (Christidis and Boles 2008), and mammals (How et al. 2009). English names of species, where available, are used throughout the text; Latin species names are presented with corresponding English names in tables in the appendices.

3.2.3 Interpretation of species lists Species lists generated from the review of sources of information are generous as they include records drawn from a large region and possibly from environments not represented in the survey area. Therefore, some species that were returned by one or more of the data searches have been excluded because their ecology, or the environment within the survey area, meant that it was highly unlikely that these species would be present. Some are also known to be regionally extinct. In general, however, species returned by the desktop review process are considered to be potentially present in the survey area whether or not they were recorded during field surveys. This is because fauna are highly mobile, often seasonal and frequently cryptic. This is particularly important for significant species that are often rare and hard to find.

Interpretation of species lists generated through the desktop review included assigning an expected status within the survey area to species of conservation significance. This is particularly important for birds that may naturally be migratory or nomadic, and for some mammals that can also be mobile or irruptive. The status categories used are: • Resident: species with a population permanently present in the survey area; • Regular migrant or visitor: species that occur within the survey area regularly in at least moderate numbers, such as part of annual cycle; • Irregular Visitor: species that occur within the survey area irregularly such as nomadic and irruptive species. The length of time between visitations could be decades but when the species is present, it uses the survey area in at least moderate numbers and for some time; • Vagrant: species that occur within the survey area unpredictably, in small numbers and/or for very brief periods. Therefore, the survey area is unlikely to be of importance for the species; and • Locally extinct: species that has not been recently recorded in the local area and therefore is almost certainly no longer present in the survey area.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 7 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

3.3 Field survey 3.3.1 Overview The field survey included several components: • Description of vegetation and soil associations; • Targeted searching for conservation significant fauna; • Black-Cockatoo Habitat Assessment; • Use of motion sensitive cameras; • Use Ultrasonic Bat Detectors; and • Opportunistic fauna observations.

3.3.2 Dates and Personnel The survey area was assessed over two periods: 1. 17th and 18th January 2013 by Simon Cherriman (BSc Hons, MSciComm.) and Jeff Turpin (BSc); and 2. 13th and 15th February by Simon Cherriman.

This fauna assessment document was prepared by Simon Cherriman, Jeff Turpin and Dr Mike Bamford (BSc Hons PhD).

3.3.3 Vegetation and Substrate Associations Vegetation and Substrate Associations (VSAs) throughout the survey area were assessed during the desktop review and as part of the field investigations. Within the survey area each major VSA was visited to develop an understanding of major fauna habitat types present and to assess the likelihood of conservation significant species being present in the area.

3.3.4 Targeted searching for conservation significant species Significant species recorded during the desktop assessment include several that can be found by searching for evidence of their activities (e.g. scats, tracks, diggings, burrows). Searching for evidence of significant fauna was therefore undertaken by walking through habitat considered suitable for conservation significant fauna. This included searching for evidence of the Quenda (foraging excavations, tracks), Chuditch (tracks, scats) and Black-Cockatoos (feeding sign on Eucalypt fruit).

3.3.5 Black-Cockatoo Assessment Assessment of the site for its importance for Black-Cockatoos followed methodology developed by the Western Australian Museum and DSEWPaC (2010, 2011, 2012a, b, c). DSEWPaC provides some generic guidance for Black-Cockatoo surveys which advocates a two-step approach of habitat assessment and detection of presence/usage of a site by the species. Survey methodology included:

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 8 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

1. Recognition of foraging habitat; 2. Surveying for foraging signs – all Black-Cockatoo foraging signs were recorded and locations marked by GPS; 3. Systematic searching of transects through the site to obtain density estimates of potential nest trees (based upon SEWPaC and WAM criteria). This involved recording and measuring large Eucalypt trees with the potential to contain nesting sites in tree hollows. Note the majority of Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo nest sites are in Marri trees (T. Kirkby, pers. com.) and thus large Marri trees were targeted. For trees with a diameter at breast height greater than 500 mm (see Section 2.3.2): • DBH was measured; • Tree species identified; • Trees were assessed (from the ground) for presence of hollows suitable for black- cockatoos (entrance diameter greater than 100 mm, see Section 2.3.2), and assigned to a category based on their likelihood of current or future occupation; • Evidence of past use including chew marks recorded; and • Tree location was recorded.

4. Late afternoon / sunset surveys for nesting and roosting Black-Cockatoos – involved two evenings monitoring the presence of Black-Cockatoos within the survey area to determine if roost trees were present at the time of the survey; and 5. Opportunistic observations of Black-Cockatoos.

3.3.6 Motion Sensitive Cameras Three motion-sensitive camera sites were established within the survey area to record fauna (see Table 3). All cameras were baited with universal bait (sardines, peanut butter, rolled oats). Cameras were used to detect the presence of conservation significant fauna, such as the Quenda and Chuditch.

Table 3. Motion-sensitive camera sites (Zone 50J). Site Easting Northing Date Set VSA / Habitat # Nights

Cam 1 416380 6475411 13 / 02 / 13 Creekline with Eucalyptus patens, Melaleuca 2 preissiana and Taxandria linearifolia. 2 Cam 2 416100 6475746 13 / 02 / 13 Jarrah / Marri Forest

Cam 3 415670 6475887 13 / 02 / 13 Banksia (Dryandra) sessilis thicket in Jarrah 2 Forest

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 9 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

3.3.7 Bat surveys Ultrasonic echolocation calls of bats were recorded with an AnaBat SD1 bat detector, and later processed using AnalookW software (Titley Scientific, Brisbane). Identification of species was assisted by measuring the following echolocation call parameters: • Fmax Maximum call frequency (kHz) • Fmin Maximum call frequency (kHz) • Fc Characteristic frequency (kHz) • Fpeak Frequency with peak number of cycles (kHz) • DUR Duration of call (ms)

The AnaBat detector was deployed over two nights at one site (see Table 4).

Table 4. Bat survey sites (Zone 50J). Site Easting Northing Date Set VSA/ Habitat

Bat 1 416461 6475211 13/02/13 Jarrah / Marri Forest / Creekline ecotone.

3.3.8 Opportunistic observations At all times, observations of fauna were noted when they contributed to the accumulation of information on the fauna of the site. These included such casual observations as birds or reptiles seen while travelling through the site.

3.4 Survey limitations The EPA Guidance Statement 56 (EPA 2004) outlines a number of limitations that may arise during surveying. These survey limitations are discussed in the context of the BCE fauna survey at the survey area in Table 5.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 10 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Table 5. Survey limitations as outlined by EPA (2004).

EPA Limitation BCE Comment Level 1 (desktop study and reconnaissance survey). Survey intensity was deemed adequate Level of survey. due to the level of survey and the number of fauna surveys previously conducted in the region. Competency/experience of the The authors have had extensive experience in consultant(s) carrying out the survey. conducting desktop reviews and site inspections. As a level 1 survey, the scope was not to Scope. (What faunal groups were comprehensively sample fauna; the inspection sampled and were some sampling was adequate to define fauna habitats and there methods not able to be employed was abundant desktop data on the fauna because of constraints?) assemblage in the region. Proportion of fauna identified, recorded No specimens collected, all fauna observed and/or collected. identified. Sources include previous reports on the fauna of Sources of information e.g. previously the local area (BCE database); databases (BA, available information (whether historic DEC, WAM, EPBC); BCE surveys in nearby or recent) as distinct from new data. areas. The proportion of the task achieved and Site inspection completed. further work which might be needed. Site inspection conducted during January 2013. Conditions were mild, no rainfall recorded. Survey was conducted outside the known Timing/weather/season/cycle. breeding season for Black-Cockatoos. As a result further visits during the breeding season to assess actual breeding sites may be required. Disturbances (e.g. fire, flood, accidental human intervention etc.) which affected No disturbances affected the survey. results of survey. Survey intensity was low (desktop study and site inspection) however was adequate to satisfy EPA Intensity. (In retrospect, was the guidelines. Survey mythology was also adequate intensity adequate?) to cover a representable sample of Eucalypt trees within the survey area. Desktop study covered survey area and adjacent Completeness (e.g. was relevant area habitats. Site inspection covered all areas of the fully surveyed). project. Resources (e.g. degree of expertise available in animal identification to All species identified to taxon level. taxon level).

Remoteness and/or access problems. No access problems. Availability of contextual (e.g. Extensive regional information was available and biogeographic) information on the was consulted. region.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 11 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

3.5 Impact Assessment While some impacts are unavoidable during a development, of concern are long-term, deleterious impacts upon biodiversity. This is reflected in documents such as the Significant Impact Guidelines provided by DSEWPaC (see Appendix 1). Significant impacts may occur if:

• There is direct impact upon a VSA and the VSA is rare, a large proportion of the VSA is affected and/or the VSA supports significant fauna. • There is direct impact upon conservation significant fauna. • Ecological processes are altered and this affects large numbers of species or large proportions of populations, including significant species.

The impact assessment process therefore involves reviewing the fauna values identified through the desktop assessment and field investigations with respect to the project and impacting processes. The severity of impacts on the fauna assemblage and conservation significant fauna can then be quantified on the basis of predicted population change.

The presentation of this assessment follows the general approach to impact assessment as given in Section 1.2, but modified to suit the characteristics of the site. Key components to the general approach to impact assessment are addressed as follows:

Fauna values This section presents the results of the desktop and field investigations in terms of key fauna values (described in detail in Appendix 1): • Assemblage characteristics (uniqueness, completeness and richness) - based upon desktop assessment and information from the site inspection; • Species of conservation significance – based upon desktop assessment and site inspection; • Recognition of ecotypes or vegetation/substrate associations (VSAs) - based upon desktop assessment and site inspection; • Patterns of biodiversity across the landscape - based upon desktop assessment and site inspection; • Ecological processes upon which the fauna depend - based upon desktop assessment and site inspection.

Impact assessment This section reviews impacting processes (as described in detail in Appendix 2) with respect to the project and examines the potential effect of these impacts upon biodiversity of the site. It thus expands upon the Project Description (Section 1.3) and discusses the contribution of the project to impacting processes, and the consequences of this with respect to biodiversity. A major component of impact assessment is consideration of threats to species of conservation significance as these are a major and sensitive element of biodiversity. Therefore, the impact assessment includes the following:

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 12 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

• Review of impacting processes; will the proposal result in: - Habitat loss leading to population decline, especially for significant species; - Habitat loss leading to population fragmentation, especially for significant species; - Weed invasion that leads to habitat degradation; - Ongoing mortality; - Species interactions that adversely affect native fauna, particularly significant species; - Hydrological change; - Altered fire regimes; and - Disturbance (dust, light, noise). • Summary of impacts upon significant species, and other fauna values.

The impact assessment concludes with recommendations based upon predicted impacts and designed to mitigate these.

3.5.1 Criteria for impact assessment Impact assessment criteria are based on the severity of impacts on the fauna assemblage and conservation significant fauna, and were quantified on the basis of predicted population change (Table 6). Population change can be the result of direct habitat loss and/or impacts upon ecological processes.

The significance of population change is contextual. The EPA (2004) suggests that the availability of fauna habitats within a radius of 15km can be used as a basis to predict low, moderate or high impacts. In this case, a high impact is where the impacted environment and its component fauna are rare (<5% of the landscape within a 15km radius or within the Bioregion), whereas a low impact is where the environment is widespread (10% of the local landscape). Under the Ramsar Convention, a wetland that regularly supports 1% of a population of a waterbird species is considered to be significant. These provide some guidance for impact assessment criteria. In the following criteria (Table 6), the significance of impacts is based percentage population decline within a 15 km radius (effectively local impact) and upon the effect of the decline upon the conservation status of a recognised taxon (recognisably discrete genetic population, sub-species or species). Note that percentage declines can usually only be estimated on the basis of distribution of a species derived from the extent of available habitat.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 13 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Table 6. Assessment criteria of impacts upon fauna. Impact Observed Impact Category Negligible Effectively no population decline; at most few individuals impacted and any decline in population size within the normal range of annual variability. Population decline temporary (recovery after end of project such as through rehabilitation) or permanent, but <1% within 15 km radius of centrepoint of Minor impact area (or within bioregion if this is smaller). No change in viability or conservation status of taxon. Permanent population decline 1-10% within 15 km radius. No change in viability Moderate or conservation status of taxon. Major Permanent population decline >10% within 15 km radius. No change in viability or conservation status of taxon Taxon extinction within 15 km and/or change in viability or conservation status of Critical taxon.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 14 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

4 Results 4.1 Vertebrate Fauna 4.1.1 Overview of fauna assemblage The desktop study identified 257 vertebrate fauna species as potentially occurring in the Parkerville survey area (see Table 7 and Appendix 6): 15 frogs, 60 reptiles, 151 birds and 22 native and 9 introduced mammals. Of these, 58 species were recorded on site during the field survey (see Table 7). The assemblage includes at least 46 species of conservation significance (19 recorded), with at least a further eight significant species returned from databases but which are not considered likely to occur in the survey area (Tables 8 and 9). Significant species are discussed further in Section 4.2.2.

Key features of the fauna assemblage expected in the survey area are: • Uniqueness: The assemblage is typical of the Darling Range Jarrah Forest and is likely to be well-represented regionally in nearby reserves as the sorts of environments present are widespread. • Completeness: The assemblage is almost complete but lacks a major component, medium sized (“critical weight range”) mammals. These have declined across much of southern Australia due to factors such as predation by feral species (particularly the Red Fox) and altered fire regimes (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989). • Richness: The assemblage is likely to be fairly rich because of the presence of intact native vegetation with few weeds and the proximity and connectivity to John Forrest National Park.

As a fauna value, the most important features of the assemblage is that it has a rich intact vegetation community and is linked to large, uncleared areas; it is thus typical but rich for the local area.

Table 7. Composition of vertebrate fauna assemblage expected to occur within the survey area.

Number of Number of Significant fauna Taxon species species Expected (recorded) expected recorded CS1 CS2 CS3 Frogs 15 2 - - - Reptiles 60 5 1 2 - Birds 151 41 7 (3) 3 28 (15) Native Mammals 22 7 2 2 (1) - Introduced Mammals 9 3 - - - CS Invertebrates 2 0 - 1 - Total 259 58 10 (3) 8 (1) 28 (15)

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 15 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Table 8. Conservation status of significant fauna species expected to occur (based on desktop review and field investigation).

