Natural Resource Ecology and Management Natural Resource Ecology and Management Publications
2005 An Assessment of the Status of White-Faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) in the Great Plains Joel G. Jorgensen University of Nebraska at Omaha
Stephen J. Dinsmore Iowa State University, [email protected]
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Abstract Recent increases of White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) in the Great Plains have been considered a "reoccupation" of the species' former range. Review of the published literature and specimen record, however, indicates that this species has only recently become a regular breeder in the Great Plains; thus, recent patterns of summering and nesting birds in the region are best considered a range expansion. Currently. this species is increasing in the Great Plains, where it is an uncommon migrant and local breeder. Extralimital records of this species arc also increasing, both along the Atlantic Coast and the Gull Coast, probably indicative o[ the health o[ the mid-continental breeding population. The ts atus of this species in the Great Plains appears linked to fluctuations o[ core breeding populations, especially those in the Intermountain West.
Keywords reoccupation, range expansion, breeding population
Disciplines Natural Resources Management and Policy | Ornithology | Population Biology
Comments This article is from North American Birds 59 (2005): 376. Posted with permission.
This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/nrem_pubs/45 r
formerrange. Review of thepublished litera- breedingrecords from the late 1800s and ear- Joel6. Jorgensenture and specimen record, however, indicates ly 1900sappears to haveled to thesupposi- DepartmentofBiology thatthis species has only recently become a tionthat the current range expansion repre- regularbreeder in the GreatPlains; thus, re- UniversityofNebraska atOmaha sentsa rcoccupationof a formerregular centpatterns of summering and nesting birds breedingrange (AOU 1983, Ryder and Man- Omaha,Nebraska 68182 in theregion are best considered a range ex- ry 1994,Sharpe et al. 2001, Dinsmoreet al. ([email protected]) pansion. Currently. this species is increasing 1984). It is morelikely, however, that the in the Great Plains,where it is an uncommon currenl range expansionis unprecedented migrant and local breeder. Extralnmtal and that the species'dynamic status in the recordsof thisspecies arc also increasing, Great Plains is linked to fluctuations of core StephenJ. Dinsmore both alongthe AtlanticCoast and the Gull breedingpopulations elsewhere. This article DepartmentofNatural Resource Coast,probably indicative o[ the healtho[ documentsthe species' pattern of expansion the mid-continentalbreeding population. in theGreat Plains, compares the species' his- Ecologyand Management Ihc statusof thisspecies in theGreat Plains toricaland modernstatus, and suggestsex- IowaState University appearslinked to fluctuationso[ corebreed- planationsfor thesechanges. ingpopulations, especially those in theInter- 339 ScienceII mountain West. Statusin the GreatPlains, 1891-1925 Ames,Iowa 50014 Thereare threeearly (prc-1925) breeding Background records of White-laced Ibis from the Great (email:[email protected]) In the past50 years,populations ot White- Plains. Ihe first two were nests found at [acedIbis (Plcgadischihi) have increased HeronLake, Jackson County, Minnesota in ABSTRACT throughoutthe Great Plains,and this in- 1894 and 1895 (Peabody1896); the other Recent increasesof White-faced Ibis (Ple- creasehas recently accelerated. Prior to this wasfound in anarea now designated the Har- gadischihi) in the Great Plainshave been increase,the specieswas veD'scarce in the vardWaterfowl Production Area, Clay Coun- considereda "rcoccupation"of the species' Great Plains. Ihe existence o[ a few historical ty,Nebraska m 1910(Swenk 1918). Ihese arc
