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Landslide Detection and Susceptibility Mapping Using Innovative Remote INTERPRAEVENT 2008 – Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2 LITERATUR Angerer H., Sönser Th. & Spang R.M. (1998): Steinschlagrisiko und Investitionsentscheidung - Gibt es eine rationale Basis? - Felsbau 16/3, S. 168-176, Glückauf Verlag Essen. LANDSLIDE DETECTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING USING Barton, N., Lien, R. & Lunde, J. (1974): Engineering classification of rock masses for the INNOVATIVE REMOTE SENSING DATA SOURCES design of tunnel support. Rock Mechanics, Vol. 6/4, 189-236. Bieniawsky, Z.T. (1988): The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) System (Geomechanics 1 Herwig Proske, Klaus Granica, Manuela Hirschmugl and Michael Wurm Classification) in Engineering Practices. - Rock Classification Systems for Engineering Purposes, 17-34. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials. ABSTRACT Evans S.G. & Hungr O. (1993): The assessment of rockfall hazard at the base of talus slopes. In: Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, 620-636. Landslide susceptibility analysis using univariate statistical models is a complex and sensitive Hungr O., Fletcher L., Jakob M., Mackay C., Evans S. G. (2003): A System of Rock Fall and task. The resulting quality of the functional models is directly dependant on the quality of the Rock Slide Hazard Rating for a Railway - Geohazards 2003 Edmonton, Alberta, input data with respect to spatial resolution, classification accuracy and completeness. In this Canada. paper, the application of innovative Remote Sensing data sources is evaluated. The International Maritime Organisation (2001): Maritime safety committee. 74th session Agenda classification of Very High Resolution (VHR) Satellite data proved to deliver accurate land item 16 - MSC 74/16/1. 23 February 2001. Formal safety assessment Report of the cover classes. Results show that congruent quality from QuickBird data compared to aerial Correspondence Group. Part 2: Draft Guidelines for FSA, 23. photographs can be obtained. As QuickBird images have a larger coverage and a better Meißl G. (1997): Modellierung der Reichweite von Felsstürzen – zum Einsatz eines GIS für radiometric stability, the development of automatic tools is favoured. Interpretations based on die Gefahrenbeurteilung im regionalen Maßstab. – Diss. Inst. Geogr. Univ. Innsbruck. Earth Observation data seem to be the only possibility to obtain landslide inventories that Mölk M. (2000): The Kreuzlau Rockfall - Methodical Approach for the Collection of Basic cover large areas and are widely complete. Only VHR imagery allows the detection of small Data Aiming at the Evaluation of Rockfall Hazards and the Planning of Counter- landslides. Digital Terrain Models based on airborne Laserscanner data facilitate a precise Measures. – Felsbau 18 Nr. 1. derivation of geomorphometric parameters. The analysis of the susceptibility modelling Mölk M. (2002): Simulation of Rockfall Processes – Aspects of modern dimensioning tools results shows the high significance of geological and land cover parameters. for mitigation measures. – Proceedings of International Workshop on Rockfall Control Engineering, International Union of Forest Research Organisations, Research Group Keywords:Key words: Remote Sensing, Landslides, Susceptibility Modelling 8.04 Natural Disasters, Galtür. Nawar G. & Salter R. (1993): Probability of death and quantification of the value of life, 157 – 163 In: Melchers R. E. & Stewart M. G. (Eds.): Probabilistic Risk and Hazard INTRODUCTION Asessment, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdamm/Brookfield. Nielsen N.M., Hartford D.N.D. & Macdonald (1994). Selection of tolerable risk criteria for High mountainous regions are challenging to human society in many senses. For centuries, dam safety decision making. Proc. 1994 Canadian Dam Safety Conference, Winnipeg, people living in these areas had to contend with the unfavourable climatic conditions, the Manitoba. Vancouver: BiTech Publishers, 355-369. difficulties of settling on steep slopes and cultivating sparse agricultural land or the force of Pierson L.A., Davis S.A. & Van Vickle R. (1990): Rockfall hazard Rating System transporting goods on endangered paths or roads. Moreover, these unfavourable conditions implementation Manual. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Report FHWA-OR- have also strongly influenced the means of collecting information for scientific investigations EG-90-01. