FY 2017 Annual Report on Technology Transfer Disclaimers
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Worms, Nematoda
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2001 Worms, Nematoda Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Gardner, Scott Lyell, "Worms, Nematoda" (2001). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 78. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/78 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 5 (2001): 843-862. Copyright 2001, Academic Press. Used by permission. Worms, Nematoda Scott L. Gardner University of Nebraska, Lincoln I. What Is a Nematode? Diversity in Morphology pods (see epidermis), and various other inverte- II. The Ubiquitous Nature of Nematodes brates. III. Diversity of Habitats and Distribution stichosome A longitudinal series of cells (sticho- IV. How Do Nematodes Affect the Biosphere? cytes) that form the anterior esophageal glands Tri- V. How Many Species of Nemata? churis. VI. Molecular Diversity in the Nemata VII. Relationships to Other Animal Groups stoma The buccal cavity, just posterior to the oval VIII. Future Knowledge of Nematodes opening or mouth; usually includes the anterior end of the esophagus (pharynx). GLOSSARY pseudocoelom A body cavity not lined with a me- anhydrobiosis A state of dormancy in various in- sodermal epithelium. -
Theory Manual Course No. Pl. Path
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Theory Manual INTRODUCTORY PLANT NEMATOLOGY Course No. Pl. Path 2.2 (V Dean’s) nd 2 Semester B.Sc. (Hons.) Agri. PROF.R.R.PATEL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Dr.D.M.PATHAK, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Dr.R.R.WAGHUNDE, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BHARUCH 392012 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION What are the nematodes? Nematodes are belongs to animal kingdom, they are triploblastic, unsegmented, bilateral symmetrical, pseudocoelomateandhaving well developed reproductive, nervous, excretoryand digestive system where as the circulatory and respiratory systems are absent but govern by the pseudocoelomic fluid. Plant Nematology: Nematology is a science deals with the study of morphology, taxonomy, classification, biology, symptomatology and management of {plant pathogenic} nematode (PPN). The word nematode is made up of two Greek words, Nema means thread like and eidos means form. The words Nematodes is derived from Greek words ‘Nema+oides’ meaning „Thread + form‟(thread like organism ) therefore, they also called threadworms. They are also known as roundworms because nematode body tubular is shape. The movement (serpentine) of nematodes like eel (marine fish), so also called them eelworm in U.K. and Nema in U.S.A. Roundworms by Zoologist Nematodes are a diverse group of organisms, which are found in many different environments. Approximately 50% of known nematode species are marine, 25% are free-living species found in soil or freshwater, 15% are parasites of animals, and 10% of known nematode species are parasites of plants (see figure at left). The study of nematodes has traditionally been viewed as three separate disciplines: (1) Helminthology dealing with the study of nematodes and other worms parasitic in vertebrates (mainly those of importance to human and veterinary medicine). -
Biology and Control of the Anguinid Nematode
BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE AIIGTIINID NEMATODE ASSOCIATED WITH F'LOOD PLAIN STAGGERS by TERRY B.ERTOZZI (B.Sc. (Hons Zool.), University of Adelaide) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The University of Adelaide (School of Agriculture and Wine) September 2003 Table of Contents Title Table of contents.... Summary Statement..... Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction ... Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.I Introduction.. 4 2.2 The 8acterium................ 4 2.2.I Taxonomic status..' 4 2.2.2 The toxins and toxin production.... 6 2.2.3 Symptoms of poisoning................. 7 2.2.4 Association with nematodes .......... 9 2.3 Nematodes of the genus Anguina 10 2.3.1 Taxonomy and sYstematics 10 2.3.2 Life cycle 13 2.4 Management 15 2.4.1 Identifi cation...................'..... 16 2.4.2 Agronomicmethods t6 2.4.3 FungalAntagonists l7 2.4.4 Other strategies 19 2.5 Conclusions 20 Chapter 3 General Methods 3.1 Field sites... 22 3.2 Collection and storage of Polypogon monspeliensis and Agrostis avenaceø seed 23 3.3 Surface sterilisation and germination of seed 23 3.4 Collection and storage of nematode galls .'.'.'.....'.....' 24 3.5 Ext¡action ofjuvenile nematodes from galls 24 3.6 Counting nematodes 24 3.7 Pot experiments............. 24 Chapter 4 Distribution of Flood Plain Staggers 4.1 lntroduction 26 4.2 Materials and Methods..............'.. 27 4.2.1 Survey of Murray River flood plains......... 27 4.2.2 Survey of southeastern South Australia .... 28 4.2.3 Surveys of northern New South Wales...... 28 4.3 Results 29 4.3.1 Survey of Murray River flood plains... -
CHECKLIST of WISCONSIN MOTHS (Superfamilies Mimallonoidea, Drepanoidea, Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, and Noctuoidea)