376 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS and thus the limited the only early breeding TableI Firstnesting records ofWhite-faced Ibis at"new" colonies 1970-1986. records north of Texas and amountof datafrom many eastof theRocky Moun- Year Location(county in italics) Source regionsof the GreatPlains rains. Even in central and 1910 LowerLatham Reservoir, Weld, CO Andrewsand Righter (1993) makeassessing the regular- northTexas, the only breed- 1910 BowdoinN.W.R., Phillips, MT Lokemoen(1979), Lenard et al.(2003) ity of breedingat manylo- cales difficult. In short, ing recordsprior to 1900 1973 LakeTucumcari, Quay, NM Hundertmark(1974) were from McLennan breedingmay occur regu- 1975 Ellis,TX Pulich(1988) County(Obcrholser 1974). larly at morelocales than Nonbreedingrecords prior 1978Sand Lake N.W.R., Brown, SD SDOU(1991) indicated here, and so•ne to 1925 alsoindicate that 1978 LongLake N.W.R., Burlei9h, ND Schmidt(1980) sitesthought to be "regu- thespecies was rare in the 1979 KraftSlough, Sar9ent, ND Schmidt(1980) lar" may have only inter- GreatPlains. The only Ok- 1982 LakeNettie N.W.R., McLean, ND R.Martin, pets. comm. mittent breeding,and in lahomarecord was a speci- 1982 Kininvie,Alberta Goosenet al. (1995) fact, the majority of sites where breedinghas been mentaken in 1897(Sutton 1984 WhitewoodLake and Lake Preston, Kingsbury, SD SDOU(1991) 1967), and it was "not cited recordedare not usedregu- 1984 ValentineN.W.R., Cherry, NE Ducey(1984) by earlyobservers" in the larly The speciesis well TexasPanhandle (Seyffert 1985 Playa wetland near Hart, Castro, TX 5eyffert(2001) adapted to finding new 2001).Douthitt (1918) not- 1986 JemmersonSlough, Dickinson, IA Dinsmoreand Dinsmore (1986) nestingareas (Ryder and ed that it "rarelywandered Manry 1994), and condi- overKansas," whine Bruner et aL (1904) hst 1975,although breeding may well haveoc- tionsat wetlandsthroughout the Great Plains threeearly Nebraska records and considered curred earlier than 1982 (Gaassen et al. are dynamic.A mixedrookery of White- it a "stragglerfrom the south." The only defi- 1995).Reported nesting in FallRiver Coun- facedIbis, Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis), and niteIowa record was a specimentaken from a ty, SouthDakota, in 1978 by Johnsgard Black-crownedNight-herons (Nycticorax flockof 13ibis m 1891,although another P/e- (1979)is anapparent error (SDOU 1991; D. nycticorax)was discoveredat a playa in gadisspecimen was taken in 1905(Kent and Swanson,pets comm.).During the last MeadeCounty, Kansas after a seven-inchrain Dinsmore1996). There are no earlybreeding quarterof the twentiethcentury, the in- thatfilled the playa to recordlevels (Flowers records for North Dakota or eastern Montana creasein reportsof breedingbirds in the 1998).White-faced Ibis were found breeding (Ryderand Manry 1994), and there were no Great Plains accelerated,as evidencedby at a playain ClayCounty, Nebraska in June confirmedsight records for SouthDakota numerous(29) additionalnesting records 2001following heavy snowmelt. This colony (SDOU 1991), Manitoba,Saskatchewan, or from 1987 through2001 (Table2). Addi- wasunsuccessful, however, due to declining Albertaduring this period (Gaassen et al. uonalbreeding records have not, however, summerwater levels (JGJ, pets. obs.). Vari- 1995). been recorded from Iowa, Minnesota, or able water levels at reservoirs on the eastern New Mexico,and breeding has never been plainsof Colorado limit optimal nesting con- Statusin the twentieth documented from Saskatchewan. ditions(R. Levad,pers. comm.). Regular centuryafter 1925 Asof 2001,there were still only a Jewsites breedinglocales are also susceptible to vari- Thesecond quarter of thetwentieth century in the GreatPlains where regular breeding able water conditions:Cheyenne Bottoms, sawa handfulof reportsof White-facedIbis occurs(Table 3). However,annual surveys or for example,dried up completelyin thelate in the GreatPlains, followed by a slow in- otherunambiguous informauon that would 1980s(Grzybowski 