Scientific Name Conservation Status Common Name Expected status in survey area CS1 CS2 CS3 REPTILES Carpet Python Morelia spilota S4 P4 Resident Darling Range Heath Ctenotus Ctenotus delli P4 Resident Southern Death Adder Acanthophis antarcticus P3 Resident BIRDS Baudin's Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii Vul, S1 Visitor Carnaby`s Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris En, S1 Visitor / Resident Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii Vul, S1 Resident Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus S4 Resident / Visitor Australian Bustard Ardeotis australis P4 Vagrant Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius P4 Locally extinct Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus P4 Vagrant Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus S3, Mig Irregular visitor – Aerial species Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus S3, Mig Regular visitor Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta Mig Irregular visitor / Vagrant Painted Button-quail Turnix varia CS3 Resident Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrhocephalus CS3 Resident Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus CS3 Resident Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax CS3 Resident / Visitor Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus CS3 Resident / Visitor Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides CS3 Resident / Visitor Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura CS3 Resident / Visitor Brown Falcon Falco berigora CS3 Resident / Visitor

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 16 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Scientific Name Conservation Status Common Name Expected status in survey area CS1 CS2 CS3 Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera CS3 Resident Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans CS3 Visitor Regent Parrot Polytelis anthopeplus CS3 Resident / Visitor Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens CS3 Resident Inland Thornbill Acanthiza apicalis CS3 Resident Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa CS3 Resident Western Thornbill Acanthiza inornata CS3 Resident White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis CS3 Resident Western Spinebill Acanthorhynchus superciliosus CS3 Resident Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Phylidonyris melanops CS3 Resident / Visitor White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris nigra CS3 Resident / Visitor New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae CS3 Resident Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata CS3 Irregular Visitor Scarlet Robin Petroica boodang CS3 Resident Western Yellow Robin Eopsaltria griseogularis CS3 Resident White-breasted Robin Eopsaltria georgiana CS3 Resident Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica CS3 Resident Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis CS3 Resident Black-faced Woodswallow Artamus cinereus CS3 Resident Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus CS3 Resident Mammals Chuditch Dasyurus geoffroii Vul, S1 Resident Southern Brush-tailed Phascogale, Resident or Visitor Phascogale tapoatafa Vul, S1 Wambenger Quenda or Southern Brown Bandicoot Isoodon obesulus P5 Resident Brush Wallaby Macropus irma P4 Resident or Visitor

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 17 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Scientific Name Conservation Status Common Name Expected status in survey area CS1 CS2 CS3 Invertebrates Graceful Sunmoth Synemon gratiosa En, S1 Unlikely to occur Scorpionfly Austromerope poultoni P2 Resident Freshwater Mussel Westralunio carteri P4 Unlikely to occur See Appendix 1 for descriptions of conservation significance levels. Species recorded are indicated and the predicted status of each species in the project is also given (as per Section 2.4.1). EPBC Act listed species: Vul = Vulnerable, End = Endangered, Mig = Migratory. WC Act listed species: S1 = Schedule 1, S3 = Schedule3, S4 = Schedule 4, DEC Priority Species: P1 = Priority 1 to P4 = Priority 4.

Table 9. Significant species returned from databases but which are not expected to occur in the survey area.

Conservation Status Common Name Species Name Expected status in survey area CS1 CS2 CS3 EPBC Migratory waterbirds Mig, S3 Lack of suitable habitat Woylie, Brush-tailed Bettong Bettongia penicillata S1 Locally extinct Bilby Macrotis lagotis Vul, S1 Locally extinct Numbat Myrmecobius fasciatus Vul, S1 Locally extinct Red-tailed Phascogale Phascogale calura End, S1 Locally extinct Western Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus occidentalis Vul, S1 Locally extinct Quokka Setonix brachyurus Vul, S1 Outside known current range Rakali or Water-rat Hydromys chrysogaster P4 Lack of suitable habitat Tammar Wallaby Macropus eugenii P5 Locally extinct

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 18 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment 4.1.2 Species of conservation significance Details on species of conservation significance returned from the database review are presented in Tables 8 and 9. This list includes three reptile species, 38 bird species, four mammal species and one invertebrate species that are likely to be present. At least five mammal species are locally extinct and the presence of some additional significant invertebrates is uncertain, however the project area lacks rare, fragmented landscape features, such as granite outcrops, with which Short Range Endemic invertebrates are often associated. Further information on species that might be present, including observations from the site inspection, is presented below.

South-west Carpet Python (Morelia spilota imbricata) The south-western race of the Carpet Python occurs in south-west Western Australia, from Northampton south to Albany and eastwards to Kalgoorlie. It also occurs in large undisturbed remnant bushland near Perth and the Darling Ranges (Bush et al., 2007). This species occurs in Banksia woodland, Eucalypt woodland, forests, dense coastal scrub, granite and limestone outcrops and along watercourses (Bush et al., 2007). Carpet Pythons are arboreal, terrestrial, and rock-dwelling and can shelter in burrows made by other animals, hollow tree limbs, or rock crevices. The South-west Carpet Python has declined in distribution due to the loss of habitat (associated with land clearance), and changed fire regimes. Predation by exotic predators (foxes and feral cats) may have also contributed to the decline of python populations (Bush et al., 2007). The Carpet Python has been recorded in the adjacent John Forrest National Park (DEC, 2013) and is considered likely to occur within the survey area.

Darling Range Heath Ctenotus (Ctenotus delli) Ctenotus delli occurs in Jarrah and Marri woodland of the Darling Range, occasionally in association with granite and laterite outcropping (Bush et al., 1996). This species has been recorded from the adjacent John Forrest National Park (DEC, 2013) and is considered likely to occur within the survey area.

Southern Death Adder (Acanthophis antarcticus) The Southern Death Adder occurs in the Darling Range, within Jarrah forest and along densely vegetated creeklines (Bush et al., 1996). It occurs in the local area from Mount Helena to Jarrahdale (Bush et al., 1996) and is likely to occur within the survey area.

Black-Cockatoo Species (Calyptorhynchus baudinii, Calyptorhynchus latirostris, Calyptorhynchus banksii) The Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo, Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo and Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo have all been recorded from the Parkerville area (S. Cherriman pers. obs). Given their known distributions (DSEWPaC 2012e; Johnstone et al. 2011) and habitat preferences (see Section 2.3), all are likely to occur within the survey area. The presence of two species (Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo and Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo) was confirmed during the field survey. Given these findings, and the general inspection of the survey area, comments on the expected presence of each Black-Cockatoo species are presented below (in terms of foraging, roosting and nesting potential) in section 4.1.3.

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) This species is found in a variety of habitats, including rocky ledges, cliffs, watercourses, open woodland and acacia shrublands. The distribution of the Peregrine Falcon is often tied to the abundance of prey as this species predates heavily on other birds. The Peregrine Falcon lays its eggs in recesses of cliff faces, tree hollows or in large abandoned nests of other birds (BirdLife Australia 2012). Blakers et al. (1984) consider that Australia is one of the strongholds of the species, since it has declined in many other parts

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 19 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment of the world. The Peregrine Falcon has been recorded from the Parkerville area (BirdLife Australia, 2013) and is likely to occur within the survey area. Tree hollows may also provide breeding habitat for this species.

Bush Stone-curlew (Burhinus grallarius) The Bush Stone-curlew occurs in woodlands on the eastern fringe of the Darling Range (BirdLife Australia, 2013). It would have once occurred in the survey area but is now considered locally extinct in the Perth region (DEP, 2000).

Crested Shrike-tit (Falcunculus frontatus) The Crested Shrike-tit occurs in the Darling Range within woodlands (particularly Wandoo) east of Sawyers Valley. Due to unsuitable habitat it is probably unlikely to occur regularly within the survey area.

Australian Bustard (Ardeotis australis) The Australian Bustard is nomadic and may range over very large areas, largely dependent on rainfall and hence food availability. It is unlikely to occur within the survey area.

Fork-tailed Swift (Apus pacificus) and Rainbow Bee-eater (Merops ornatus) The Fork-tailed Swift is largely aerial but may over-fly the survey area occasionally. The Rainbow Bee- eater is an abundant, ground-nesting species that catches insects on the wing over a range of environments). It is a summer, breeding visitor to the South-West and is likely to be present annually in the survey area. The species is known to breed annually on private property less than 2km from the study area (S. Cherriman pers. obs.), and was recorded during the field surveys.

CS3 Bird species A number of bird species have been identified as having declined in the Perth area due to impacts associated with urban development (DEP, 2000). A few of these are birds of prey, but the majority are small birds that rely on woodlands and shrublands where they are either residents (eg. fairy-wrens, robins and thornbills) or seasonal visitors (honeyeaters). The fairy-wrens, robins and thornbills are particularly sensitive to habitat loss and fragmentation, whereas the honeyeaters have a greater ability to access suitable habitat even when it is fragmented by urban development. The majority of the species listed by the DEP (2000) are also noted as having declined Australia-wide by more than 20% in the New Atlas of Australian Birds (Barrett et al. 2003).

Fifteen of these CS3 species were recorded during the site inspection – Painted Button-quail, Brown Goshawk, Common Bronzewing, Splendid Fairy-wren, Inland Thornbill, Yellow-rumped Thornbill, Western Thornbill, White-browed Scrubwren, Western Spinebill, Tawny-crowned Honeyeater, New Holland Honeyeater, Scarlet Robin, Western Yellow Robin, Grey Shrike-thrush and Golden Whistler. The fairy-wren species, the White-browed Scrub-wren, Thornbills and the Robins are all sedentary species that have poor powers of dispersal and thus rely upon continuity of habitat to persist. As a result the survey area may support some small but locally significant populations of these species.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 20 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii) The Chuditch currently survives only in south-western Western Australia, in areas dominated by eucalypt forest or woodland and mallee shrubland (Strahan, 2004), and also persists amongst rocky outcrops. Habitat alteration through clearing, grazing and changed fire regimes, competition with foxes and cats for food, predation by foxes, hunting, and poisoning all threaten the Chuditch. This species occupies large home ranges, is highly mobile and appears able to utilise bush remnants and corridors (Orell and Morris 1994). The Chuditch has been recorded in the Parkerville and Mundaring areas (DEC, 2013) and is highly likely to occur as a resident or visitor to the survey area.

Southern Brush-tailed Phascogale, Wambenger (Phascogale tapoatafa) The Brush-tailed Phascogale currently occurs from Two Rocks (just north of Perth) to Esperance and in low numbers in areas of dense vegetation throughout the Jarrah and Karri forests (DEC, 2013). In the Darling Range this species occurs at low densities with local records from Glen Forrest and Mundaring (DEC, 2013). Brush-tailed Phascogales inhabit hollow-bearing trees, rotted stumps or tree cavities which they use as nest sites (Van Dyck and Strahan, 2008). Tree hollows that have a small and secure entrance with a large internal cavity are highly favoured for breeding however bird’s nests will also be utilised (Van Dyck and Strahan, 2008). Habitat clearing and fragmentation as a result of agriculture and land development, and habitat alteration from logging and mining have reduced the availability of trees with hollows required for this species to nest and breed. Due to the presence of suitable habitat and local records this species, it is likely to occur as a resident within the Parkerville survey area.

Quenda or Southern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon obesulus) The Quenda is listed as Priority 5 by DEC and has declined on the Swan Coastal Plain. It occurs in the south-west of Western Australia north to Yanchep and Gingin, south to Albany and east to Esperance. This species previously occurred north to Moore River but like many mammals in the region has undergone a large range reduction (Maxwell et al. 1996). It is often associated with dense, low vegetation and is common in patches of suitable habitat around the Parkerville area (S. Cherriman, pers. obs.). The Southern Brown Bandicoot was recorded in the survey area by numerous foraging excavations observed among creekline vegetation.

Brush Wallaby (Macropus irma) This species is likely to be present in low numbers through areas of native vegetation in the region and has been recorded from John Forrest National Park (DEC, 2013). The Brush Wallaby may be an occasional visitor to the survey area.

Significant invertebrates Two conservation significant species returned on database searches include the Graceful Sun-Moth (Synemon gratiosa) and the Scorpionfly (Austromerope poultoni). The Graceful Sun-Moth occurs on the Swan Coastal Plain inhabiting Banksia woodland and Lomandra dominated coastal heathland and shrubland (Bishop et al. 2010). It does not appear to occur within the forests of the Darling Range (DEC, 2013) and so is unlikely to occur within the survey area.

The scorpionfly Austromerope poultoni is found in a variety of habitats including Jarrah forest and woodland of the Darling Range (DEC, 2013). Fathfull et al. (1985) indicate that this scorpionfly is most abundant in moist areas of forests in the south-west, and report on the species being abundant amongst moist leaf-litter near Boddington. The species has been recorded from Glen Forrest and due to the presence of suitable habitat is likely to occur within the survey area.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 21 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Environments in the project area consist of moderately uniform forest and thus lack the sorts of features, such as fragmented, small and distinctive landscapes, that are conducive to the evolution of Short Range Endemic invertebrate species.

4.1.3 Black-Cockatoo Species Given their known distributions (DSEWPaC 2012e; Johnstone et al. 2011) and habitat preferences (see Section 2.3), all of the three south-western Western Australian black-cockatoo species are likely to occur within the survey area. The presence of two species (Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo and Baudin’s Black- Cockatoo) was confirmed during the field survey. Given these findings, and the general inspection of the survey area, comments on the expected presence of each Black-Cockatoo species are presented below (in terms of foraging, roosting and nesting potential):

4.1.4 Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo The Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo was recorded within the survey area with five individuals sighted. Birds were present within the survey area throughout the day and remained in the area on dusk – indicating a likely roost site nearby. While no roosts were recorded during the investigation, Black- Cockatoos utilise different roost areas depending on changing patterns of food and water availability across the landscape, and under different weather conditions (DSEWPaC, 2012). This means a flock requires a range of roosting options within each area frequented (DSEWPaC, 2012).

Significantly, the Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo is known to breed in the survey area, with two nesting sites confirmed (at 416092E 6475680N and 416305E 6475745N), and several additional potential or likely nesting sites identified (see Appendix 7). Additionally, foraging signs were present throughout the survey area, with many Marri and Jarrah trees having evidence of feeding on fruit (both recent and older signs, see Appendix 8 and Plate 1).

Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos nest primarily in Marri (see Section 2.3 and Appendix 1) in the Darling Range. Numerous large, mature Marri trees were recorded throughout the survey area and many were noted as having the potential to contain a Black-Cockatoo breeding site (see Appendix 7). The presence of several large potential breeding trees in an area is important as Black-Cockatoos can show a high fidelity to nesting sites, with some breeding pairs returning to the same nesting site or location for many years in succession (DSEWPaC, 2012). Furthermore, once reaching maturity Black-Cockatoos have been known to return to their natal area to breed (T. Kirkby, pers. com.). Therefore, while the retention of the breeding tree is important, the retention of numerous large Marri trees in the local breeding area is significant to support the population in the long term.

The breeding period spans from September to April, with eggs typically laid in October/November (Johnson & Storr 1998), or March/April in years with good autumn rains. Nests are made in large tree hollows, primarily in Marri but also Jarrah, Wandoo and Bullich (E. megacarpa). Trees with suitable hollows are generally at least 500–600 mm diameter at breast height (DBH) and may be more than 230 years old (Johnston & Storr 1998; Whitford 2002; Whitford & Williams 2002). However, as trees approaching this size are close to developing suitable hollows, trees of less than 500 mm DBH are considered to have the potential to develop hollows and are also important breeding resources for the species.

The Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo is a likely breeding resident in the survey area, with seasonal fluctuations in abundance in response to food and nesting site availability. Marri, Jarrah and Sheoak, in

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 22 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment particular, appear to be important food resources within the survey area. It is also highly likely that this species roosts within, or near to, the site. Breeding within the site has been confirmed, however the present survey may have been undertaken too late in the breeding season to confidently assess the breeding value of the survey area. Additional surveys may be required during the breeding season when females are incubating eggs or chicks in tree hollows (typically October – December).