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. in such an extreme environment. Cumbersome field work taking much of manpower and Poisel R. & Preh A (2004): Rock slope initial failure mechanisms and their mechanical therefore generating high costs was the usual method for data collection. The identification models. Felsbau 22 No. 2, 40- 45. and mapping of landslide risk zones is an example of such a very labour-intensive work, if Pritchard M.; Porter M.; Savigny W.; Bruce I.; Oboni F.; Keegan T. & Abbott B. (2005): CN solely based on fieldwork. To overcome this drawback, which is specifically severe in rockfall hazard risk management system: Experience, enhancements, and future inaccessible areas, nowadays remote sensing data can be used. direction.- Landslide Risk Management: Proceedings of the International Conference on Landslide Risk Management, Vancouver. Edited by: Hungr, O.; Fell, R.; Couture, R.; Generally, the spatial probability of mass movements is influenced by a number of and Eberhardt, E. Leiden: A.A. Balkema. environmental quasi-static factors. Quasi-static means, that these factors are normally stable Wong H. N. (2007): Landslide risk assessment for individual facilities. Thirty years of slope over a period of time. Most of these factors can be assigned to one of the following main safety practice in Hong Kong. The Government of the Hong Kong Special categories: (a) geology; (b) geomorphology and topography; (c) land use and land cover. The Administrative Region. triggering factors (dynamic factors) for an actual landslide event are temporal ones such as Wyllie D. C. & Mah C. W. (2004): Rock Slope Engineering – Civil and Mining, Spon Press. Wyllie D. C. (2006): Risk management of rock fall hazards. – Sea to Sky Geotechnique, Conference Proceedings, 25-32, Vancouver. 1 JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Inst. für Digitale Bildverarbeitung, Wastiangasse 6, 8010 Graz, Österreich (Tel.: +43-316-876-1735; Fax: +43-316-876-1720; email: [email protected].) – 218 – – 219 – abundant rainfall, rapid spring snow melt or earthquakes. For the generation of basic zoning The landscape was shaped strongly by maps of mass movement susceptibility, the triggering factors are not taken into account. L e c h t a l A l p s the pleistocene glaciation periods. However, indicators for the quasi-static factors should be extracted as automatic as possible. Furthermore, the pleistocene Currently existing very high resolution (VHR) satellite remote sensing systems offer an glaciation has left widespread opportunity to extract land surface information that until recently could only be derived from morainic deposits. Today only some aerial photographs or by extensive field work. minor glaciers in the highest parts of Landeck the mountains have persisted. Karst S This work was performed within the scope of the EU funded project ASSIST (Alpine Safety, tan phenomena are typical for the ze r V Security & Informational Services and Technologies). One of the main tasks was the design al Sanna carbonatic units of the Lechtal Alps. ley of a geo-service framework based on innovative Earth Observation (EO) data to support Valley The main valleys, the Stanzer- and the mitigation and emergency measures. This included the combination of remote sensing results Paznaun Valley, are densely populated with other spatial information such as geological maps or digital elevation models. To address V e r w a l l G r o u p and extensively used for transport and the needs of risk management three types of basic products were generated: base information touristic purposes. Therefore, the area layers (maps of quasi-static parameters, e.g. land cover), dynamic information layers (maps of is highly vulnerable to natural hazards dynamic parameters, e.g. snow cover) and products processed from the information layers and consequences of events are y n Valle using modelling approaches (e.g. landslide susceptibility maps). Some results of the latter are Paznau typically more severe than in other, described in the following contribution. less developed regions. For instance, flooding caused heavy damage on the infrastructure and settlements in OBJECTIVES August 2005 disrupting the important Arlberg railway route for more than Fig. 1: Location of the test area in the western part of Tyrol The focus in this investigation was the identification of parameters and/or indicators for (- - - border of subset presented in Fig. 3) three months. natural hazards with special emphasis on landslides and the derivation of susceptibility maps. Focal points are the usage of new remote sensing tools and the development of (semi-) automatised procedures for the derivation of environmental factors that might affect landslide DATA SOURCES occurrence. In order to obtain land cover and land use parameters with adequate accuracy, VHR (very high resolution) satellite imagery were used. Based on these data, supervised With the emerging of commercial satellite systems providing VHR data with a ground classification and visual interpretation were applied and investigated with special emphasis on resolution of 1 m per pixel and below (IKONOS, QuickBird) the potential for space borne the development of automatic classification tools. As the test area
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