1989) and was not used creasein reportsbeginning in 1951.During confirmcontinuing breeding are not avail- by ibisduring those years. theyears 1926-1950, there were no breeding ablefor all siteswhere breeding is considered In additionto breedingrecords, larger recordsin the GreatPlains, and the species "regular."This is especially true in theDako- numbersof nonbreedingWhite-faced Ibis wasscarce. In Nebraska,for example,there tas,where there are few observersand where andincreases in the frequencyof its occur- wasonly a singlereport of a Plegadisibis be- birdsmove from year to year to favorable rence have been noted on the Great Plains tween 1930 and 1949 (Fichter 1946) and wedandsthat are dispersed over a largearea. andadjacent areas. The dramaticchange in none for Minnesota between 1911 and 1956 Thereare at least11 breedingrecords from statusin SouthDakota is perhaps the best il- (Greenand Janssen 1975). In 1951,breeding central North Dakota (R. Martin, pets. lustration:following the firststate record in wasdiscovered at CheyenneBottoms, Kansas comm.,G. Knutsen,pets. comm., Schmidt 1962, it was described as "rare to uncom- (Thompsonand Ely 1089) and again there in 1980),and breeding may occur regularly in mon"by 1991(SDOU 1991), and by 2001,xt 1962 (Zunanich 1963) and 1965 (Ryder thatregion. The limited number of observers was considered "1ocall common" (Tallman 1967). Since1965, it hasap- • .• / parendybeen a regularbreed- er at Cheyenne Bottoms (Thompsonand Ely 1989), which remained the only breedingsite in the Great Plains until 1970. Since 1970, additional breedingsites have been dis- coveredthrough 1986 (Table l). The first confirmed nest- ing recordfor Canadawas at Kininvie, Alberta, in 1982 (Table l; Gaassen et al. 1926-1950 1951-1975 1976-2001 1995). This is contrary to Prc-1925 Salt and Salt (1976), who in- Figure1.Breeding locations ofWhite-faced Ibisin the Great Plains, 1900 to present, in25-year correctly cited the year as increments.Bluesquares indicate regular breeding sites; red dots indicate isolated records.
VOLUME 59 (2005) NUMBER 3 377 earlybreeding records from Minnesotaand Nebraskaare isolated, not only from regular breedingareas but also spattally and tempo- rallyfrom each other. Extralimital breeding recordsin Florida--inthe sameyears as breedingtook place in Minnesota(Brewster 1896,Ryder and Manry 1994)--perhaps sug- gestwandering from regular breeding locales in thoseyears. Occasional extralimital breed- ingby ciconiidsis of courseby no means un- usual. The historical status of White-faced Ibisin theGreat Plains may be similar to the currentstatus of TricoloredHeron (Egretta tricolor)in this region,for instance.This specieshas nestedon severaloccasions in Kansas(Thompson and Ely 1989),on three occasionsin South Dakota (Martin 2001), and at least once in North Dakota (Loke- moen 1979). However, it is otherwisecasual throughoutthe Great Plains, with only three acceptedrecords for Nebraska (Sharpe et al. 2001, Grzybowski2001a, 200lb), four for Iowa(Kent and Dinsmore 1996; J. Dinsmore, pers.comm.), and fewerthan 10 for South Dakotathrough 2001. TheGreat Plains clearly did not support a significantbreeding population of Whne- Figure1.White-faced Ibishas shown aremarkable pattern ofcolonization inthe Great Plains, especially sincethe 1970s. Thisexpansion appears tobe recent rather than a re-occupationofformer range. Imagesin thisarticle arenfadult White-faced facedIbis in the late nineteenththrough Ibisat Eqnner Wildlife Area, Warren, Iowa, photographed 3October 2004by Jay 6illiarn. middletwentieth centuries. lts patternsof occurrencethere, both historicand recent, et al. 2002). Similarly,in Nebraska,Johns- County, North Dakota in 2002 [Martin aremost likely tied to trendsin thespecies' gard(1980) describedthe speciesas "ex- 2003]).It is notclear whether high concen- corebreeding areas. In North America,the tremelyrare" in 1980,but two decadeslater, trationsand increased frequency in periph- corebreeding