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Truman, ''Faith-Based'' Diplomatie Et Ambigüités Du Plan Marshall: Cas Truman, ”faith-based” diplomatie et ambigüités du Plan Marshall : cas de la France de l’après-guerre Jean-Marie Autran To cite this version: Jean-Marie Autran. Truman, ”faith-based” diplomatie et ambigüités du Plan Marshall : cas de la France de l’après-guerre. Histoire. Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015BOR30023. tel-01245761 HAL Id: tel-01245761 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01245761 Submitted on 17 Dec 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3 École Doctorale Montaigne Humanités (ED 480) Équipe de recherche : Culture, Langue, Littérature des Mondes Anglophones (CLIMAS, EA 4196) THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN ÉTUDES ANGLOPHONES Truman, « faith-based » diplomatie et ambigüités du Plan Marshall. Le cas de la France de l'Après-guerre. Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 6 juillet 2015 par Jean-Marie AUTRAN Sous la direction de Madame Bernadette Rigal-Cellard Membres du jury Mme Blandine Chelini-Pont, Professeur, Université Aix-Marseille, Rapporteur. M. Pierre Sicard, Professeur, Université de Picardie, Rapporteur. M. Pierre Chaissaigne, Professeur, Université Bordeaux Montaigne. Mme Bernadette Rigal-Cellard, Professeur, Université Bordeaux Montaigne. 1 2 À mon épouse, Sheryl À mes enfants, Chloé, Wesley et Kevin À mon frère Philippe À la mémoire de mes parents 3 Je suis baptiste par éducation et par conviction, que Jean le Baptiste a reconnu et baptisé le Sauveur du monde, Jésus. Et mes amis, il ne l’a pas juste aspergé avec de l'eau du Jourdain ; avec révérence, il a doucement immergé son corps sous la surface du Jourdain sacré puis l’a redressé,symbole que le péché pouvait être effacé. Harry S. Truman1 1 Mr. Citizen File, Drafts-Chapter IX, "My Views on Religion", Box 5, 23, William Hillman Papers, Truman Library. 4 5 TABLE DES MATIÈRES Table des illustrations…...........................................................................................................11 Table des annexes…...................................................................................................................16 Avant-propos…..........................................................................................................................17 Méthodologie et sources……………………………………………………………………...17 Remerciements….......................................................................................................................23 INTRODUCTION…..................................................................................................................25 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : LE PRÉSIDENT TRUMAN ET LE RÉARMEMENT SPIRITUEL DANS LE CONTEXTE DE LA SOCIÉTÉ AMÉRICAINE DES ANNÉES 40………….36 1 CHAPITRE 1 : COMMENT COMPRENDRE LE PRÉSIDENT HARRY TRUMAN, UN MISSOURIEN À LA MAISON BLANCHE……………………………………………….38 1.1 Harry Truman, le paroissien baptiste du Missouri…………………………………...38 2.1.1. Les fondements de la foi chrétienne du président Harry S. Truman……………43 2.1.2. Harry Truman, le pacifiste : « Heureux sont ceux qui procurent la paix ; car ils seront appelés enfants de Dieu » Matthieu 5 : 9…………………………………………..52 2. CHAPITRE 2 : COMMENT COMPRENDRE L’OPINION PUBLIQUE AMÉRICAINE EN 1945........................................................................................................................................66 2.1. Un dynamisme religieux en contraste avec celui de l’Europe de 1945…………….67 2.1.1. Une société religieuse active et plurielle…………………………………………….67 2.1.2. Les protestants à la poursuite du rêve unitaire……………………………………..74 2.1.3. Le débat entre protestants et catholiques : de l’ostracisme à la compétition…....91 2.1.4. La percée imparable du catholicisme américain……………………………………99 6 2.2. Le pluralisme religieux en quête d’une unité nationale et d’une religion civile……………………………………………………………………………………………112 2.2.1. L’espoir du mouvement œcuménique chrétien…………………………………...112 2.2.2. La « Tri-faith alliance » ou l’alliance judéo-chrétienne pour un véritable exceptionnalisme américain………………………………………………………………...121 3. CHAPITRE 3 : LA DOCTRINE TRUMAN ET LES CONCLUSIONS DE LA NÉCESSITÉ D’UNE APPROCHE GLOBALE INCLUANT UN RÉARMEMENT SPIRITUEL……........................................................................................................................136 3.1. La place de la religion dans les théories historiographiques sur l’origine de la Guerre froide…………………………………………………………………………………………..139 3.2. La religion en politique étrangère, un héritage historique inscrit