4.1.5 Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo is known from the local area (BirdLife Australia, 2012) and has been previously observed from the survey area (S. Cherriman, pers. obs.). Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo has a strong preference for foraging in proteaceous heaths and eucalypt woodlands on the Swan Coastal Plain and Darling Range. The Jarrah / Marri woodlands of the survey area include an extensive Marri canopy with large patches of proteaceous shrub layer with several forage species recorded (Banksia grandis, Banksia littoralis, Banksia sessilis, Corymbia calophylla, Eucalyptus marginata, Hakea lissocarpha and Hakea trifurcata, see also Appendix 5). It is highly likely the Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo forages within the survey area (such as on those species listed in Appendix 5 and including those outlined above).

Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo is known to nest in tree hollows of Jarrah and Marri, with many suitable potential nesting sites recorded throughout the survey area. Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo is a seasonal migrant to the Perth area, with most birds departing for Wheatbelt breeding grounds in early winter. The present survey may have been undertaken too late in the breeding season to confidently assess the breeding value of the survey area and so additional surveys may be required when females are incubating eggs or chicks in tree hollows (typically October – December).

Kabat et al. (2012) reported one Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo roost site (22 individuals) in Parkerville (31° 51’ 57”S, 116° 7’ 56”E) less than 2km south-east of the survey area. Additionally, roosts have been recorded nearby in Parkerville, Glen Forrest and Stoneville. Given that Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoos are at least sometimes present within the survey area and that it also supports suitable roosting habitat (e.g. eucalypts in riparian areas), there is potential for this species to roost at the site.

Most of the Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo population breeds in the Wheatbelt, however there has been a recent shift towards nesting in Jarrah-Marri forest of the Darling Scarp, and in Tuart woodland on the Swan Coastal Plain (Johnstone et al. 2011). It appears that some of the smaller southern Swan Coastal Plain populations (e.g. around Baldivis, Lake Clifton and Bunbury) are likely to be resident all year (Johnstone et al. 2011).

Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo is known to breed in the vicinity of the survey area at Mundaring (Johnstone et al. 2011). Given the dramatic recent shifts in breeding range and behaviour of this species, there is some potential for nesting in the survey area. If this is the case, some Jarrah and Marri trees inspected during the field investigations (see Section 4.2.2 and Appendix 7) may have hollows suitable for nesting of this species.

Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo is likely to be a regular non-breeding (summer/autumn) migrant to the survey area, however there is the potential for this species to breed locally. When present, this species is likely to preferentially forage in areas of proteaceous woodland (e.g. those species listed in Appendix 5). Roosting within the site is considered likely as a known roost occurs less than 2km away and roosting behaviour can be clustered over a larger area (Kabat et al. 2012). Roost sites provide access to nearby food and water

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 23 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment resources are used over multiple years, although shifts in food and water availability are thought to have lead to variable site fidelity (Johnstone and Kirkby 2008).

4.1.6 Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo was confirmed to occur within the survey area with extensive foraging evidence (chewed Marri fruit) recorded across the site (see Appendix 8). This species shows a strong preference for foraging on Marri seeds (see Appendix 8).

Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo occurs in the Darling Scarp throughout the year, at times in numbers of 500 or more (W. Bancroft, pers. comm.). Some of these birds may visit the survey area, or surrounds, on an irregular or minor basis.

Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo shows a strong preference for breeding in the Karri forests of the deep south-west of Western Australia, however there are outlying breeding populations in the Perth hills (eg. Wungong Gorge, Johnson et al. 2011, DEC, 2013). Therefore while the survey area lies outside the core breeding range, there is some (low) potential for the species to nest within the survey area.

Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo is likely to be a seasonal foraging visitor to the survey area, and the likelihood of regular breeding use of the site (e.g. seasonally) is low. Nevertheless, some of the large Eucalypt trees within the survey area contain hollows potentially suitable for this species.

4.2 Black-Cockatoo field assessment 4.2.1 Overview The inspection notes within the survey area are presented in Appendix 7. These results are discussed below.

4.2.2 Potential hollow-bearing tree survey A list of all potential hollow-bearing trees assessed during the field investigations is presented in Appendix 7. A total of 300 trees (greater than 500 mm DBH) were assessed (288 alive and 12 dead trees). This comprised 59 Jarrah and 241 Marri trees. These trees are mapped in Figure 4. Potential hollow-bearing trees were distributed throughout the site (at varying densities).

The mean DBH was 992 mm (range 550 to 1700 mm) for Jarrah and 805 mm (range 500 to 2000 mm) for Marri. Whitford (2002) provided an equation to calculate tree age from the DBH of Jarrah and Marri trees (age = 2.345 x DBH[in cm] + 6.968). Given this equation, and the mean DBHs recorded within the study, average tree ages (of trees greater than 500 mm DBH) were 233 years (range 129 to 399 years) for Jarrah and 189 years (range 117 to 469 years) for Marri. These ages can be compared to the estimated minimum age of black-cockatoo hollow-bearing trees of 214 (Whitford 2002) and 230 (Johnstone 2006) years.

Fifty trees (16%) were assessed (from ground level) as potentially suitable for current nesting by black- cockatoos; that is, had hollows with an entrance diameter of greater than 100 mm (see Section 2.3.2). Of these, two trees were confirmed as a Red-tailed Black Cockatoo nest sites due to previous nesting records (Tree 24: 416092E 6475680N and Tree 77: 416305E 6475745N; Appendix 7), with at least a further three trees considered likely to contain current nest sites due to the extensive and fresh chew marks around the

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 24 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment hollow entrance (Tree 18: 416207E 6475774N, Tree 52: 416025 6475645 and Tree 221: 415632E 6475873N; Appendix 7). The remaining 250 trees were considered to be potential future nest trees.

It should be emphasised that the detailed ground assessment was only carried out over approximately 70% of the site. Therefore the above provides a representative sample of potential hollow-bearing trees; but not all potential hollow-bearing trees within the entire survey area were assessed. Trees were also only assessed from the ground. A thorough inspection of hollows considered potential or likely current nest trees would be required to confirm their status. The tree-selection guidance of Whitford and Williams (2002) may be useful to determine which trees should be retained for maximum value for fauna if a follow up survey is conducted.

Plate 1. Red-tailed Black Cockatoo feeding debris.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 25 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Figure 4. Trees over 500mm DBH assessed in the project area in January 2013. Green = Trees over 500mm DBH (Marri and Jarrah). Red = Jarrah Potential Current Nest Tree. Yellow = Marri Potential Current Nest Tree. Purple = Black-Cockatoo foraging debris. 4.3 Summary of species of conservation significance Significant species expected to occur within the survey area include only three reptile, up to 38 bird (including 28 locally significant species considered CS3), four mammal and one invertebrate species expected to be present at least regularly. Of greatest interest, because they are of high levels of conservation significance and may be present regularly (including the potential for breeding), are the Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo, Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo, Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo, Carpet Python, Peregrine Falcon, Chuditch, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Brush Wallaby, Southern Brown Bandicoot and Scorpionfly (A. poultoni).

4.4 Vegetation and Substrate Associations (VSAs) Three VSAs were identified during field investigations. These were:

1. Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) / Marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest on lateritic rises and slopes with a variable understorey of proteaceous shrubs and thickets of Banksia sessilis (Plate 2); 2. Densely vegetated creekline supporting Eucalyptus patens, Melaleuca preissiana and Taxandria linearfolia (Plate 3); and 3. Parkland cleared vegetation (scattered Eucalypt trees with a cleared understorey) and cleared farmland (Plate 4).

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 26 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Plate 2. Jarrah / Marri forest.

Plate 3. Creekline vegetation.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 27 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Plate 4. Parkland cleared vegetation.

The VSAs occurring within the survey area are described below. Their representation within the survey area and conservation significance for fauna is also listed.

1) Jarrah / Marri forest on lateritic rises and slopes with a variable understorey of proteaceous shrubs and thickets of Banksia sessilis. a. Representation. This VSA is the dominant vegetation type covering much of the survey area. Widespread in uncleared land in the region, but large areas of this VSA have been cleared for agriculture. Well-represented in reserves in the region including the adjacent John Forrest National Park. b. Conservation Significance for Fauna. Locally significant for Black-Cockatoos (foraging, roosting and breeding habitat), Chuditch, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Brush Wallaby and Scorpionfly (A. poultoni).

2) Densely vegetated creekline supporting Eucalyptus patens, Melaleuca preissiana and Taxandria linearfolia. a. Representation. This VSA fringes a seasonal creekline draining across the survey area. It occupies a minor proportion of the survey area and is restricted to uncleared creeklines throughout the region. b. Conservation Significance for Fauna. May provide some minor roosting, foraging and breeding habitat for Black-Cockatoos and has the potential to support the Chuditch and Brush-tailed Phascogale. Quenda diggings were recorded within this VSA.

3) Parkland cleared vegetation (scattered Eucalypt trees with a cleared understorey) and cleared farmland.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 28 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

c. Representation. Large areas of the survey area have been parkland cleared. Cleared farmland is extensive in the region. d. Conservation Significance for Fauna. Large Eucalypt trees have the potential to provide breeding and foraging habitat to Black-Cockatoos. However, cleared farmland provides minimal habitat to local native fauna.

4.5 Patterns of biodiversity Patterns of biodiversity can be interpreted from information on significant species and the characteristics of the VSAs described above, although intensive field investigations are required to provide detailed information. Key patterns relevant to impact assessment are: • Eucalypt forest and scattered Eucalypts (primarily VSA1) support Black-Cockatoos. • Some specialist taxa may be restricted to the creekline vegetation. • Parkland cleared vegetation and cleared farmland (VSA3) is likely to be low in biodiversity.

4.6 Ecological processes The nature of the landscape and the fauna assemblage indicate some of the ecological processes that may be important for ecosystem function (see Appendix 4 for descriptions and other ecological processes). These include:

Local hydrology. The survey area is high in the landscape with minor surface drainage lines but groundwater is likely to be present. Some of the vegetation, such as the Melaleucas and Banksias, are likely to be groundwater dependent and thus sensitive to changes in groundwater levels.

Fire. The forests of the Darling Range are prone to fire and while appropriate fire regimes can benefit biodiversity, inappropriate regimes can lead to a loss of biodiversity. An increase in residential housing may increase the instances of fire in remaining native vegetation due to arson, which may reduce the health of neighbouring bush remnants.

Feral predators and interactions with over-abundant native species. The fauna assemblage of the survey areas has already been impacted by feral species (loss of a major component of the mammal fauna), and several feral species are likely to be present. Human activity has the potential to alter the abundance of feral species, either to increase it through household pets or decrease it through control programs.

Habitat degradation due to weed invasion. The survey area currently has low levels of weed invasion. Disturbing the area, particularly with the movement of equipment and vehicles along roads, raises the potential for weed invasion and habitat degradation. Weed invasion is also like to increase in neighbouring bush remnants due to garden escapees if the area is developed for residential housing.

4.7 Summary of fauna values

Fauna values within the study area can be summarised as follows:

Fauna assemblage. Moderately rich and intact except for the loss of a suite of medium-size mammal species. Likely to be typical of fauna assemblages on uncleared land in the region.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 29 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Species of conservation significance. A range of significant species may be present. Of greatest interest, because they are of high levels of conservation significance and may be present regularly (including the potential for breeding), are the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo, Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo, Baudin’s Black Cockatoo, Carpet Python, Peregrine Falcon, Chuditch, Brush-tailed Phascogale, Brush Wallaby, Southern Brown Bandicoot and Scorpionfly (Austromerope poultoni).

The area was confirmed as a feeding site for Baudin’s and Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos. It is also highly likely to be a feeding site for Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoos as they are regularly seen in the area (S. Cherriman, pers. com.). Confirmed Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo nesting trees and potential current nesting trees for all three species were recorded.

Vegetation and Substrate Associations. Three VSAs were identified across the survey area, with one of these disturbed cleared areas. Both the natural VSAs are regionally widespread and well-represented in uncleared areas, but have been subject to clearing for agriculture. They also provide significant linkage to the adjacent John Forrest National Park and other adjacent uncleared areas.

5 Impact assessment 5.1 Overview of Impacts As outlined in section 1.1, Urbis on behalf of the landowner is investigating the development of along Wedgetail Circle in Parkerville, Western Australia. A level 1 fauna assessment identified the fauna values of this survey area. The following sections examine possible impacts upon these fauna values based upon the impacting or threatening processes outlined in Appendix 3. Impacts are summarised in Tables 10 and 11. Impact criteria are outlined in Table 6. Recommendations relating to impacts are made in Section 6.

5.1.1 Loss of habitat leading to population decline The survey area represents a small proportion of similar habitats in the region (for example John Forrest National Park contains a very similar VSA assemblage and is 2700 ha). Native vegetation in the survey area makes up 2% of native vegetation within a 5km radius, and thus the impact is expected to be Minor. Despite this, VSA1 is used for foraging by all three species of Black-Cockatoos. Red-tailed Black- Cockatoos were recorded as breeding in the area, and likely and potential current nest trees for Carnaby’s and Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos were also recorded. Impacts with respect to these species are discussed below (Section 5.1.9), including consideration with respect to referral criteria under guidance from DSEWPaC.

5.1.2 Loss of habitat leading to population fragmentation

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 30 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

The survey area lies within a region which has undergone some vegetation clearance. However some large areas of bushland remain (eg. John Forrest National Park), and there are patches of bushland throughout the region. Development of the survey area will not increase population fragmentation significantly (impact therefore Negligible) as the area does not lie between large areas of native vegetation, and connectivity function is maintained by the many other regional bushland fragments.

5.1.3 Degradation of habitat due to weed invasion Weed invasion of the survey area is currently low. There exists potential for weed invasion from vehicle movements, development and increased potential for garden escapees. The impact can only be considered Minor, however, because of the small areas involved.

5.1.4 Ongoing mortality Direct mortality of common species during clearing is unavoidable but can be minimised (see recommendations below). Mortality of conservation significant species is of concern and could result from increased traffic, although traffic speeds are likely to be low in a residential area so the impact is considered only Negligible to Minor. Ongoing mortality from increased predation is discussed below.

5.1.5 Species interactions Feral species are a major conservation concern, and several were recorded during surveying. Foxes and feral cats are likely to be attracted by recent disturbance and development, possibly leading to increased local impacts on native fauna in disturbed areas. Inappropriate waste management may also attract foxes and feral cats, as well as native predators and scavengers, which may exacerbate localised impacts on other native fauna. Residential pets are also likely to increase predation on native species, and domestic cats have been implicated in the local extinction of some bird and lizard species in urban landscapes (Bamford 2008, 2012). While the small area of the project means that such impacts are only likely to be Minor, the potential impact on fauna in the adjacent John Forrest National Park is of concern.

5.1.6 Hydroecology Impacts upon groundwater are unknown. If groundwater levels and quality are unaffected, then there is no reason to expect that there will be adverse impacts upon any subterranean fauna that may be present, and no effect on deep-rooted plants that may depend upon groundwater. Impacts thus anticipated to be Negligible.