populations of White-faced Sharpeet al. (2001)considered it a "fairly eral areasrepresent actual increasesor Ibis are found in coastal areas of Louisiana commonmigrant." In the TexasPanhandle, whetherlocal birds are augmented by birds andTexas and in theIntermountain region where"as late as mid-century [ca. 1950] it displaced from other areas. In 2002, of the westernUnited States (Ryder and was consideredrare," it is now "uncommon 400-500 White-faced Ibis were recorded in Manry 1994,AOU 1983). The North Amer- to common" (Seyffert 2001). In Iowa, Day County,South Dakota 15 September icanbreeding range also includes much of White-faced Ibis was listed as "accidental" (Martin 2003). White-faced Ibis has become Mexico(AOU 1983), wherethe species' in the early1980s (Dinsmore et al. 1984), "almost annual" at a few sites in the south- breedingdistribution israther poorly known but just overa decadelater it wasconsid- ern Prairie Provinces(Koes and Taylor (Ryderand Manry 1994). White-facedlbis ered"regular" bul "rare"(Kent and Dins- 2004),with an "astounding85" at Whitewa- are locallycommon in Texas,but numbers more1996). Recentcounts of thespecies in ter Lake,Manitoba 21 August2004 (Koes havebeen generally decreasing there. Ober- theGreat Basin have been impressive: 2000 andTaylor 2005); the speciesnested at this holser(1974) noted "formerly (prior to ca. were at CheyenneBottoms and Quivira sitein July2005 (R.E Koes,pers. comm.). 1916)more numerous generally, with breed- N.W.R.on 1 September1996 (Grzybowski Reportscontinue to be regularin western ingcolonies inland." Breeding at severalin- 1996),and 400 wereat a singlewetland in sections of both Minnesota and lowa. The landcounties had ceased by the early 1900s North Dakota11 August2001 (R. Martin, overall trend of increase in the Great Plains (Oberholser1974). The Texas coastal popu- pers.comm.). Increased frequency of occur- appearsto continue. lationhas continued to decrease,by "about rencehas also been reported along the At- 65%from 1969 to 1973"(King 1980, Web- lantic Coastof the United States,where a Discussion ster1975) and "from6,500 to 2,300pairs fewdecades ago the appearance of a single The suppositionthat the GreatPlains was between1981 to 1990"(Ryder and Manry White-faced Ibis was considered extraordi- oncepart of the regular,historic breeding 1994). Likewise, in adjacentLouisiana, nary (Brinkley2002). rangeof White-faced Ibis appears to bebased White-facedIbis nmnbers dropped by about Since 2001, the Great Plains have been on threeearl} breedingrecords; however, 50% betweenthe years 1976 and 1990, markedlydrier than the decadeprior, and thisconclusion isnot justified in thecontext down to 6225 pairs (Ryderand Manry portionshave experienced persistent severe of thespecies' overall historic occurrence. All 1994). The Intermountain West also record- drought(see Grzybowksi 2002, Grzybowski otheravailable information suggests that the eddecreases in nesting White-faced Ibis dur- and Silcock 2004a, 2004b, Martin 2003). specieswas scarce or absentin theregion un- ingthe early and middle twentieth century Shiftsin local abundanceof White-facedIbis til themiddle twentieth century and that it (Ryder1967, Ryser 1985), but therewas an are unquestionablyinfluenced by climate hasincreased in thisregion only recently. impressiveincrease documented in the re- and resultinghabitat conditions. In recent White-facedlbis are distinctive and not par- gionbeginning in thelate 1970s (Ryder and years,breeding activity appears to havebeen ticularlysecretive, so the presence of a regu- Manry 1994, Kingery 1980, Ryser 1985, limitedto largeand relativelystable wet- lar breedingpopulation should have pro- Sabo1992). The populationin the Great lands,such as thosein the Dakotas(e.g., ducedadditional sightings, including Basin,for instance, nearly tripled in thepe- nesting confirmedat Lake Bertha, Cass migrants,by earlyobservers. Moreover, the riod 1985-1997,despite years of drought