WISCONSIN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 6 JUNE 2018 CHECKLIST OF WISCONSIN MOTHS (Superfamilies Mimallonoidea, Drepanoidea, Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, and Noctuoidea) Leslie A. Ferge,1 George J. Balogh2 and Kyle E. Johnson3 ABSTRACT A total of 1284 species representing the thirteen families comprising the present checklist have been documented in Wisconsin, including 293 species of Geometridae, 252 species of Erebidae and 584 species of Noctuidae. Distributions are summarized using the six major natural divisions of Wisconsin; adult flight periods and statuses within the state are also reported. Examples of Wisconsin’s diverse native habitat types in each of the natural divisions have been systematically inventoried, and species associated with specialized habitats such as peatland, prairie, barrens and dunes are listed. INTRODUCTION This list is an updated version of the Wisconsin moth checklist by Ferge & Balogh (2000). A considerable amount of new information from has been accumulated in the 18 years since that initial publication. Over sixty species have been added, bringing the total to 1284 in the thirteen families comprising this checklist. These families are estimated to comprise approximately one-half of the state’s total moth fauna. Historical records of Wisconsin moths are relatively meager. Checklists including Wisconsin moths were compiled by Hoy (1883), Rauterberg (1900), Fernekes (1906) and Muttkowski (1907). Hoy's list was restricted to Racine County, the others to Milwaukee County. Records from these publications are of historical interest, but unfortunately few verifiable voucher specimens exist. Unverifiable identifications and minimal label data associated with older museum specimens limit the usefulness of this information. Covell (1970) compiled records of 222 Geometridae species, based on his examination of specimens representing at least 30 counties. -
Anguina Tritici
Anguina tritici Scientific Name Anguina tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Chitwood, 1935 Synonyms Anguillula tritici, Rhabditis tritici, Tylenchus scandens, Tylenchus tritici, and Vibrio tritici Common Name(s) Nematode: Wheat seed gall nematode Type of Pest Nematode Taxonomic Position Class: Secernentea, Order: Tylenchida, Family: Anguinidae Reason for Inclusion in Manual Pests of Economic and Environmental Concern Listing 2017 Background Information Anguina tritici was discovered in England in 1743 and was the first plant parasitic nematode to be recognized (Ferris, 2013). This nematode was first found in the United States in 1909 and subsequently found in numerous states, where it was primarily found in wheat but also in rye to a lesser extent (PERAL, 2015). Modern agricultural practices, including use of clean seed and crop rotation, have all but eliminated A. tritici in countries which have adopted these practices, and the nematode has not been found in the United States since 1975 (PERAL, 2015). However, A. tritici is still a problem in third world countries where such practices are not widely adapted (SON, n.d.). Figure 1: Brightfield light microscope images of an A. tritici female as seen under low power In addition, trade issues have arisen due to magnification. J. D. Eisenback, Virginia Tech, conflicting records of A. tritici in the United bugwood.org States (PERAL, 2015). 1 Figure 2: Wheat seed gall broken open to reveal Figure 3: Seed gall teased apart to reveal adult thousands of infective juveniles. Michael McClure, males and females and thousands of eggs. J. University of Arizona, bugwood.org D. Eisenback, Virginia Tech, bugwood.org Pest Description Measurements (From Swarup and Gupta (1971) and Krall (1991): Egg: 85 x 38 μm on average, but may also be larger (130 x 63 μm). -
Rathayibacter Poisoning
Recovery Plan For Rathayibacter Poisoning Caused by Rathayibacter toxicus (syn. Clavibacter toxicus) February, 2010 Contents: Page Executive Summary 2 Contributors and Reviewers 4 I. Introduction 5 II. Disease Development and Symptoms 7 III. Plant Infection, Spread of the Bacterium, and Animal Poisoning 10 IV. Monitoring and Detection 11 V. Response 12 VI. USDA Pathogen Permits 13 VII. Economic Impact and Compensation 14 VIII. Mitigation and Disease Management 14 IX. Infrastructure and Experts 15 X. Research, Extension, and Education 16 References 19 Web Resources 23 Appendices 24 This recovery plan is one of several disease-specific documents produced as part of the National Plant Disease Recovery System (NPDRS) called for in Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 9 (HSPD-9). The purpose of the NPDRS is to ensure that the tools, infrastructure, communication networks, and capacity required to minimize the impact of high consequence plant disease outbreaks are available so that a adequate level of crop production is maintained. Each disease-specific plan is intended to provide a brief primer on the disease, assess the status of critical recovery components, and identify disease management research, extension, and education needs. These documents are not intended to be stand-alone documents that address all of the many and varied aspects of plant disease outbreaks and all of the decisions that must be made and actions taken to achieve effective response and recovery. They are, however, documents that will help the USDA to further guide efforts toward plant disease recovery. Executive Summary Rathayibacter (Clavibacter) toxicus was added to the Select Agent List in 2008 due primarily to the potential damage affecting domesticated forage-consuming animals in the U.S. -
Biology and Histopathology of Different