5.1.7 Altered fire regimes Some conservation significant fauna are particularly susceptible to fire and the entire biota of the region is probably adapted to a particular fire regime. Activities and the potential for an increase in arson in the survey area are a potential source of fire. In the short term, a single fire would be of little consequence, but a succession of fires could have a Minor to Moderate impact. The juxtaposition of John Forrest National Park and thus the potential for a change to the fire regime in this area is of concern.

5.1.8 Disturbance Impacts of dust, light, disturbance and noise upon fauna are difficult to predict. Due to its location these are already factors influencing the fauna of the site and therefore impacts are anticipated to be

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 31 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Minor. Street and house lighting may affect insects and draw insects out of the adjacent National Park, but the effect is likely to be limited to the nearest margin of the park..

5.1.9 Summary of impacts Impacts from key threatening processes are considered to be Minor or less (Table 10), but the juxtaposition of John Forrest National Park is a concern and impacts on Black-Cockatoos require special consideration (see below). The Minor or less impacts are due to the small footprint of the project which is located mostly within widespread environments. Impacts upon key fauna values are summarised in Table 11 and recommendations made in this table are expanded in Section 6.

Impacts upon the Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo, Baudin’s Black-Cockatoo and Carnaby’s Black- Cockatoo require consideration as the survey area does contain nesting and foraging habitat for these species (more than 100 ha of VSA 1). The DSEWPaC (2012e) guidelines contain a decision-making tool to assist with identification of actions which need further assessment and may require referral to the environment minister or department. Using this tool, the survey area does lie within the modelled distribution of all three Black-Cockatoos. All of VSA 1 contains Marri, an important food source for all three Black-Cockatoos, particularly Baudin’s and Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos, and extensive areas of proteaceous shrubs (more than 50 ha), important foraging habitat for Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoos.

Based on the referral guidelines in DSEWPaC (2012e), clearing or degradation of any part of a vegetation community known to contain breeding habitat or clearing of more than 1ha of quality foraging habitat is considered an impact with either a high or uncertain risk of being significant under the EPBC Act, therefore requiring referral of the proposed action to the federal environment minister. Clearing of known nest trees (any existing tree in which breeding has been recorded or suspected) is also considered a high risk and needs to be referred. Two trees were confirmed as a Red-tailed Black Cockatoo nest sites due to previous nesting records, with at least a further three trees considered likely to contain current nest sites due to the extensive and fresh chew marks around the hollow entrance (Section 4.2.2; Appendix 7). Clearing of any of these trees would need to be referred and clearing of >1ha of VSA1 would probably also need to be referred. Mitigation actions could reduce this risk (see Recommendations).

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 32 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Table 10. Summary of potential impacts upon ecological processes. Impacting process Impact Habitat loss leading to Minor. Only localised and small areas of habitat loss, but population decline impacts upon breeding and foraging habitat of Black- Cockatoo likely to require referral under the EPBC Act. Population fragmentation Negligible. Limited fragmentation or disruption of and disruption of movement is anticipated as the development lies on the edge movement and gene flow of widespread habitats. due to habitat fragmentation Increased mortality leading Minor. Possible increase in roadkill but speeds expected to to population decline; e.g. be low in a residential area. Effects of increased predation due to ongoing roadkill discussed under species interactions below. Habitat degradation due to Minor. There is some risk of weed invasion due to vehicle weed invasion movements from other areas, the creation of more disturbed edge for weed colonisation and an increase in garden escapees Hydroecology Unknown. Impacts to hydrology are largely unknown. If it is assumed that groundwater levels and quality are not affected, then impacts will be Negligible. Species interactions due to Minor. May be some localised increase in predation, such as feral or over-abundant from domestic pets, and predation potentially extending into native species nearby National Park may be a risk. Altered fire regimes Minor. There is some potential for adverse impacts if activities or arson in the survey area result in a succession of unplanned fires in the adjacent National Park. Effects of disturbance, dust Minor. There will be an increase in lighting (street-lights, and light houses) adjacent to the National Park which may lead to a localised increase in mortality of insects. The consequences of such mortality are uncertain but in this case may be limited to the nearest margin of the park because of screening from dense vegetation. .

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 33 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Table 11. Summary of potential impacts upon key fauna values, including conservation significant species that are expected to occur in the survey area and actions required for mitigation.

Criteria for significance of impacts are outlined in Section 3.5.1.

Fauna Value Nature and Significance of Proposal Impact Action required Impacts from Proposal Significance Minimise footprint and retain Black-Cockatoo nesting and Loss of habitat that is mostly widespread in foraging habitat where possible. Fauna region. Possible increase in predation from Minor – Referral of project to DSEWPaC assemblage domestic pets affecting small birds and Moderate on basis of impacts upon Black- reptiles Cockatoos. Advice to residents on responsible cat ownership.

Minimise footprint and retain Black-Cockatoo nesting and VSAs Small losses and generally widespread VSAs. Minor foraging habitat where possible. Retain vegetation long drainage lines.

Minimise footprint and retain Significant Loss of habitat, including foraging and Minor – Black Cockatoo nesting and fauna breeding habitat for Black-Cockatoos. Moderate foraging habitat where possible. Referral of project to DSEWPaC.

Fire management plan of Ecological Fire regime may be affected; main concern is National Park needs to address Minor processes in National Park increased risk from nearby residential development.

Confirm that effects upon Subterranean subterranean environments and Impacts uncertain but probably negligible fauna especially groundwater will be negligible.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 34 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

6 Recommendations Section 5 (Impact Assessment) identified several potential adverse impacts that may occur from the proposed development within the survey area. While impacts are expected to be mostly Negligible to Minor, any reduction in impacts is desirable, while the EPBC listed Black-Cockatoos may require special consideration. Management strategies are recommended below to reduce the potential impacts of this development on fauna species.

Hydrological changes • Develop an understanding of the surface and sub-surface drainage and possible effects of residential development.

Habitat degradation due to weed invasions • Develop a weed management/hygiene plan. This could address areas such as the use of clean fill during house construction and the issue of garden escapees becoming naturalised in the nearby National Park.

Changes in fire regime • Develop a fire management plan, especially with regard to the nearby National Park.

Dust, noise, light and disturbance • Minimise the production of dust, noise and light spill during construction. Street lighting should be designed to minimise the attraction of insects from th adjacent National Park.

Avoid or mitigate primary threats to Black-Cockatoos (based on DSEWPaC 2012e) • Avoid clearing native vegetation where possible. Clearing of any area of quality feeding habitat greater than 1 ha, including Marri and proteaceous shrubs, must be referred to the federal environment minister (DSEWPaC 2012e). • Conduct further survey work in spring 2013 to assess if potential nesting trees within the survey area are currently utilised by Black-Cockatoos as breeding sites.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 35 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

• If unavoidable, any clearing of known nesting trees (Section 4.2.2) must be referred to the federal environment minister prior to clearing for assessment and approval (DSEWPaC 2012e). Where possible, known or likely breeding sites should be retained with a disturbance free buffer to be discussed with the DEC and DSEWPaC. • Preserve any feeding habitat (list of trees in Appendix 5) around known nesting trees. Any clearing of foraging habitat around known nest trees needs to be referred to the federal environment minister (DSEWPaC 2012e). • Avoid clearing trees larger than 500mm DBH as these have the potential to be Black-Cockatoo nesting trees in the future.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 36 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment 7 References Bamford Consulting Ecologists (2010). Fauna Investigations of Iluka’s Proposed Eneabba Future Mining Operations with a focus on IPL North and IPL South Deposits. Unpublished report for AWE. Bamford, M.J. (2008). Local Extinction of Fairy-wrens due to Cat Predation? Amytornis 1(1): 25-26. Bamford, M.J. and Roberts, J.D. (2003). The impact of fire on frogs and reptiles in south-west Western Australia. Fire in Ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: Impacts and Management. pp. 349- 361. Eds I. Abbott and N. Burrows. Backhuys Publishers, The Netherlands.

Bamford, M.J. and Calver, M.C. (2012). Cat predation and suburban lizards; a 22 year study at a surburban Australian property. The Open Conservation Biology Journal 6: 25-29.

Barrett, G., A. Silcocks, S. Barry, R. Cunningham & R. Poulter (2003). The New Atlas of Australian Birds. Melbourne, Victoria: Birds Australia. Beard, J. S. (1981). Swan, 1:1,000,000 vegetation series. University of Western Australia BirdLife Australia (2012). BirdLife Australia Database. www.birdsaustralia.com.au (accessed September 2012). Bishop, C., Mathews, W., Mitchell, D. and Gamblin, T. (2010). Survey guidelines for the Graceful Sun- Moth (Synemon gratiosa) and site habitat assessments. Dept of Environment and Conservation, Kensington. Blakers, M., Davies, S.J.J.F. and Reilly, P.N. (1984). The Atlas of Australian Birds. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union. Melbourne University Press. Burbidge, A.A. and McKenzie, N.L. (1989). Patterns in the Modern Decline of Western Australia’s Vertebrate Fauna; Causes and Conservation Implications. Biol. Cons. 50: 143-198. Bush, B., Maryan, B., Browne-Cooper, R. and Robinson, D. (2007). Reptiles and Frogs in the Bush: South western Australia. University of Western Australia Press, Perth. Cale, B. (2003). Carnaby’s Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) Recovery Plan. Western Australian Threatened Species and Communities Unit, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Wanneroo, Western Australia. Calver, M., Lymbery, A., McComb, J. and Bamford, M. (2009). Environmental Biology. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. Christidis, L. and Boles, W. E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria. Churchill, S. (2008). Australian Bats. Reed New Holland Press, Sydney. Clevenger, A. P. and Waltho, N. (2000). Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Wildlife Underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Conservation Biology 14: 1-11. Davies, S. J. J. F. (1966). The movements of the White-tailed Black-Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-western Australia. The Western Australian Naturalist 10: 33-42. Department of Environment and Conservation (2007). Forest Black-Cockatoo (Baudin’s Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii and Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso) Recovery Plan 2007 – 2016. Prepared by the Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth, Western Australia.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 37 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Department of Environment and Conservation (2012). Carnaby’s cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) Recovery Plan. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth, Western Australia. Department of Environment and Conservation (2013). NatureMap Database. Accessed January 2013. Department of Environmental Protection (2000). Bush Forever Volume 2. Government of Western Australia, Perth. DEWHA. (2009a). Advice to the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) on Amendment to the list of Threatened Species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra, Australia. DEWHA. (2009b). Approved Conservation Advice for Calyptorhynchus banksii naso (Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra, Australia. DEWHA. (2010). Survey guidelines for Australia's threaterened birds. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra, Australia. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2011). Key threatening processes under the EPBC Act. http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicgetkeythreats.pl Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2012a). IBRA Subregions Map. http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion- framework/ibra/maps.html (accessed December 2012). Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities . (2012b). Calyptorhynchus banksii naso in Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. (2012c). Calyptorhynchus baudinii in Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. (2012d). Calyptorhynchus latirostris in Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Available from: http://www.environment.gov.au/sprat Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2013). Protected Matters Search Tool. www.environment.gov.au/epbc/pmst/index.html (accessed January 2013). DSEWPaC (2012) EPBC Act referral guidelines for three threatened black cockatoo species: Carnaby’s cockatoo (endangered), Calyptorhynchus latirostris Baudin’s cockatoo (vulnerable) Calyptorhynchus baudinii, and Forest red-tailed black cockatoo (vulnerable) Calyptorhynchus banksii naso. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Doughty, P. and Maryan, B. (2010a). Checklist of the Amphibians of Western Australia. Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 38 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Doughty, P. and Maryan, B. (2010b). Checklist of the Reptiles of Western Australia. Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia. Dufty, A.C. (1989). Some Population characteristics of Perameles gunnii in Victoria. Wildlife Research: 18 (3) 355 – 365. Environmental Protection Authority. (2002). Terrestrial Biological surveys as an Element of Biodiversity Protection. Position Statement No. 3. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia. Environmental Protection Authority. (2004). Guidance for the assessment of environmental factors: Terrestrial fauna surveys for environmental impact assessment in Western Australia. No. 56. Environmental Protection Authority, Perth, Western Australia. Environment Australia. (2000). Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA) and Development of Version 5.1 - Summary Report. Environment Australia, Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Fathfull, M.J., Majer, J.D. and Postle, A.D. (1985). Some notes on the occurrence and seasonality of Austromerope poultoni Killington (Mecoptera) in Western Australia. Aust. Ent. Mag. 12: 57-60. Garnett, S. T., Szabo, J. and Dutson, G. (2010). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Victoria. Gibbons, P. and Lindenmayer, D. (2002). Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. Gill, A.M., Graves, R.H. and NobleI.R. (eds) (1981). Fire and the Australian Biota. Australian Academy of Science. Groom, C. (2011). Plants Used by Carnaby's Black-Cockatoo. Department of Environment and Conservation, Perth, Western Australia. Harrington, R. (2002). The effects of artificial watering points on the distribution and abundance of avifauna in an arid and semi-arid mallee environment. PhD thesis, Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne. Harvey, M. (2002). Short-range Endemism amongst the Australian fauna: examples from non-marine environments. Invertebrate Systematics, 16: 555-570. Higgins, P. J. (Ed.) (1999). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia. How, R.A. and Dell, J. (1990). Vertebrate fauna of Bold Park, Perth. West. Aust. Nat. 18: 122-131. How, R. A., Cooper, N. K. and Bannister, J. L. (2009). Checklist of the Mammals of Western Australia. Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia. Jackson, S. D. and Griffin, C. R. (2000). A Strategy for Mitigating Highway Impacts on Wildlife. Pp. 143 – 159, In Messmer, T. A and B. West, (eds) Wildlife and Highways: Seeking Solutions to an Ecological and Socio – economic Dilemma. The Wildlife Society. Johnstone, R. E. (2006). Going, going, gone! Veteran and stag trees: a valuable resource. Western Wildlife 10: 6.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 39 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Johnstone, R. E., Johnstone, C. and Kirkby, T. (2011). Black-cockatoos on the Swan Coastal Plain. Report prepared for the Department of Planning, Western Australia, by the Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia. Johnstone, R. E. and Kirkby, T. (1999). Food of the Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso in south-west Western Australia. The Western Australian Naturalist 22: 167-177. Johnstone, R. E. and Kirkby, T. (2008). Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in South-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25: 107-118. Johnstone, R.E. and Storr, G.M. (1998). Handbook of Western Australian Birds Vol 1 – Non-passerines (Emu to Dollarbird). Western Australian Museum, Perth. Johnstone, R.E. and Storr, G.M. (2004). Handbook of Western Australian Birds. Vol 2: Passerines (Blue- winged Pitta to Goldfinch). Western Australian Museum, Perth. Jones, M.E. (2000). Road upgrade, road mortality and remedial measures: impacts on a population of eastern quolls and Tasmanian devils. Wildlife Research 27: 289 – 296. Kabat, A. P., Scott, R., Kabat, T. J. and Barrett, G. (2012). 2011 Great Cocky Count: Population estimates and identification of roost sites for the Carnaby’s Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus latirostris). Report prepared for the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation by BirdLife Australia Floreat, Western Australia. Kofoed, P. (1998). A wizard with wavelengths. Ecos 96. CSIRO. Letnic, M., Dickman, C.R., Tischler, M.K., Tamayo, B. and Beh, C.L. (2004). The responses of small mammals and lizards to post-fire succession and rainfall in arid Australia. Journal of arid environments 59 (1): 85-114. Mace, G. and Stuart, S. (1994). Draft IUCN Red List Categories, Version 2.2. Species; Newsletter of the Species Survival Commission. IUCN - The World Conservation Union. No. 21-22: 13-24. Maxwell S, Burbidge AA and Morris K (1996). The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes. Menkhorst, P. and Knight, F. (2001). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Orell, P. & Morris, K. (1994) Chuditch Recovery Plan, Western Australia Wildlife Management Programme No. 13, DEC. Rich, C. and Longcore, T. (2006). Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Island Press. Saunders, D. A. (1974). Breeding biology of the Short-billed form of the White-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii latirostris (Carnaby). Emu 74: 292-293. Saunders, D. A. (1979a). The availability of tree hollows for use as nest sites by White-tailed Black- Cockatoos. Australian Wildlife Research 6: 205-216. Saunders, D. A. (1979b). Distribution and taxonomy of the White-tailed and Yellow-tailed Black- Cockatoos Calyptorhynchus spp. Emu 79. Saunders, D. A. (1980). Food and movements of the short-billed form of the White-tailed Black- Cockatoo. Australian Wildlife Research 7: 257-269.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 40 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Saunders, D. A. (1986). Breeding season, nestling success and nestling growth in Carnaby’s Black- Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris, over 16 years at Coomallo Creek, and a method for assessing the viability of populations in other areas. Australian Wildlife Research 13: 261-273. Saunders, D. A., Smith, G. T. and Rowley, I. (1982). The availability and dimensions of tree hollows that provide nest sites for cockatoos (Psittaciformes) in Western Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 9: 541-556. Soule, M. E., Mackey, B. G., Recher, H. F., Williams, J. E., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Driscoll, D., Dennison, W. C. and Jones, M. E. (2004). The role of connectivity in Australian conservation. Pacific Conservation Biology 10: 266-279. Scheick, B.K. and Jones, M.D. (1999). Locating Wildlife Underpasses Prior To The Expansion Of Highway 64, In North Carolina. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Wildlife 1999. Storr, G.M., Smith, L.A. and Johnstone, R.E. (1983). Lizards of Western Australia. II. Dragons and Monitors. W.A. Museum, Perth. Storr, G.M., Smith, L.A. and Johnstone, R.E. (1990). Lizards of Western Australia. III. Geckoes and Pygopodids. W.A. Museum, Perth. Storr, G.M., Smith, L.A. and Johnstone, R.E. (1999). Lizards of Western Australia. I. Skinks. Revised Edition. W.A. Museum, Perth. Storr, G.M., Smith, L.A. and Johnstone, R.E. (2002). Snakes of Western Australia. W.A. Museum, Perth. Thackway, R. and Cresswell, I.D. (1995) An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: A framework for establishing the national system of reserves, Version 4.0. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra. Tyler, M.J. and Dought P. (2009). Field Guide to Frogs of Western Australia. W.A. Museum, Perth. Van Dyck, S. and Strahan, R. (Eds.) (2008). Mammals of Australia. 3rd Edition. Australian Museum, Sydney. Wilson S, Swan G (2008) A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia. Second edition. New Holland Publishers (Australia), Sydney Williams, K. and Mitchell, D. (2001). Jarrah Forest 1(JF1 – Northern Jarrah Forest subregion). In: A Biodiversity Audit of Western Australia’s 53 Biogeographical Subregions in 2002. Ed by J.E. May and N.L. McKenzie. Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia. Whitford, K. R. (2001). Dimensions of tree hollows used by birds and mammals in the jarrah forest: improving the dimensional description of potentially usable hollows. Calmscience 3: 499-511. Whitford, K. R. (2002). Hollows in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) trees I. Hollow sizes, tree attributes and ages. Forest Ecology and Management 160: 201-214. Whitford, K. R. and Williams, M. R. (2002). Hollows in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) trees II. Selecting trees to retain for hollow dependent fauna. Forest Ecology and Management 160: 215-232.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 41 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