378 HORTH AMERICAN BiRD Table2. AdditionalWhite-fared Ibis breeding records inthe Great Plains, 1987-2001.
Alberta PakowkiLake onenest in 1986, 3 pairsin 1996 GoDssenetal. (199S), Roes and Taylor (1996) StirlingLake 2nests in1992 GoDssenetal. (199S), Koes and Taylor (1992) SoutheastofCalgary Nestedin1999 Roesand Taylor (1999) Colorado(eastern plains) NeeNoshe Reservoir, Kiowa Co. 25-60 individualsin 199B Truanand Percival (1998)
Kansas Lakeview,Meade Co 20+ nestsin 1997 Flowers(1998)
Montana BentonLake N.W.R., Cascade Co. Firstdiscovered in 1994 Berkey(1995) MedicineLake N.W.R., Sheridan Co. Firstdiscovered in 2000 Martin(2000)
Nebraska CrescentLake N.W.R., Garden Co. Firstdiscovered in1987, nested again in 1998 Huber1988, Sharpe etal. (2001) KissingerBasin W.M.A., Clay Cc• 2001nesting attempt, 25pairs, unsuccessful pers.ohs.
North Dakota StonySlough, Burleigh Co. Nestedin 1988 R.Martin, pers comm. J.Clark Sawyer H.W.R., McHenry Co. Nestingconfirmed inearly 1990s, birds present in2000 and 2001 R.Martin, pers. comm. LakeAlice N.W.R., Ramsey Co. Severalnests in 2000 Martin(2000) DewaidSlough, Ridder Cc• 4-6pairs in2001, birds present since 1988, perhaps regular breeder R.Martin, pers. comm. 11 kmsouth of Tappan, Kidder Cc• Possibly2 pairs in 1999, unconfirmed R.Martin, pers. comm. McKenzieSlough, Burleigh Co. Possiblenesting in2001, unconfirmed R.Martin, pets. comm. LakeBertha, Cass Co. Possibly2 pairs in 2001, unconfirmed R.Martin, pers. comm. LoganCo. Possibly3-5pairs in2000, unconfirmed R.Martin, pers. comm.
Oklahoma NearHennessey, Kingfisher Cc• Nestedin 2000,40+ nests J. Arterburn,pers. comm. HackberryFlat, Tillman Co. Nestedin 2001 Grzybowski(2001) Westof Harper Co.-Beaver Co.line, Beaver Co. Nestedin 2001, approx. 25 nests J.Arterburn, pers. comm. •xas (northand pandhandle) RailsSewage Ponds, Crosby Co. Nested1987 Seyffert(2001) MidlandCc• Nestedat 2 locationsin 1987 Williams(1987) Playa,near Plainview, Hale Co. Nested1989, "small" colony Seyffert(2001) Playa,26 km south ofthe above site, Hale Co. Nested1989, SO+ pairs Seyffert(2001) DallasCo. Nestedin 1990 Lasleyand Sexton (1990) Playa,near Spearman, Hansford Co. Nested1997, at least2 pairs Seyffert(2001) Playa,near Claude, Armstrong Co. 6-7ibis carrying nesting material in1997 Seyffert(2001) BuffaloLake N.W.R., Randall Co. 15 nestsin 1999 Seyffert(2001)
andflooding (Earnst et al. 1998).In theSan Gulf Coast,where wetlands quality and ex- matic increase in numbers of White-faced LuisValley of Colorado,the breeding popu- tent may have been reducedin recent Ibis in the Intermountain West mirrors the lationincreased from 200-300 pairs in the decades. Pesticides have also been blamed increase,in timing and fashion,of the mid-1980sto an estimated4500 pairs in for the declinesin numbersthroughout the specieson the Great Plains, the source of re- 2001(R. Levad,pers. comm.). In the early species'range (Ryder and Manry 1994, Ry- centpioneering birds on the GreatPlains twentiethcentury, the withdrawalof the der1985, King et al. 1980).It isconceivable seemsmost likely derivedfrom the West speciesfrom inland breeding areas in Iexas that the Gulf Coastpopulations have suf- rather than the Gulf Coast.