dans la continuité présidentielle de la Destinée Manifeste à la doctrine Truman…………......................142 3.3. La religion au cœur des institutions américaines : « Nous sommes un peuple religieux dont les institutions présupposent un Être Suprême »……………………...163 3.4. La complicité idéologique entre la foi personnelle du président Truman, la stratégie de George F. Kennan et la guerre psychologique……………………………………….171 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : LE PRÉSIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN ET LES MESURES PRISES DANS LE CADRE DU RÉARMEMENT SPIRITUEL AUX ÉTATS-UNIS ET EN FRANCE………………………………………………………………………………………209 4. CHAPITRE 4 : LE PLAN D’ACTION D’HARRY TRUMAN D’AIDE ÉCONOMIQUE ET DE RÉARMEMENT SPIRITUEL POUR REVIGORER LES CORPS ET LES ÂMES………………………………………………………………………………………….211 4.1. Séduire les Américains....................................................................................................211 4.1.1. L’Opération « Trou à rats » ou l’art de Truman de vendre la France aux Américains…………………………………………………………………………………….211 4.2. La mise en œuvre aux États-Unis………………………………………………………215 4.2.1. « Soul-searching » et tentative de mobilisation des forces religieuses………...215 7 4.2.2. Les défenseurs du plan Truman, adeptes de l’endiguement et du réarmement spirituel………………………………………………………………………………………..221 4.2.3. L’allié catholique, fer de lance d’Harry Truman……………………………….…226 4.2.4. La fronde protestante et la diplomatie parallèle d’Harry Truman……………..234 4.2.5. Rassembler les forces du christianisme et des autres religions, déborder l’institution protestante en s’adressant directement aux Américains et les mobiliser : “There’s no way like the American way"………………………………………………....262 5. CHAPITRE 5 : L’EXPORTATION DU VOLET SPIRITUEL DU PLAN TRUMAN EN FRANCE ; « SÉDUIRE LES FRANÇAIS » ET METTRE EN ŒUVRE LE RÉARMEMENT SPIRITUEL……………………………………………............................................................269 5.1. Les outils politiques et diplomatiques à la disposition du Président Truman………………………………………………………………………………………...272 5.1.1. Les groupes religieux et l’aide humanitaire……………………………………….273 5.1.2. Les outils de la diplomatie parallèle avec les dirigeants de la France et du clergé…………………………………………………………………………………………...306 TROISIÈME PARTIE : LES ÉGLISES AMÉRICAINES ET L'IMPACT DU RÉARMEMENT SPIRITUEL SUR LE PAYSAGE RELIGIEUX DE L'APRÈS-GUERRE EN FRANCE…………………………………………………………….........................................331 6. CHAPITRE 6 : L’AMPLEUR DE LA DÉCHRISTIANISATION ET LA « RIPOSTE MISSIONNAIRE » DES GROUPES RELIGIEUX AMÉRICAINS…………………….333 6.1. Un émissaire de circonstance, le père George E. Labonte au service d’Harry Truman et de la nation…………………………………………………………………………………334 6.2. Les missionnaires évangéliques à l’assaut du défi français……………………….341 6.2.1 Le retour des baptistes américains et des Églises évangéliques…………………343 6.2.1.1. Analyse des comportements généraux des évangéliques américains du début de la Guerre froide…………………………………………………………………………........349 6.2.1.2 Le boom mondial de l’évangélisme et le paradoxe français……………………352 8 6.2.1. L’ancrage de la présence américaine à partir des années 50…………………….358 6.2.2. Un exemple de stratégie d’intégration avec les mennonites………………….....366 6.2.3. L’incompréhension et la frustration dans les thèmes de communication interne entre les missionnaires évangéliques et les États-Unis…………………………………370 6.2.4. Le clash des exceptionnalismes et les propositions missiologiques……………380 6.2.5. Un bilan missionnaire plutôt qualitatif que quantitatif…………………………396 6.3. La renaissance des missions mormones en France…………………………………400 6.3.1. La reprise du prosélytisme sur fond d’aide humanitaire………………………..400 6.3.2. La nouvelle image de l’Église des SDJ dans l’après – guerre à travers les médias français………………………………………………………………………………………...413 6.3.3. Le travail missionnaire des saints américains et leurs nouvelles techniques…421 6.3.4. La voix française de l’Église dite restaurée : « Pourquoi n'allez-vous pas chez les païens ? Nous, nous sommes déjà chrétiens ! » La réponse, évidemment, c’est : « Parce que nous croyons en une religion et en une Église, révélées, rétablies »……………433 7. CHAPITRE 7 : LES RIPOSTES DES ÉGLISES LOCALES CATHOLIQUES ET PROTESTANTES FACE À LA DÉCHRISTIANISATION DE LA FRANCE…….....448 7.1. Le catholicisme français à la Libération……………………………………………..450 7.2. Le déchristianisation de la France ouvrière et le communisme…………………..458 7.3. « La Messe sur une barricade » ou l’engagement des prêtres ouvriers, une évangélisation entre catholicisme et communisme……………………………………..464
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