1 BIOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF ANGUINA TRITICI ON TRITICUM SPP. by Riadh Falih Al-Sabie B.Sc. (Baghdad), DIC. (Imperial College), M.Sc. (London) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON. Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology Imperial College at Silwood Park Imperial College of Science and Technology AshursE Lodge Sunninghill Ascot Berkshire: ENGLAND September, 1980. 11 ABSTRACT Isolates of Anguina tritici from Australia, England, India, Iraq and U.S.A. were maintained on spring wheat. Measurements of males and females and second stage juveniles (J2) showed consistent morphometric differences between some isolates. Host range studies on species and varieties of Triticwn and AegiZops indicated an ability to infect a wide range of hosts of which 9 were new records. Infection studies on naturally infected wheat revealed that the growing point was invaded by the second stage juveniles shortly after flower induction. Artificial inoculation of wheat plants showed that the infective stage needed an association with the flower primordia for at least 24 days (latent period) for galling to be initiated. Further studies were made on the effect of temperature on invasion and distribution of galls in artificially inoculated heads. The histopathology of infection and subsequent gall development was observed. J2 invaded the primordia of either one stamen only (outer anther), ovary only or both to form the gall. The J2 survived in the soil for 250 days in the absence of a host, and some could still infect and form galls after 225 days. J2 from all isolates could not survive for more than 40 days in aerated water. -
Download This PDF File
REDIA, XCIV, 2011: 103-106 NICOLA GRECO (*) - ANNA MARINARI (**) HYSTORY OF NEMATOLOGY IN ITALY (*) CNR, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Bari, Italy. (**) CRA, Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Firenze, Italy. Greco N., Marinari A. – History of nematology in Italy. Notwithstanding nematology is a rather new science, in Italy the first observations and publications on nematodes date back to several centuries ago and are from physicians and botanists. Among them are U. Aldrovandi (1522-1605), who was the first in the word to observe nematodes in insects, and F. Redi, who published in 1684 his observations about “living animals occurring in living animals”. However, the first observations on plant parasitic nematodes were made from the second half of 1800 to early 1900. They refer to Anguina tritici in wheat kernels (1867), Meloidogyne spp. (1875-1904) on several host plants, Ditylenchus dipsaci (1897) in oats. The sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, was reported in 1931 and the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, in 1940. The turning point in Italian plant nematology occurred during 1950-1970, when investigations and control trials started on Xiphinema index, the natural vector of the Grape fan leaf virus. In the same period, the Phytosanitary Service of Pescara addressed much of his efforts on plant parasitic nematodes and the Section of Nematology is established at the Experimental Institute of Agricultural Zoology, of the Ministry of Agriculture, in Florence. Moreover, in 1970, the Italian National Research Councils founded in Bari the Laboratory (later Institute) of Agricultural Nematology Applied to Plants. Later on, nematology attracted also the interest of several other Phytosanitary Services, Universities and firms producing nematicides. -
Insect Diversity on Mount Mansfield
Introduction pitfall traps located around each plot at 60° This report concludes the fifth consecutive intervals. In previous years a single light year of insect surveys on Mount Mansfield. trap was located in the center plot, but in The purpose of this program is to develop 1995 two additional light traps were information on taxonomic diversity and included and located outside the permanent species abundance of selected insect groups plot no less than 30 m apart. At Proctor in the forest ecosystem at different Maple Research Center and Underhil1 State elevations. This information will contribute Park traps two and three correspond to the a taxonomic foundation for future work on single trap used in previous years. Three the ecological relationships between traps were also established at the 715 m site. invertebrate biodiversity and forest management. The 1995 Lepidoptera survey was limited to Noctuidae, Geometridae, The first three years of the insect Notodontidae, Arctiidae, Satumiidae, survey included Hymenoptera and Diptera Lasiocampidae, Drepanidae, Sesiidae, and from canopy malaise traps, ground beetles Limacodidae. These groups were selected (Carabidae) from pitfall traps and because it was possible to provide accurate Lepidoptera from light traps. The canopy identifications for most specimens within the study was. discontinued after the first three time constraints of the study, with the years, and the data from this and ground exception of Limacodidae which turned out surveys are being analyzed for statistical to be impractical because of similarities comparisons of diversity variation among among some species. the three study sites. Results Comparisons are presented in this (A) Pest species report for general between-site diversity , A few specimens of the gypsy moth individual pest species, and examples of (Lymantria dispar) were recorded for the elevation differences for individual species. -
Nematology Training Manual