(An exception coincidedwah the decreasedoccurrence far- fereddeclines because of the useof the pes- maybe the few birds that bred at Cheyenne ther north on the Great Plains. Thus it seems ticideAldrin to treatrice, an important Gulf Bottomsin 1951and subsequently. Ihe geo- reasonableto concludethat the early ex- Coastcrop (King et al. 1980,Webster 1975); graphicsource of these few pioneering birds tralimitalrecords, including the few breed- useof thispesticide was discontinued after could be either from the west or south; we ingrecords, were linked to theGulf Coast 1974.The banningof organochlorinepesti- haveno basisfor speculationin thatcase.) populations,from which wandering individ- cides such as DDT and DDE is believed to be Finally,global climate change, which ap- uals(perhaps spurred by droughtor other partiallyresponsible [or the recent increases pearsto haveradically changed coastal wet- stimuli) moved northwardand discovered in the IntermountainWest populations of lands'composition, extent, and salinityin favorableconditions for breeding. the species(Ryder and Manry 1994,Ryser recentyears in Louisianafor instance The recentincrease in breedingactivity in 1985),but Earnstet al. (1998)question the (Davis-Wheeler2004), shouldbe consid- the GreatPlains may indicaterecruitment importanceof pesticidebans as a factorin ereda possiblefactor in thechanging distri- from White-facedIbis populationsof the ibispopulation increases. Because the dra- bution of White-faced Ibis.
VOLUME 59 (2005) NUMBER 3 379 1904ßA PreliminaryReview of theBirds of Nebraska,with Synopses.Klopp and Bartlett,Omaha, Nebraskaß Davis-Wheeler,C. 2004. Louisiana Coastal LandLoss.
380 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS The Nesting Season:Southern Great Provincesregion. AmericanBirds 46: 48:104-111. Plains. North American Birds 58: 557-559. 1146-1148. Peabody,P B. 1896_White-faced Ibis nesting Huber, R. R. 1987. CrescentLake nesting --. 1999. The Nesting Season:Prairie in Minnesota. Aul• 13: 79. records. Nebraska Bird Review 55: 75. Provincesregion. North American Birds Pulich,Wß M. 1988. Birdsof NorthCentral Hundertmark,C. A. 1974. Breedin•range 53: 399-401. Texas.Texas A&M Press,College Station, extensions of certain birds in New Mexi- --. 2005. Prairie Provinces. North Ameri- Texasß co. Wilson Bulletin 86: 298-300. can Birds 59: 97-99. Ryder,R. R. 1967. Distribution,migration, Johnsgard,PA. 1979. Birdso.[ the Great --. 2004. Prairie Provinces. North Ameri- andmortality of theWhite-faced Ibis (Ple- Plains:Breeding Species and their Distribu- can Birds 57: 506-507. gadischihi) in NorthAmerica. Bird-Band- tion.Umversity of NebraskaPress, Lin- Lasley,G. W., and C. Sexton.1990. The ing38: 257-277. coln, Nebraska. NestingSeason: Texas region. American Ryder,R. R.,and D. E. Manry.1994 White- --. 1980.A Prelimina•:yList of theBirds of Birds 44: 1154-1156. facedIbis (Plegadis ckihi). In: TheBirds of Nebraskaand AdjacentPlain States.Pri- Lenard,S., J. Carlson,J. Ellis, C. Jones,and North America,No. 130 (A. Pooleand E vatelypublished, Lincoln, Nebraska. C. lilly. 