8 Appendices

Appendix 1. Explanation of fauna values. Fauna values are the features of a site and its fauna that contribute to biodiversity, and it is these values that are potentially at threat from a development proposal. Fauna values can be examined under the five headings outlined below. It must be stressed that these values are interdependent and should not be considered equal, but contribute to an understanding of the biodiversity of a site. Understanding fauna values provides opportunities to predict and therefore mitigate impacts.

Assemblage characteristics Uniqueness. This refers to the combination of species present at a site. For example, a site may support an unusual assemblage that has elements from adjacent biogeographic zones, it may have species present or absent that might be otherwise expected, or it may have an assemblage that is typical of a very large region. For the purposes of impact assessment, an unusual assemblage has greater value for biodiversity than a typical assemblage.

Completeness. An assemblage may be complete (i.e. has all the species that would have been present at the time of European settlement), or it may have lost species due to a variety of factors. Note that a complete assemblage, such as on an island, may have fewer species than an incomplete assemblage (such as in a species-rich but degraded site on the mainland).

Richness. This is a measure of the number of species at a site. At a simple level, a species rich site is more valuable than a species poor site, but value is also determined, for example, by the sorts of species present.

Vegetation/substrate associations (VSAs) VSAs combine broad vegetation types, the soils or other substrate with which they are associated, and the landform. In the context of fauna assessment, VSAs are the environments that provide habitats for fauna. The term habitat is widely used in this context, but by definition an animal’s habitat is the environment that it utilises (Calver et al. 2009), not the environment as a whole. Habitat is a function of the animal and its ecology, rather than being a function of the environment. For example, a species may occur in eucalypt canopy or in leaf-litter on sand, and that habitat may be found in only one or in several VSAs. VSAs are not the same as vegetation types since these may not incorporate soil and landform, and recognise floristics to a degree that VSAs do not. Vegetation types may also not recognise minor but often significant (for fauna) structural differences in the environment. VSAs also do not necessarily correspond with soil types, but may reflect some of these elements.

Because VSAs provide the habitat for fauna, they are important in determining assemblage characteristics. For the purposes of impact assessment, VSAs can also provide a surrogate for detailed information on the fauna assemblage. For example, rare, relictual or restricted VSAs should automatically be considered a significant fauna value. Impacts may be significant if the VSA is rare, a

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 42 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment large proportion of the VSA is affected and/or the VSA supports significant fauna. The disturbance of even small amounts of habitat in a localised area can have significant impacts to fauna if rare or unusual habitats are disturbed.

Patterns of biodiversity across the landscape This fauna value relates to how the assemblage is organised across the landscape. Generally, the fauna assemblage is not distributed evenly across the landscape or even within one VSA. There may be zones of high biodiversity such as particular environments or ecotones (transitions between VSAs). There may also be zones of low biodiversity. Impacts may be significant if a wide range of species is affected even if most of those species are not significant per se.

Species of conservation significance Species of conservation significance are of special importance in impact assessment. The conservation status of fauna species in Australia is assessed under Commonwealth and State Acts such as the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (Wildlife Conservation Act). In addition, the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) recognises priority levels, while local populations of some species may be significant even if the species as a whole has no formal recognition. Therefore, three broad levels of conservation significance can be recognised and are used for the purposes of this report, and are outlined below. A full description of the conservation significance categories, schedules and priority levels mentioned below is provided in Appendix 4.

Conservation Significance (CS) 1: Species listed under State or Commonwealth Acts. Species listed under the EPBC Act are assigned to categories recommended by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and reviewed by Mace and Stuart (1994), or are listed as migratory. Migratory species are recognised under international treaties such as the China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA), the Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA), the Republic of South Korea Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (ROKAMBA), and/or the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS; also referred to as the Bonn Convention). The Wildlife Conservation Act uses a series of Schedules to classify status, but also recognizes the IUCN categories and ranks species within the Schedules using the categories of Mace and Stuart (1994).

Conservation Significance (CS) 2: Species listed as Priority by the DEC but not listed under State or Commonwealth Acts. In Western Australia, the DEC has produced a supplementary list of Priority Fauna, being species that are not considered threatened under the Wildlife Conservation Act but for which the DEC feels there is cause for concern. Some Priority species are also assigned to the Conservation Dependent category of the IUCN.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 43 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Conservation Significance (CS) 3: Species not listed under Acts or in publications, but considered of at least local significance because of their pattern of distribution. This level of significance has no legislative or published recognition and is based on interpretation of distribution information, but is used here as it may have links to preserving biodiversity at the genetic level (EPA 2002). If a population is isolated but a subset of a widespread (common) species, then it may not be recognised as threatened, but may have unique genetic characteristics. Conservation significance is applied to allow for the preservation of genetic richness at a population level, and not just at a species level. Species on the edge of their range, or that are sensitive to impacts such as habitat fragmentation, may also be classed as CS3, as may colonies of waterbirds. The Western Australian Department of Environmental Protection, now DEC, used this sort of interpretation to identify significant bird species in the Perth metropolitan area as part of the Perth Bushplan (DEP 2000).

Invertebrate species considered to be short range endemics (SREs) also fall within the CS3 category, as they have no legislative or published recognition and their significance is based on interpretation of distribution information. Harvey (2002) notes that the majority of species that have been classified as short-range endemics have common life history characteristics such as poor powers of dispersal or confinement to discontinuous habitats. Several groups, therefore, have particularly high instances of short-range endemic species: Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Oligochaeta (earthworms), Onychophora (velvet worms), Araneae (mygalomorph spiders), Pseudoscorpionida (pseudoscorpions), Schizomida (schizomids), Diplopoda (millipedes), Phreatoicidea (phreatoicidean crustaceans), and Decapoda (freshwater crayfish). The poor understanding of the taxonomy of many of the short-range endemic species hinders their conservation (Harvey 2002).

Introduced species In addition to these conservation levels, species that have been introduced (INT) are indicated throughout the report. Introduced species may be important to the native fauna assemblage through effects by predation and/or competition.

Ecological processes upon which the fauna depend These are the processes that affect and maintain fauna populations in an area and as such are very complex; for example, populations are maintained through the dynamic of mortality, survival and recruitment being more or less in balance, and these are affected by a myriad of factors. The dynamics of fauna populations in a project may be affected by processes such as fire regime, landscape patterns (such as fragmentation and/or linkage), the presence of feral species and hydrology. Impacts may be significant if processes are altered such that fauna populations are adversely affected, resulting in declines and even localised loss of species. Threatening processes as outlined below are effectively the ecological processes that can be altered to result in impacts upon fauna.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 44 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Appendix 2. Explanation of threatening processes. Potential impacts of proposed developments upon fauna values can be related to threatening processes. This is recognised in the literature and under the EPBC Act, in which threatening processes are listed (see Appendix 4). Processes that may impact fauna values are discussed below. Rather than being independent of one another, processes are complex and often interrelated. They are the mechanisms by which fauna can be affected by development. Impacts may be significant if large numbers of species or large proportions of populations are affected.

Loss of habitat affecting population survival Clearing for a development can lead to habitat loss for a species with a consequent decline in population size. This may be significant if the smaller population has reduced viability. Conservation significant species or species that already occur at low densities may be particularly sensitive to habitat loss affecting population survival.

Loss of habitat leading to population fragmentation Loss of habitat can affect population movements by limiting movement of individuals throughout the landscape as a result of fragmentation. Obstructions associated with the development, such as roads, pipes and drainage channels, may also affect movement of small, terrestrial species. Fragmented populations may not be sustainable and may be sensitive to effects such as reduced gene flow.

Degradation of habitat due to weed invasion leading to population decline Weed invasion can occur as a result of development and if this alters habitat quality, can lead to effects similar to habitat loss.

Increased mortality Increased mortality can occur during project operations; for example from roadkill, animals striking infrastructure and entrapment in trenches. Roadkill as a cause of population decline has been documented for several medium-sized mammals in eastern Australia (Dufty 1989; Jones 2000). Increased mortality due to roadkill is often more prevalent in habitats that have been fragmented (Scheick and Jones 1999; Clevenger and Waltho 2000; Jackson and Griffin 2000).

Increased mortality of common species during development is unavoidable and may not be significant for a population. However, the cumulative impacts of increased mortality of conservation significant species or species that already occur at low densities may have a significant impact on the population.

Species interactions, including predation and competition Changes in species interactions often occur with development. Introduced species, including the feral Cat, Red Fox and Rabbit may have adverse impacts upon native species and development can alter their abundance. In particular, some mammal species are very sensitive to introduced

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 45 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment predators and the decline of many mammals in Australia has been linked to predation by the Red Fox, and to a lesser extent the feral Cat (Burbidge and McKenzie 1989). Introduced grazing species, such as the Rabbit, Goat, Camel and domestic livestock, can also degrade habitats and deplete vegetation that may be a food source for other species.

Changes in the abundance of some native species at the expense of others, due to the provision of fresh watering points, can also be a concern. Harrington (2002) found the presence of artificial fresh waterpoints in the semi-arid mallee rangelands to influence the abundance and distribution of certain bird species. Common, water-dependent birds were found to out-compete some less common, water-independent species. Over-abundant native herbivores, such as kangaroos, can also adversely affect less abundant native species through competition and displacement.

Hydroecology Interruptions of hydroecological processes can have major effects because they underpin primary production in ecosystems and there are specific, generally rare habitats that are hydrology- dependent. Fauna may be impacted by potential changes to groundwater level and chemistry and altered flow regime. These changes may alter vegetation across large areas and may lead to habitat degradation or loss. Impacts upon fauna can be widespread and major.

Changes to flow regime across the landscape may alter vegetation and may lead to habitat degradation or loss, affecting fauna. For example, Mulga has a shallow root system and relies on surface sheet flow during flood events. If surface sheet flow is impeded, Mulga can die (Kofoed 1998), which may impact on a range of fauna associated with this vegetation type.

Fire The role of fire in the Australian environment and its importance to vertebrate fauna has been widely acknowledged (Gill et al. 1981; Fox 1982; Letnic et al. 2004; Bamford and Roberts 2003). It is also one of the factors that has contributed to the decline and local extinction of some mammal and bird species (Burbidge and McKenzie 1998). Fire is a natural feature of the environment but frequent, extensive fires may adversely impact some fauna, particularly mammals and short-range endemic species. Changes in fire regime, whether to more frequent or less frequent fires, may be significant to some fauna. Impacts of severe fire may be devastating to species already occurring at low densities or to species requiring long unburnt habitats to survive. In terms of conservation management, it is not fire per se but the fire regime that is important, with evidence that infrequent, extensive and intense fires adversely affect biodiversity, whereas frequent fires that cover small areas and are variable in both season and intensity can enhance biodiversity. Fire management may be considered the responsibility of managers of large tracts of land.

Dust, light, noise and vibration Impacts of dust, light, noise and vibration upon fauna are difficult to predict. Some studies have demonstrated the impact of artificial night lighting on fauna, with lighting affecting fauna behaviour more than noise (Rich and Longcore 2006). Effects can include impacts on predator-prey interactions,

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 46 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment changes to mating and nesting behaviour, and increased competition and predation within and between invertebrates, frogs, birds and mammals.