NIESA Training Manual NEMATOLOGY TRAINING MANUAL FUNDED BY NIESA and UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, CROP PROTECTION DEPARTMENT CONTRIBUTORS: J. Kimenju, Z. Sibanda, H. Talwana and W. Wanjohi 1 NIESA Training Manual CHAPTER 1 TECHNIQUES FOR NEMATODE DIAGNOSIS AND HANDLING Herbert A. L. Talwana Department of Crop Science, Makerere University P. O. Box 7062, Kampala Uganda Section Objectives Going through this section will enrich you with skill to be able to: diagnose nematode problems in the field considering all aspects involved in sampling, extraction and counting of nematodes from soil and plant parts, make permanent mounts, set up and maintain nematode cultures, design experimental set-ups for tests with nematodes Section Content sampling and quantification of nematodes extraction methods for plant-parasitic nematodes, free-living nematodes from soil and plant parts mounting of nematodes, drawing and measuring of nematodes, preparation of nematode inoculum and culturing nematodes, set-up of tests for research with plant-parasitic nematodes, A. Nematode sampling Unlike some pests and diseases, nematodes cannot be monitored by observation in the field. Nematodes must be extracted for microscopic examination in the laboratory. Nematodes can be collected by sampling soil and plant materials. There is no problem in finding nematodes, but getting the species and numbers you want may be trickier. In general, natural and undisturbed habitats will yield greater diversity and more slow-growing nematode species, while temporary and/or disturbed habitats will yield fewer and fast- multiplying species. Sampling considerations Getting nematodes in a sample that truly represent the underlying population at a given time requires due attention to sample size and depth, time and pattern of sampling, and handling and storage of samples. -
Worms, Nematoda
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Scott Gardner Publications & Papers Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Winter 1-1-2013 Worms, Nematoda Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/slg Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Biodiversity Commons, Biology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Parasitology Commons Gardner, Scott Lyell, "Worms, Nematoda" (2013). Scott Gardner Publications & Papers. 15. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/slg/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scott Gardner Publications & Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. digitalcommons.unl.edu Worms, Nematoda Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA Glossary Anhydrobiosis State of dormancy in various invertebrates due to low humidity or desiccation. Cuticle Noncellular external layer of the body wall of various invertebrates. Gubernaculum Sclerotized trough-shaped structure of the dorsal wall of the spicular pouch, near the distal portion of the spicules; functions for reinforcement of the dorsal wall. Hypodermis Cellular, subcuticular layer that secretes the cuticle of annelids, nematodes, arthropods (see epidermis), and various other invertebrates. Pseudocoelom Body cavity not lined with a mesodermal epithelium. Spicule Bladelike, sclerotized male copulatory organs, usually paired, located immediately dorsal to the cloaca. Stichosome Longitudinal series of cells (stichocytes) that form the posterior esophageal glands in Trichuris. Stoma Mouth or buccal cavity, from the oral opening and usually includes the anterior end of the esophagus (pharynx). -
Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Germany – an Annotated Checklist
86 (3) · December 2014 pp. 177–198 Plant-parasitic nematodes in Germany – an annotated checklist Dieter Sturhan Arnethstr. 13D, 48159 Münster, Germany, and c/o Julius Kühn-Institut, Toppheideweg 88, 48161 Münster, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Received 15 September 2014 | Accepted 28 October 2014 Published online at www.soil-organisms.de 1 December 2014 | Printed version 15 December 2014 Abstract A total of 268 phytonematode species indigenous in Germany or more recently introduced and established outdoors are listed. Their current taxonomic status and classification is given, which is not always in agreement with that applied in Fauna Europaea or recent publications. Recently used synonyms are included and comments on the species status are sometimes added. Species originally described from Germany are particularly marked, presence of types and other voucher specimens in the German Nematode Collection - Terrestrial Nematodes (DNST) is indicated; likewise potential occurrence or absence of species in field soil and similar cultivated land is noted. Species known from indoor plants and only occasionally observed outdoors are listed separately. Synonymies and species considered as species inquirendae are listed in case records refer to Germany; records and identifications considered as doubtful are also listed. In a separate section notes on a number of genera and species are added, taxonomic problems are indicated, and data on morphology, distribution and habitat of some recently discovered species and of still unidentified or undescribed species or populations are given. Longidorus macroteromucronatus is synonymised with L. poessneckensis. Paratrophurus striatus is transferred as T. casigo nom. nov., comb. nov. to the genus Tylenchorhynchus. Neotypes of Merlinius bavaricus and Bursaphelenchus fraudulentus are designated.