2003.P D. Skaa•• MontanaBird Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America. Kent,T. H., andJ.J Dinsmore.1996. Birds in Distribution, sixth edition. Montana Inc.,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ryser,F. A. 1985.Birds of theGreat Basin: A Natural History.University of Nevada Press,Reno, Nevada. Sabo,T. 1992.Plegadis ibis--a changein sta- tus. BirderSJournal 1: 241-256. Salt,•: R., andJ. R_Salt. ]976. TheBirds of Alberta.Hurting Publishers,Edmonton, Alberta. Schmidt,R. A. 1980 Firstbreeding records of the White-faced Ibis in North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist 12: 21-23. Seyffert,K. D. 2001.Birds of theTexas Pan- handle.Texas A & M Press,College Sta- tion, Texas. South Dakota Ornithologists' Union [SDOU].1991. The Birds of SouthDakota. Northern State University Press,Ab- erdeen,South Dakota. Sharpe,R. S., W. R. Silcock,and J. G. Jor- gensen.2001. Birdsof Nebraska:Their Distributionand TemporalOccurrence. Figure3.If pioneering White-faced Ibiscontinue toencounter favorable breeding conditions in theGreat Plains, it seems likely that the current range expansion will continue, although factors Universityof NebraskaPress. Lincoln. Nebraska. suchas the status of core populations orhybridization with Glossy Ibis may affect this pattern. Swenk,M. H. 1918. Revisorynotes on the IowaßPrivately published, Iowa City, Iowa. AudubonSociety, Helena, Montanaß birds of Nebraska. Wilson Bulletin 30: King,K. A., D. L. Meeker,and D. M. Swine- Lakeman,J. T. 1979ßThe statusof herons, 112-117. ford. 1980.White-faced Ibis populations egretsand ibises in NorthDakota. Prairie Sutton,G. M. 1967. OklahomaBirds. Univer- and pollutants in Texas 1969-1976. Naturalist 11: 97-110. sity of OklahomaPress, Norman, Okla- Southwestern Naturalist 25: 225-239. Martin,R. 2000.The NestingSeason: North- homa. Kingery,H. E. 1980. The NestingSeason: ern GreatPlains region. North American Tallman. D. A., D. L. Swanson,and J. S. MountainWest region. Anlerican Birds 34: Birds 54: 396-397. Palmer2002. Birds of South Dakota. Mid- 914-916. ß 2001. The NestingSeason: Northern states/QualityQuick Print, Aberdeen, . 1984. The SpringMigration: Moun- GreatPlains region. North American Birds South Dakota. tain West region. AmericanBirds 48: 55:447-449 Truan, V. A., and B. K. Percival.1998. The 1044-1046 --. 2003. The Fall Migration:Northern NestingSeason: Mountain West region. --. 1988. The NestingSeason: Mountain Great Plains. North American Birds 57: Field Notes 52: 482-484. West region. American Birds 42: 77-79. Webster,E S.,Jr_ 1975_ The NestingSeason: 1321-1323. Oberholser,H. C. 1974. Bird Life of Texas, SouthTexas region. American Birds 29: Koes,R. E, andPT. Taylor.1990. The Spring Volume 1. Universityof TexasPress, 1003-1006. Migration: Prairie Provinces region. Austin, Texas. Zunanich,J. R. 1963.White-faced Ibis nest- American Birds 44: 445-447. Palmer,J. E 1996.Seasonal reports: the 1996 ingat CheyenneBottoms. Kansas Ornitho- --. ]992 The Nesting Season:Prairie summer season. South Dakota Bird Notes logicalSociet) Bulletin 14:11. •
Table3. RegularWhite-faced Ibis breeding locales in the Great Plains. CheyenneBottoms, Barton, KS Firstin 1951, currently anestimated 100pairs breed regularly K.Graver, Field Superwsor, C.B.W.A., per• comm. OuiviraN.W.R., Stafford, KS Estimated50pairs D.Hilley, pers. comm. BowdoinN.W.R., Phillips, MT Firstrecorded 1970, regular; current numbers not known Lakemean(1979) SaltPlains N.W.R., Jet, OK Firstdiscovered in1995, breeding has continued since, 750 counted inJune 2002 Grzybowski(1995), J. Arterburn, pers. comm. LongLake N.W.R., Burleigh, ND 8-13pairs in 2001, also nested in2000, perhaps a regular breeder R.Martin, G. Knutsen, pers. comm. SandLake N.W.R., Brown, SD Firstnested in1978.150 pairs recorded in1996 SDOU(1991), Palmer (1996)
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