The death of very large numbers of insects has been observed around some remote mine sites and attracts other fauna, notably native and introduced predators (M.Bamford pers. obs). The abundance of some insects can decline due to mortality around lights, although this has previously been recorded in fragmented landscapes where populations are already under stress (Rich and Longcore 2006). Artificial night lighting may also lead to disorientation of migratory birds. Aquatic habitats and open habitats such as grasslands and dunes may be vulnerable to light spill.

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 47 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Appendix 3. Categories used in the assessment of conservation status.

IUCN categories (based on review by Mace and Stuart 1994) as used for the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.

Extinct Taxa not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years. Extinct in the Wild Taxa known to survive only in captivity. Critically Taxa facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate Endangered future. Endangered Taxa facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. Vulnerable Taxa facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future. Near Threatened Taxa that risk becoming Vulnerable in the wild. Taxa whose survival depends upon ongoing conservation measures. Without Conservation these measures, a conservation dependent taxon would be classed as Dependent Vulnerable or more severely threatened. Data Deficient Taxa suspected of being Rare, Vulnerable or Endangered, but whose true status (Insufficiently cannot be determined without more information. Known) Least Concern. Taxa that are not Threatened.

Schedules used in the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 Schedule 1 Rare and Likely to become Extinct. Schedule 2 Extinct. Schedule 3 Migratory species listed under international treaties. Schedule 4 Other Specially Protected Fauna

WA Department of Environment and Conservation Priority species (species not listed under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, but for which there is some concern). Priority 1 Taxa with few, poorly known populations on threatened lands. Taxa with few, poorly known populations on conservation lands; or taxa with Priority 2 several, poorly known populations not on conservation lands. Priority 3 Taxa with several, poorly known populations, some on conservation lands. Taxa in need of monitoring. Taxa which are considered to have been adequately surveyed, or for which sufficient knowledge is available, and Priority 4. which are considered not currently threatened or in need of special protection, but could be if present circumstances change. Taxa in need of monitoring. Taxa which are not considered threatened but are subject to a specific conservation program, the cessation of which would result Priority 5 in the species becoming threatened within five years (IUCN Conservation Dependent).

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 48 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Appendix 4. Ecological and threatening processes identified under legislation and in the literature.

Ecological processes are processes that maintain ecosystems and biodiversity. They are important for the assessment of impacts of development proposals, because ecological processes make ecosystems sensitive to change. The issue of ecological processes, impacts and conservation of biodiversity has an extensive literature. Following are examples of the sorts of ecological processes that need to be considered.

Ecological processes relevant to the conservation of biodiversity in Australia (Soule et al. 2004): • Critical species interactions (highly interactive species); • Long distance biological movement; • Disturbance at local and regional scales; • Global climate change; • Hydroecology; • Coastal zone fluxes; • Spatially-dependent evolutionary processes (range expansion and gene flow); and • Geographic and temporal variation of plant productivity across Australia.

Threatening processes (EPBC Act) Under the EPBC Act, a key threatening process is an ecological interaction that threatens or may threaten the survival, abundance or evolutionary development of a threatened species or ecological community. There are currently 19 key threatening processes listed by the federal Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC 2011): • Competition and land degradation by feral/unmanaged Goats (Capra hircus); • Competition and land degradation by feral Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus); • Dieback caused by the root-rot fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi); • Incidental catch (bycatch) of Sea Turtles during coastal otter-trawling operations within Australian waters north of 28 degrees South; • Incidental catch (or bycatch) of seabirds during oceanic longline fishing operations; • Infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis; • Injury and fatality to vertebrate marine life caused by ingestion of, or entanglement in, harmful marine debris; • Invasion of northern Australia by Gamba Grass and other introduced grasses; • Land clearance; • Loss and degradation of native plant and animal habitat by invasion of escaped garden plants, including aquatic plants; • Loss of biodiversity and ecosystem integrity following invasion by the Yellow Crazy Ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean; • Loss of climatic habitat caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases;

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 49 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

• Predation by exotic rats on Australian offshore islands of less than 1000 km2 (100 000 ha); • Predation by feral Cats (Felis catus); • Predation by the European Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes); • Predation, Habitat Degradation, Competition and Disease Transmission by Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa); • Psittacine Circoviral (beak and feather) Disease affecting endangered psittacine species; • The biological effects, including lethal toxic ingestion, caused by Cane Toads (Bufo marinus); and • The reduction in the biodiversity of Australian native fauna and flora due to the imported Red Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta.

General processes that threaten biodiversity across Australia (The National Land and Water Resources Audit): • Vegetation clearing; • Increasing fragmentation, loss of remnants and lack of recruitment; • Firewood collection; • Grazing pressure; • Feral animals; • Exotic weeds; • Changed fire regimes; • Pathogens; • Changed hydrology—dryland salinity and salt water intrusion; • Changed hydrology— such as altered flow regimes affecting riparian vegetation; and • Pollution.

In addition to the above processes, DSEWPaC has produced Significant Impact Guidelines that provide criteria for the assessment of the significance of impacts. These criteria provide a framework for the assessment of significant impacts. The criteria are listed below. • Will the proposed action lead to a long-term decrease in the size of a population? • Will the proposed action will reduce the area of occupancy of the species? • Will the proposed action fragment an existing population? • Will the proposed action adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of a species? • Will the proposed action will disrupt the breeding cycle of a population? • Will the proposed action modify, destroy, remove, isolate or decrease the availability or quality of habitat to the extent that the species is likely to decline? • Will the proposed action result in introducing invasive species that are harmful to a critically endangered or endangered species becoming established in the endangered or critically endangered species’ habitat? • Will the proposed action introduce disease that may cause the species to decline? • Will the proposed action will interfere with the recovery of the species?

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 50 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Appendix 5. Plants known to be used for foraging, roosting and nesting by black-cockatoos in south-western Western Australia.

Data compiled from the literature (Davies 1966; Saunders 1974, 1979a, b, 1980; Saunders et al. 1982; Saunders 1986; Johnstone and Storr 1998; Higgins 1999; Johnstone and Kirkby 1999, 2008; Groom 2011; Johnstone et al. 2011; DSEWPaC 2012a, b; c, R. Johnstone pers. comm.). FRTBC = Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo, CBC = Carnaby's Black-Cockatoo, BBC = Baudin's Black-Cockatoo (see Table 1 for scientific names). Plant status: blank = Western Australian native, AN = Australian native (but not naturally occurring in Western Australia), E = exotic (i.e. not native to Australia). F = foraging, R = roosting, N or n = nesting (main and less commonly used species, respectively).

Plant Species Plant Status FRTBC CBC BBC Acacia baileyana (Cootamundra wattle) AN F Acacia pentadenia (Karri Wattle) F Acacia saligna (Orange Wattle) F Agonis flexuosa (Peppermint Tree) F Allocasuarina fraseriana (Sheoak) F F Anigozanthos flavidus (Tall Kangaroo Paw) F Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island Pine) E F Banksia ashbyi (Ashby's Banksia) F Banksia attenuata (Slender Banksia) F Banksia baxteri (Baxter's Banksia) F Banksia carlinoides (Pink Dryandra) F Banksia coccinea (Scarlet Banksia) F Banksia dallanneyi (Couch Honeypot Dryandra) F Banksia ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) AN F Banksia fraseri (Dryandra) F Banksia gardneri (Prostrate Banksia) F Banksia grandis (Bull Banksia) F F Banksia hookeriana (Hooker's Banksia) F Banksia ilicifolia (Holly Banksia) F F Banksia kippistiana (Dryandra) F Banksia leptophylla F Banksia lindleyana (Porcupine Banksia) F Banksia littoralis (Swamp Banksia) F F Banksia menziesii (Firewood or Menzie's Banksia) F Banksia mucronulata (Swordfish Dryandra) F Banksia nivea (Honeypot Dryandra) F Banksia nobilis (Golden Dryandra) F Banksia praemorsa (Cut-leaf Banksia) F F Banksia prionotes (Acorn Banksia) F Banksia quercifolia (Oak-leaved Banksia) F F Banksia sessilis (Parrot Bush) F F

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 51 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Plant Species Plant Status FRTBC CBC BBC Banksia speciosa (Showy Banksia) F Banksia squarrosa (Pingle) F F Banksia tricuspis (Lesueur Banskia or Pine Banksia) F Banksia undata (Urchin or Cut-leaf Dryandra) F Banksia verticillata (Granite Banksia) F Brassica campestris (Canola, Rape) E F Callistemon spp. F Callistemon viminalis (Captain Cook Bottlebrush) AN F Callitris sp. F Carya illnoinensis (Pecan) E F F Casuarina cunninghamiana (River Sheoak) AN F Citrullus lanatus (Pie or Afghan Melon) E F Corymbia calophylla (Marri) F,N F,n,R F,n Corymbia ficifolia (Red Flowering Gum) F Corymbia haematoxylon (Mountain Marri) F Corymbia maculata (Spotted Gum) R Darwinia citriodora (Lemon-scented Darwinia) AN F F Diospryros sp. (Sweet Persimmon) E F F Eremophila glabra (Tarbush) F Erodium aureum (Corkscrew Grass or Storksbill) E F Erodium botrys (Corkscrew Grass or Storksbill) E F F Eucalyptus caesia (Silver Princess) F Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) AN R Eucalyptus citriodora (Lemon Scented Gum) AN F F,R F Eucalyptus diversicolor (Karri) n n N Eucalyptus globulus (Tasmaniam Blue Gum) AN R Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Tuart) n F,n,R Eucalyptus grandis (Flooded Gum, Rose Gum) AN R Eucalyptus longicornis (Red Morrell) n Eucalyptus loxophleba (York Gum) F,n Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) F,N F,R F Eucalyptus megacapa (Bullich) n n Eucalyptus occidentalis (Swamp Yate) n Eucalyptus patens (Blackbutt) F F,R Eucalyptus pleurocarpa (Tallerack) F Eucalyptus preissiana (Bell-fruited Mallee) F Eucalyptus robusta (Swamp Mahogany) F,R Eucalyptus rudis (Flooded Gum) R Eucalyptus salmonophloia (Salmon Gum) F,N Eucalyptus salubris (Gimlet) n Eucalyptus todtiana (Coastal Blackbutt or Prickley Bark) F

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 52 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Plant Species Plant Status FRTBC CBC BBC Eucalyptus wandoo (Wandoo) F,N,R F,n Ficus sp. (Fig) F Grevillea armigera (Prickly Toothbrushes) F Grevillea bipinnatifida (Fuschia Grevillea) F Grevillea hookeriana (Red Toothbrushes) F Grevillea hookeriana subsp. apiciloba (Black F Toothbrushes) Grevillea paniculata (Kerosene Bush) F Grevillea paradoxa (Bottlebrush Grevillea) F Grevillea petrophiloides (Pink Poker) F Grevillea robusta (Silky Oak) F Grevillea wilsonii (Native Fuchsia) F Hakea auriculata F Hakea candolleana F Hakea circumalata (Coastal Hakea) F Hakea commutate F Hakea conchifolia F Hakea costata (Ribbed Hakea) F Hakea cristata (Snail Hakea) F F Hakea cucullata (Snail Hakea) F Hakea cyclocarpa (Ramshorn) F Hakea Eneabba F Hakea erinacea (Hedgehog Hakea) F F Hakea falcata (Sickle Hakea) F Hakea flabellifolia (Fan-leaved Hakea) F Hakea gilbertii F Hakea incrassata (Golfball or Marble Hakea) F Hakea lasiantha (Woolly Flowered Hakea) F Hakea lasianthoides F F Hakea laurina (Pin-cushion hakea) F Hakea lissocarpha (Honeybush) F F Hakea marginata F Hakea megalosperma (Lesueur Hakea) F Hakea multilineata (Grass Leaf Hakea) F Hakea obliqua (Needles and Corks) F Hakea oleifolia (Dungyn or Olive-leaved Hakea) F Hakea pandanicarpa subsp. crassifolia (Thick-leaved F Hakea) Hakea petiolaris (Sea Urchin Hakea) F Hakea polyanthema F Hakea preissii (Needle Tree) F

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 53 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Plant Species Plant Status FRTBC CBC BBC Hakea prostrata (Harsh Hakea) F F Hakea psilorrhyncha F Hakea ruscifolia (Candle Hakea) F F Hakea scoparia (Kangaroo Bush) F Hakea smilacifolia F Hakea spathulata F Hakea stenocarpa (Narrow-fruited Hakea) F F Hakea sulcata (Furrowed Hakea) F Hakea trifurcata (Two-leaved Hakea) F F Hakea undulata (Wavy-leaved Hakea) F Hakea varia (Variable-leaved Hakea) F F Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) E F Hibiscus sp. (Hibiscus) E F Isopogon scabriusculus F Jacaranda mimosifolia (Jacaranda) E F F Jacksonia furcellata (Grey Stinkwood) F Kingia australis (Kingia) F Lambertia inermis (Chittick) F Lambertia multiflora (Many-flowered Honeysuckle) F Liquidamber styraciflua (Liquid Amber) E F Lupinus sp. (Lupin) E F Macadamia integrifolia (Macadamia) E F F Malus domestica (Apple) E F F Melaleuca leuropoma F Melia azedarach (Cape Lilac or White Cedar) E F F Mesomeleana sp. F Persoonia longifolia (Snottygobble) F Pinus canariensis (Canary Island Pine) E F Pinus caribea (Caribbean Pine) E F Pinus pinaster (Pinaster or Maritime Pine) E F,R Pinus radiata (Radiata Pine) E F,R F Protea 'Pink Ice' E F Protea repens E F Prunus amygdalus (Almond Tree) E F Pyrus communis (European Pear) E F Quercus spp. (Oak spp.) E F Raphanus raphanistrum (Wild Radish) E F Reedia spathacea F Tipuana tipu (Tipu or Rosewood Tree) E F Xanthorrhoea preissii (Grass Tree) F F

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 54 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Appendix 6. Fauna recorded or expected to occur in the general region of the Parkerville survey area (Tables 1 to 5).

These lists are derived from the results of database and literature searches and from previous field surveys conducted in the local area. These are: • BA = BirdLife Australia Database: searched December, 2012; • E = EPBC Protected Matters Search Tool: searched December 2012; • N = NatureMap Database: searched December, 2012; • BCED = BCE Database – species recorded locally by BCE; and • BCE 2013 = Found in the survey area during the site inspection.

TABLE 1. Significant Invertebrates. BCE Common Name Species Name Status E N BCED 2013 Scorpionfly Austromerope poultoni CS2 X

Graceful Sunmoth Synemon gratiosa CS1 X

Carter's Freshwater Mussel Westralunio carteri CS2 X Total number of species 3 3 0 3 0 0

TABLE 2. Frogs. BCE Common Name Species Name Status E N BCED 2013 HYLIDAE Slender Tree Frog Litoria adelaidensis X X X Motorbike Frog Litoria moorei X X MYOBATRACHIDAE Quacking Frog Crinia georgiana X X Clicking Frog Crinia glauerti X X X Bleating Froglet Crinia pseudinsignifera X X Ticking Frog Geocrinia leai X X Western Spotted Frog Heleioporus albopunctatus X Hooting Frog Heleioporus barycragus X X Moaning Frog Heleioporus eyrei X X Whooping Frog Heleioporus inornatus X X Sand Frog Heleioporus psammophilus X Banjo Frog, Pobblebonk Limnodynastes dorsalis X X Turtle Frog Myobatrachus gouldii X Humming Frog Neobatrachus pelobatoides X Günther`s Toadlet Pseudophryne guentheri X

Total number of species 15 0 0 15 10 2

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 55 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

TABLE 3. Reptiles. BCE Common Name Species Name Status E N BCED 2013 AGAMIDAE Southern Heath Dragons Ctenophorus adelaidensis X Western Bearded Dragon Pogona minor X X GEKKONIDAE Marbled Gecko Christinus marmoratus X X Clawless Gecko Crenadactylus ocellatus X South Coast Gecko Diplodactylus calcicolus X Western Stone Gecko Diplodactylus granariensis X Spotted Stone Gecko Diplodactylus polyophthalmus X X Fine-faced gecko Diplodactylus pulcher X Variegated Dtella Gehyra variegata X X Barking Gecko Nephrurus milii X X Reticulated Velvet Gecko Oedura reticulata X X Soft Spiny-tailed Gecko Strophurus spinigerus X X PYGOPODIDAE Granite worm-lizard Aprasia pulchella X X Sand-plain Worm-lizard Aprasia repens X X Fraser’s Delma Delma fraseri X X Gray's Legless Lizard Delma grayii X Burton's Legless Lizard Lialis burtonis X X Common Scaly-foot Pygopus lepidopodus X SCINCIDAE Western three-lined skink Acritoscincus trilineatus X X Buchanan's Skink Cryptoblepharus buchananii X X X Western Limestone Ctenotus Ctenotus australis X Darling Range Heath Ctenotus Ctenotus delli CS2 X X West Coast Ctenotus Ctenotus fallens X X South-western Odd-striped Skink Ctenotus impar X X Leopard Ctenotus Ctenotus labillardieri X X King's Skink Egernia kingii X X South-western Crevice-skink Egernia napoleonis X X Broad-banded Sand Swimmer Eremiascincus richardsonii X Southwestern Earless Skink Hemiergis initialis X

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 56 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

BCE Common Name Species Name Status E N BCED 2013 Lowlands Earless Skink Hemiergis peronii X South-western Lerista Lerista distinguenda X X X West Coast Lerista Lerista elegans X X Western Worm Lerista Lerista praepedita X Common Dwarf Skink Menetia greyii X X X Western Pale-flecked Morethia Morethia lineoocellata X Southern Pale-flecked Morethia Morethia obscura X X Western Blue-tongue Tiliqua occipitalis X X Bobtail Tiliqua rugosa X X X VARANIDAE Sand Goanna Varanus gouldii X X X Black-headed Monitor Varanus tristis X X TYPHLOPIDAE Southern Blind Snake Ramphotyphlops australis X X Rotund Blind Snake Ramphotyphlops pinguis X X Beaked Blind Snake Ramphotyphlops waitii X X BOIDAE Stimson`s Python Antaresia stimsoni X X Carpet Python Morelia spilota CS1 X X ELAPIDAE Southern Death Adder Acanthophis antarcticus CS2 X X Narrow-banded Snake Brachyurophis fasciolata X Shovel-nosed Snake Brachyurophis semifasciata X Yellow-faced Whipsnake Demansia psammophis X X Bardick Echiopsis curta X X Crowned Snake Elapognathus coronatus X Black-naped Snake Neelaps bimaculatus X Tiger Snake Notechis scutatus X Gould`s Snake Parasuta gouldii X X Black-backed Snake Parasuta nigriceps X Mulga Snake Pseudechis australis X X Dugite Pseudonaja affinis X X Ringed Brown Snake Pseudonaja modesta X Gwardar Pseudonaja nuchalis X Jan`s Banded Snake Simoselaps bertholdi X Total Number of Species 60 4 0 59 39 5

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 57 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

TABLE 4. Birds. BCE Common Name Species Name Status BA E N BCED 2013 CASUARIIDAE Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae X X X PHASIANIDAE Stubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis X ANATIDAE Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides X X X Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata X X X X Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus X X Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis X X Grey Teal Anas gracilis X X X Chestnut Teal Anas castanea X X Northern Mallard Anas platyrhynchos X X Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa X X X Hardhead Aythya australis X X X Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis X X PODICIPEDIDAE Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae X X X X Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus X X X ARDEIDAE White-necked Heron Ardea pacifica X X Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta CS1 X X X White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae X X X Little Egret Egretta garzetta X X Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca X X Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis X X X RALLIDAE Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio X X X Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis X X Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla X Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis X Black-tailed Native-hen Tribonyx ventralis X X Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa X X Eurasian Coot Fulica atra X X X CHARADRIIDAE Red-capped Plover Charadrius ruficapillus X X Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops X Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus X Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor X X TURNICIDAE Painted Button-quail Turnix varia CS3 X X X X

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 58 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

BCE Common Name Species Name Status BA E N BCED 2013 ACCIPITRIDAE Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrhocephalus CS3 X X X Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus CS3 X X X X Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax CS3 X X X Swamp Harrier Circus approximans X X Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis X Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris X X X Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus CS3 X X Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides CS3 X Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura CS3 X X FALCONIDAE Brown Falcon Falco berigora CS3 X X Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides X X Australian Hobby Falco longipennis X X X Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus CS1 X X X OTIDAE Australian Bustard Ardeotis australis CS2 X X BURHINIDAE Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius CS2 X COLUMBIDAE Rock Dove/Feral Pigeon Columba livia Int X X X Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes X X Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera CS3 X X X X Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans CS3 X X Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis Int X X Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis Int X X CACATUIDAE Baudin's Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii CS1 X X X X X Carnaby`s Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus latirostris CS1 X X X X Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii CS1 X X X X X Little Corella Cacatua sanguinea X X Galah Eolophus roseicapilla X X X X Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus X X PSITTACIDAE Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus X X X X Purple-crowned Lorikeet Glossopsitta porphyrocephala X X X Australian Ringneck Barnardius zonarius X X X X Western Rosella Platycercus icterotis X X X X Red-capped Parrot Purpureicephalus spurius X X X X Elegant Parrot Neophema elegans X X X Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus X Regent Parrot Polytelis anthopeplus CS3 X X X

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 59 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

BCE Common Name Species Name Status BA E N BCED 2013 CUCULIDAE Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis X X X Pallid Cuckoo Cacomantis pallidus X X Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chalcites lucidus X X X Black-eared Cuckoo Chalcites osculans X Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalis X X X STRIGIDAE Barking Owl Ninox connivens X X X Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae X X X TYTONIDAE Barn Owl Tyto alba X X PODARGIDAE Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides X X CAPRIMULGIDAE Spotted Nightjar Eurostopodus argus X AEGOTHELIDAE Australian Owlet-nightjar Aegotheles cristatus X X APODIDAE Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus CS1 X X HALCYONIDAE Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae Int X X X X Red-backed Kingfisher Todiramphus pyrrhopygia X Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus X X X MEROPIDAE Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus CS1 X X X X X MALURIDAE Variegated Fairy-wren Malurus lamberti X X White-winged Fairy-wren Malurus leucopterus X X Red-winged Fairy-wren Malurus elegans X X X Splendid Fairy-wren Malurus splendens CS3 X X X X PARDALOTIDAE Inland Thornbill Acanthiza apicalis CS3 X X X X Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa CS3 X X X X Western Thornbill Acanthiza inornata CS3 X X X X Western Gerygone Gerygone fusca X X X X Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus X X X X Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus X X X X White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis CS3 X X X X Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris X X X X MELIPHAGIDAE Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata X X X Western Wattlebird Anthochaera lunulata X X X X

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 60 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

BCE Common Name Species Name Status BA E N BCED 2013 Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Acanthagenys rufogularis X X Western Spinebill Acanthorhynchus superciliosus CS3 X X X X Black Honeyeater Certhionyx niger X Pied Honeyeater Certhionyx variegatus X White-fronted Chat Epthianura albifrons X X Crimson Chat Epthianura tricolor X Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Lichenostomus ornatus X X X Singing Honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens X X X Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta X X X X Yellow-throated Miner Manorina flavigula X X Brown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris X X X White-fronted Honeyeater Phylidonyris albifrons X Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Phylidonyris melanops CS3 X X X White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris nigra CS3 X X New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae CS3 X X X X White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatu X X X PETROICIDAE Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata CS3 X Red-capped Robin Petroica goodenovii X X X Scarlet Robin Petroica boodang CS3 X X X X Western Yellow Robin Eopsaltria griseogularis CS3 X X X X White-breasted Robin Eopsaltria georgiana CS3 X X X NEOSITTIDAE Varied Sittella Daphoenositta chrysoptera X X X PACHYCEPHALIDAE Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica CS3 X X X X Crested Bellbird Oreoica gutturalis X Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus CS2 X Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis CS3 X X X X Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris X X X DICRURIDAE Restless Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta X X Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca X X X Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa X X X X Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys X X X CAMPEPHAGIDAE Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae X X X White-winged Triller Lalage sueurii X X ARTAMIDAE Black-faced Woodswallow Artamus cinereus CS3 X X Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus CS3 X X X Masked Woodswallow Artamus personatus X X

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 61 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

BCE Common Name Species Name Status BA E N BCED 2013 Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus X X X X Pied Butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis X X Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen X X X X Grey Currawong Strepera versicolor X X X CORVIDAE Australian Raven Corvus coronoides X X X X Little Crow Corvus bennetti X X MOTACILIDAE Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae X X X PASSERIDAE Red-eared Firetail Stagonopleura oculata X X X DICAEIDAE Mistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum X X X X HIRUNDINIDAE White-backed Swallow Cheramoeca leucosternum X X Fairy Martin Hirundo ariel X X Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena X X X Tree Martin Hirundo nigricans X X X SYLVIIDAE Brown Songlark Cinclorhamphus cruralis X X Rufous Songlark Cinclorhamphus mathewsi X Australian Reed-Warbler Acrocephalus australis X X Little Grassbird Megalurus gramineus X X ZOSTEROPIDAE Silvereye Zosterops lateralis X X X X CS = 39 151 6 125 84 41 Total Number of Species 151 Int = 4

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 62 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

TABLE 5. Mammals.

Stat BCE Common Name Species Name E N BCED us 2013 TACHYGLOSSIDAE Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus X X X DASYURIDAE Chuditch Dasyurus geoffroii CS1 X X X Southern Brush-tailed Phascogale, Phascogale tapoatafa CS1 X X Wambenger Yellow-footed Antechinus Antechinus flavipes X X Fat-tailed Dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata Little Long-tailed Dunnart Sminthopsis dolichura X Gilbert’s Dunnart Sminthopsis gilberti X X Grey-bellied Dunnart Sminthopsis griseoventer X PERAMELIDAE Southern Brown Bandicoot Isoodon obesulus CS2 X X X PHALANGERIDAE Common Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula X X X BURRAMYIDAE Western Pygmy Possum Cercartetus concinnus X MACROPODIDAE Western Grey Kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus X X X Brush Wallaby Macropus irma CS2 X X TARSIPEDIDAE Honey Possum, Noolbenger Tarsipes rostratus X VESPERTILIONIDAE Gould`s Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldii X X X Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio X X Lesser Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi X X Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi X X Inland Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens balstoni X Southern Forest Bat Vespadelus regulus X X MOLOSSIDAE Western Freetail-bat Mormopterus planiceps X X White-striped Freetail-bat Tadarida australis X X X MURIDAE Western Bush Rat, Moodit Rattus fuscipes X

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 63 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Stat BCE Common Name Species Name E N BCED us 2013 INTRODUCED MAMMALS MURIDAE House Mouse Mus musculus X X Black Rat Rattus rattus X X LEPORIDAE Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus X X X X CANIDAE Dog Canis lupus X X Red Fox Vulpes vulpes X X X X FELIDAE Cat Felis catus X X X X BOVIDAE Feral Pig Sus scrofa X European Cattle Bos taurus X X Sheep Ovis aries X X Total Number of Species 31 4 1, 4 22, 8 15, 8 10 (7, 3) *Presence inferred from scats, tracks and diggings

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 64 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Appendix 7. Potential black-cockatoo habitat trees recorded during the field investigations

DBH = diameter at breast height, BC = black-cockatoo, PHBT = potential hollow-bearing tree, FT = foraging tree, NA = not applicable. See Appendix for scientific names of tree species. Datum = WGS84, zone 50J.

DBH Alive / Potential for Nesting Tree Easting Northing Species Hollow Details (mm) Dead (Current / Future) 1 416364 6475461 800 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 large vertical spout 2 416381 6475598 900 Marri Alive Future 3 416369 6475568 600 Marri Alive Future 4 416379 6475543 750 Marri Alive Future 5 416342 6475580 1200 Jarrah Alive Future 6 416325 6475589 600 Marri Alive Future 7 416296 6475588 750 Marri Alive Future 8 416285 6475592 550 Marri Alive Future 9 416265 6475614 800 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 hollow visible 10 416254 6475607 800 Marri Alive Future 11 416282 6475649 1700 Jarrah Alive Future 12 416264 6475661 1200 Jarrah Alive Future 13 416244 6475633 600 Marri Alive Future 14 416211 6475638 800 Marri Alive Future 15 416207 6475689 1100 Jarrah Alive Future 16 416217 6475701 1200 Jarrah Alive Future 17 416231 6475717 850 Marri Dead Potential Current 1 VERTICAL HOLLOW likely nest tree, 1 hollow nest 18 416207 6475774 1400 Jarrah Alive Likely Current chamber with 2 entrances and sign of old chewing 19 416198 6475773 700 Marri Alive Future 20 416191 6475793 750 Marri Alive Future 21 416184 6475801 1100 Jarrah Alive Future 22 416126 6475775 600 Jarrah Alive Future 23 416125 6475782 800 Marri Alive Future 2 vertical hollows, fresh 24 416092 6475680 700 Marri Alive Likely Active chewing, potential active nest tree 25 416042 6475745 900 Jarrah Alive Future 26 416069 6475759 1500 Jarrah Alive Future 27 416068 6475787 1000 Jarrah Alive Future 28 416066 6475795 900 Marri Alive Future 30 416094 6475862 1500 Marri Alive Future 31 416116 6475882 750 Marri Alive Future 32 416118 6475882 750 Marri Alive Future 33 415995 6475822 1150 Jarrah Alive Future 34 416016 6475768 950 Marri Alive Future 35 416025 6475784 700 Marri Alive Future

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 65 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

DBH Alive / Potential for Nesting Tree Easting Northing Species Hollow Details (mm) Dead (Current / Future) 36 415982 6475749 1700 Marri Alive Potential Current huge tree, 2 potential hollows 37 415872 6475733 700 Marri Alive Future 38 415882 6475717 850 Jarrah Alive Potential Current 1 large vertical spout 39 415870 6475707 750 Marri Alive Future 40 415825 6475729 950 Marri Alive Potential Current potential hollows 41 415939 6475714 700 Marri Alive Future 42 415955 6475716 650 Marri Alive Future 43 415949 6475683 650 Marri Alive Future 44 415942 6475680 700 Marri Alive Future 45 415947 6475662 600 Marri Alive Future 46 415954 6475657 600 Marri Alive Future 47 415954 6475659 900 Marri Alive Future 48 415982 6475668 1100 Marri Alive Future 49 415986 6475661 950 Jarrah Alive Potential Current 2 potential hollows 50 415995 6475656 650 Marri Alive Future 51 416000 6475679 900 Jarrah Alive Potential Current 2 potential hollows 1 potential hollow with fresh 52 416025 6475645 1000 Marri Alive Likely Current chewing 53 416048 6475639 1250 Marri Alive Future 54 416067 6475642 1000 Jarrah Alive Future 55 416085 6475644 800 Jarrah Alive Future 56 416089 6475633 600 Marri Alive Future 57 416095 6475630 800 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 58 416097 6475620 750 Marri Alive Future 59 416075 6475614 700 Jarrah Alive Future 60 416255 6475513 800 Jarrah Alive Future 61 416299 6475499 750 Marri Alive Future 62 416312 6475476 850 Marri Alive Potential Current 2 potential hollows 63 416309 6475477 800 Marri Alive Future 64 416324 6475487 600 Jarrah Alive Potential Current 3 potential hollows 65 416327 6475487 800 Marri Alive Future 66 416327 6475500 600 Marri Alive Future 67 416342 6475473 700 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 68 416321 6475456 900 Marri Alive Future 69 416364 6475450 600 Marri Alive Future 70 416339 6475427 850 Marri Alive Future 71 416456 6475620 500 Marri Alive Future 72 416398 6475632 700 Marri Alive Future 73 416394 6475638 700 Marri Alive Future 74 416391 6475645 900 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 75 416359 6475658 600 Marri Alive Future

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 66 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

DBH Alive / Potential for Nesting Tree Easting Northing Species Hollow Details (mm) Dead (Current / Future) 76 416287 6475728 850 Marri Alive Future Previously active RTBC nest - 77 416305 6475745 750 Marri Alive Likely Active see text, Section 4.1.4 78 416321 6475754 1300 Jarrah Alive Future 79 416298 6475776 650 Marri Dead Future 80 416290 6475784 700 Marri Alive Future 81 416276 6475756 650 Marri Alive Future 82 416280 6475723 550 Marri Alive Future 83 416277 6475815 1500 Jarrah Alive Future 84 416271 6475828 1200 Marri Alive Potential Current potential hollows 85 416259 6475847 1600 Jarrah Alive Future 86 416292 6475843 750 Marri Alive Future 87 416243 6475821 750 Marri Alive Future 88 416226 6475827 850 Jarrah Alive Future 89 416191 6475797 800 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 90 416202 6475843 1400 Jarrah Alive Future 91 416209 6475856 1400 Jarrah Alive Future 92 416201 6475862 600 Marri Alive Future 93 416332 6475865 700 Marri Alive Future 94 416341 6475863 700 Marri Alive Future 95 416365 6475837 1000 Marri Alive Potential Current 1+ potential hollow 96 416399 6475739 950 Marri Alive Future 97 416398 6475735 700 Marri Alive Future 98 416444 6475740 800 Marri Alive Future 99 416503 6475720 1300 Jarrah Alive Future 100 416500 6475725 600 Marri Alive Future 101 416437 6475892 1600 Marri Alive Future 102 416419 6475900 800 Jarrah Alive Future 103 416424 6475962 600 Marri Alive Future 104 416445 6475986 800 Marri Alive Future 105 416473 6475986 1100 Marri Alive Future 106 416574 6475999 700 Marri Alive Future 107 416583 6475991 700 Marri Alive Future 108 416601 6475974 800 Marri Alive Future 109 416645 6475916 700 Jarrah Alive Future 110 416661 6475903 800 Marri Alive Future 111 416548 6475841 1200 Jarrah Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 112 416530 6475856 700 Jarrah Alive Future 113 416507 6475837 1000 Marri Alive Future 114 416535 6475798 800 Marri Alive Future 115 416539 6475716 1100 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 67 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

DBH Alive / Potential for Nesting Tree Easting Northing Species Hollow Details (mm) Dead (Current / Future) 116 416531 6475679 900 Marri Alive Future 117 416506 6475670 1000 Marri Alive Future 118 416487 6475637 700 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 119 416505 6475631 750 Marri Alive Future 120 416453 6475232 800 Marri Alive Future 2 potential hollows, RTBC feed 121 416509 6475214 1000 Marri Alive Potential Current sign, 2 large vertical hollow entrances 122 416504 6475179 700 Marri Alive Future 123 416524 6475161 600 Marri Alive Future 124 416531 6475160 600 Marri Alive Future 125 416530 6475142 700 Jarrah Alive Future 126 416538 6475130 700 Marri Alive Future 127 416561 6475114 1300 Marri Alive Future 128 416532 6475086 950 Marri Alive Future 129 416523 6475045 700 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 130 416528 6475000 600 Jarrah Alive Future 131 416543 6474945 800 Jarrah Alive Future 132 416537 6474944 2000 Marri Alive Potential Current 2+ potential hollows 133 416534 6474946 1200 Marri Alive Future 134 416543 6474911 1000 Jarrah Alive Potential Current 2+ potential hollows 135 416477 6474962 800 Marri Alive Potential Current 2+ potential hollows 136 416456 6474981 1100 Jarrah Alive Future 137 416445 6474984 600 Marri Alive Future 138 416449 6475003 1100 Marri Alive Future 139 416351 6475041 1100 Jarrah Alive Future 140 416355 6475033 650 Marri Alive Future 141 416333 6475078 1400 Jarrah Alive Future 142 416356 6475099 800 Jarrah Alive Future 143 416355 6475103 950 Jarrah Alive Future 144 416356 6475111 1200 Marri Alive Future 145 416400 6475140 1000 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 146 416424 6475176 750 Marri Alive Future 147 416439 6476304 750 Jarrah Alive Future 148 416415 6476297 1100 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 large vertical spout 149 416378 6476308 850 Jarrah Alive Future 150 416298 6476287 700 Marri Alive Future 151 416237 6476280 750 Jarrah Dead Future 152 416161 6476225 900 Jarrah Alive Future 153 416110 6476255 1600 Jarrah Alive Future 154 416061 6476306 1100 Marri Dead Future

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 68 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

DBH Alive / Potential for Nesting Tree Easting Northing Species Hollow Details (mm) Dead (Current / Future) 155 416036 6476303 850 Jarrah Dead Future 156 416024 6476275 600 Marri Alive Future 157 416010 6476255 1000 Marri Alive Future 158 415995 6476222 750 Marri Alive Future 159 415946 6476215 800 Marri Alive Future 160 415938 6476211 1100 Marri Alive Future 161 415958 6476253 950 Marri Alive Future 162 415865 6476229 900 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 vertical hollow 163 415858 6476229 700 Marri Alive Future 164 415859 6476233 600 Jarrah Alive Future 165 415709 6476232 850 Marri Alive Future 166 415699 6476229 800 Marri Alive Future 167 415680 6476255 750 Marri Alive Future 168 415658 6476227 600 Marri Alive Future 169 415597 6476202 750 Marri Alive Future 170 415610 6476194 850 Marri Alive Future 171 415572 6476209 850 Marri Dead Potential Current 1 vertical hollow 172 415580 6476240 900 Jarrah Alive Future 173 415566 6476262 700 Marri Alive Future 174 415374 6476216 1100 Marri Alive Future 175 415310 6476200 600 Marri Alive Future 176 415302 6476200 700 Marri Alive Future 177 415293 6476181 800 Marri Alive Future 178 415246 6476185 800 Marri Alive Future 179 415249 6476113 1100 Marri Alive Potential Current 2 vertical hollows 180 415223 6476063 850 Marri Alive Future 181 415326 6475997 800 Marri Alive Future 182 415347 6476011 650 Marri Alive Future 183 415366 6475986 650 Marri Alive Future 184 415309 6475949 850 Marri Alive Potential Current 2 large hollows 185 415317 6475924 1150 Marri Alive Future 186 415321 6475903 1000 Marri Alive Future 187 415259 6475959 850 Marri Alive Future 188 415247 6475878 900 Marri Alive Future 189 415247 6475806 1050 Marri Alive Potential Current 2 large hollows 190 415240 6475726 850 Marri Alive Future 191 415266 6475718 650 Marri Alive Future 192 415294 6475710 550 Marri Dead Future 193 415309 6475678 750 Marri Alive Future 194 415358 6475730 900 Marri Alive Future

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 69 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

DBH Alive / Potential for Nesting Tree Easting Northing Species Hollow Details (mm) Dead (Current / Future) 195 415413 6475730 750 Marri Alive Future 196 415437 6475720 900 Marri Alive Future 197 415541 6475700 800 Marri Alive Future 198 415537 6475687 500 Marri Dead Potential Current 1 large hollow 199 415537 6475687 550 Jarrah Alive Future 200 415546 6475679 850 Marri Alive Future 201 415574 6475689 850 Marri Alive Future 202 415578 6475697 800 Marri Alive Future 203 415584 6475715 700 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 large hollow at top 204 415581 6475718 600 Marri Alive Future 205 415573 6475739 700 Marri Alive Future 206 415595 6475723 800 Marri Alive Future 207 415626 6475749 750 Marri Alive Future 208 415640 6475704 750 Marri Alive Future 209 415651 6475675 900 Marri Alive Future 210 415684 6475682 950 Marri Alive Future 211 415635 6475787 1300 Jarrah Alive Future 212 415611 6475818 950 Marri Alive Future 213 415616 6475826 550 Marri Alive Future 1 hollow with bees 214 415632 6475838 700 Marri Alive Future 215 415637 6475839 750 Marri Alive Future 216 415654 6475829 750 Marri Alive Future 217 415665 6475814 700 Marri Alive Future 218 415650 6475805 750 Marri Alive Future 219 415672 6475819 700 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 220 415672 6475844 950 Marri Alive Future 2 likely hollows, 1 with fresh 221 415632 6475873 900 Marri Alive Potential Current chewing 222 415662 6475904 900 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 potential hollow 223 415644 6475943 850 Marri Alive Potential Current 2 likely hollows 224 415687 6475947 1000 Marri Alive Future 225 415747 6475919 600 Marri Alive Future 226 415755 6475936 700 Marri Alive Future 227 415766 6475938 900 Marri Alive Future 228 415760 6476005 850 Marri Alive Future 229 415792 6476017 600 Marri Alive Future 230 415919 6476041 700 Marri Alive Future 231 415912 6476063 700 Marri Alive Future 232 415959 6476082 600 Marri Alive Future 233 416070 6476155 950 Marri Alive Future 234 416067 6476139 650 Marri Alive Future

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 70 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

DBH Alive / Potential for Nesting Tree Easting Northing Species Hollow Details (mm) Dead (Current / Future) 235 416102 6476086 950 Marri Alive Future 236a 416291 6476226 550 Marri Alive Future 236b 416288 6476228 650 Marri Alive Future 237 416152 6476184 600 Marri Alive Future 238 416042 6476244 850 Marri Alive Future 239 416018 6476212 1050 Marri Alive Future 240 416004 6476184 700 Marri Alive Future 241 416015 6476161 950 Marri Alive Future 242 415994 6476154 650 Marri Alive Future 243 415977 6476156 550 Marri Alive Future 244 415976 6476171 750 Marri Alive Future 245 415950 6476162 900 Marri Alive Future 246 415856 6476147 650 Marri Alive Potential Current 1 vertical hollow 247 415827 6476144 800 Marri Alive Future 248 415769 6476140 700 Jarrah Alive Future 249 415700 6476187 1200 Marri Alive Potential Current at least 1 potential hollow 250 415658 6476193 750 Marri Alive Future 251 415642 6476207 700 Marri Alive Future 252 415623 6476172 650 Marri Alive Future 253 415589 6476145 750 Marri Alive Future 254 415596 6476135 750 Jarrah Alive Future 255 415600 6476134 500 Marri Alive Future 256 415572 6476150 650 Marri Alive Future 257 415567 6476147 600 Jarrah Alive Future 258 415534 6476188 1050 Jarrah Alive Future 259 415536 6476140 1000 Marri Alive Future Bees in hollow 260 415535 6476145 600 Jarrah Alive Future 261 415511 6476129 650 Marri Alive Future 262 415498 6476138 650 Marri Alive Future 263 415484 6476129 550 Marri Alive Future 264 415464 6476139 750 Marri Alive Future 265 415409 6476021 800 Marri Alive Future 266 415422 6476027 900 Marri Alive Potential Current 2 potential hollows 267 415484 6475989 700 Marri Alive Future 268 415485 6475995 800 Marri Alive Future 269 415495 6475991 750 Marri Alive Future 270 415487 6475970 1000 Marri Alive Future 271 415472 6475922 900 Marri Alive Future 272 415513 6475942 950 Marri Alive Future 273 415551 6475916 900 Marri Alive Future

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 71 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

DBH Alive / Potential for Nesting Tree Easting Northing Species Hollow Details (mm) Dead (Current / Future) 274 415579 6475906 800 Marri Alive Future 275 415585 6475931 900 Marri Alive Future 276 415560 6475863 600 Marri Alive Future 277 415470 6475848 650 Marri Alive Future 278 415470 6475852 500 Marri Alive Future 279 415446 6475821 750 Marri Dead Potential Current 1 potential hollow 280 415313 6475785 750 Marri Alive Future 281 415292 6475744 700 Marri Alive Future 282 415428 6475771 1000 Marri Dead Potential Current 1 potential hollow 283 415454 6475776 900 Marri Alive Future 284 415460 6475799 800 Marri Alive Future 285 415545 6475793 1100 Jarrah Alive Future 286 415552 6475792 650 Marri Dead Future 287 415563 6475807 700 Marri Alive Future 288 415617 6475951 650 Marri Alive Future 289 415602 6475983 1350 Jarrah Alive Future 290 415598 6475992 1050 Marri Alive Future 291 415621 6476044 900 Marri Dead Potential Current 1+ potential hollow 292 415653 6476112 800 Marri Alive Potential Current 1+ potential hollow 293 415685 6476147 700 Jarrah Alive Future 294 415704 6476164 650 Marri Alive Future 295 415743 6476104 1110 Marri Alive Future 296 415756 6476084 950 Marri Alive Potential Current 1+ potential hollow 297 415767 6476103 800 Jarrah Alive Future 298 415765 6476102 700 Marri Alive Potential Current 1+ potential hollow 299 415779 6476126 700 Marri Alive Future 300 415770 6476141 700 Marri Alive Future

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 72 Wedgetail Circle Parkerville Fauna Assessment

Appendix 8. Locations of Black Cockatoo Foraging Debris.

Species Easting Northing Record Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 416606 6475526 Foraging debris Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 415576 6475692 Foraging debris Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 415679 6475722 Foraging debris Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 415630 6475873 Foraging debris Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 416179 6476187 Foraging debris Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 416456 6475239 Foraging debris Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 416430 6475710 Foraging debris Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo 416503 6475640 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 416838 6475368 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 416059 6476198 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 416211 6475761 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 416088 6475801 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 416302 6475775 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 416271 6475828 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 416519 6475982 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 416151 6476240 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 415673 6475740 Foraging debris Baudin’s Black Cockatoo 415359 6476144 Foraging debris

BAMFORD Consulting Ecologists 73