DOCSLIB.ORG

Endocrinology and Endocrine Toxicology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Endocrinology and Endocrine Toxicology Chapter 3: Endocrinology and Endocrine Toxicology 3.1 Introduction to Endocrine Systems intracellular regulators such as second messengers and transcription Endocrine systems of the body play an essential and pervasive role in factors. Even before allowing for the increase in complexity of both the short-and long-term regulation of metabolic processes. “endocrinology” that has resulted from recent recognition of the many Nutritional, behavioral, and reproductive processes are intricately cytocrine/paracrine systems that operate, it had been realized that regulated by endocrine systems, as are growth (including bone there were numerous “classical” endocrine systems in the body that growth/remodeling), gut, cardiovascular, and kidney function and regulate processes as diverse as blood pressure, smooth muscle responses to all forms of stress. Disorders of any of the endocrine contraction, fluid balance, and bone resorption. systems, involving both overactive and underactive hormone It is beyond the scope of this chapter to describe the entire secretion, result inevitably in disease, the effects of which may extend endocrine system; instead, the focus will be on the three major to many different organs and functions and are often debilitating or endocrine axes that affect reproductive development and function. life-threatening. Viewed from this general perspective, the threat This restriction is based on the observations that many manifestations posed from environmental chemicals with endocrine activity (either of endocrine disruption involve the reproductive system, particularly agonist or antagonistic) is potentially serious. However, the fact that during its vulnerable developmental period. The particular aspects of humans and wildlife are exposed to such chemicals does not the endocrine system that are covered include the HPG, the HPT, necessarily mean that clinically manifest disturbance of the relevant and the HPA axes. This restriction is arbitrary and should not imply endocrine system will result, because much depends on the level and that endocrine disruptors cannot affect other endocrine axes. It is also duration of exposure and on the timing of exposure. emphasized that the general principles on which all endocrine (and probably paracrine) axes are first set up and then operate are essentially 3.2 Scope and Terminology identical, and hence, most of what is discussed below can be 3.2.1 Overview transferred in principle to other endocrine axes that are not described. The emphasis will be on the vertebrate endocrine system, with only The endocrine system originally was considered to consist only of minor attention paid to invertebrates. Although there are many glands that secreted hormones into the blood that traveled to distant parallels between vertebrate and invertebrate endocrine mechanisms, target tissues, bound to specific cellular receptors, and produced there are some major differences as well. General discussions of characteristic actions. Currently, our concept of “endocrine” has been invertebrate endocrinology have been reported (Downer and Laufer, broadened by the discovery of other chemical regulators, such as 1983; Matsumoto and Ishii, 1997; Cymborowski, 1992; Nijhout, chemicals secreted into the blood by neurons, that are sometimes 1994). This chapter consists of two main parts: sections 3.1–3.11 termed neurohormones. The term “cytocrine” has been applied to detail the normal functioning of the endocrine system, both in adults numerous local or intercellular chemical regulators, including growth and in the developing organism; sections 3.12–3.16 focus on the factors. Intercellular cytocrines that travel through the extracellular impact of endocrine disruptors on organ systems and disease fluids to other cells in a tissue also are known as paracrine and processes. The largest of the sections deals with effects on reproductive autocrine regulators, depending on whether they affect other cells or system development using several well-characterized examples from themselves, respectively. The term “intracrine” has been suggested for the experimental literature (e.g., MXC, vinclozolin, ketaconazole, List of Abbreviations 17α,20β-P 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one DMP Dimethyl phthalate LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level 5-HT Serotonin DOTP Dioctyl phthalate M1, M2 Vinclozolin metabolites ACTH Adrenocorticotropin hormone E2 17β-Estradiol MEHP Mono-ethylhexyl phthalate AGD Anogenital distance EDCs Endocrine-disrupting chemicals MIH Müllerian inhibiting hormone AhR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ER Estrogen receptor (α and β isoforms) MIS Anti-Müllerian substance AR Androgen receptor FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone mRNA Messenger RNA ARNT AhR nuclear translocator Gal4-HEGO Gal4-human estrogen receptor MXC Methoxychlor AFP α-Fetoprotein construct NOAEL No observed adverse effect level BBP Butylbenzyl phthalate GH Growth hormone PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls BNF β-Napthoflavone GnRH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzofurans cAMP Cyclic AMP GSI Gonadal-somatic index PGs Prostaglandins CBG Corticotropin-binding globulin GTH Gonadotropin (isoforms I and II) PRL Prolactin CRH Corticotropin-releasing hormone HIF-1α Hypoxia inducible factor 1α SARMs Selective androgen receptor modulators CYP Cytochrome P HPA Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal SD Sprague-Dawley DBP Di-n-butyl phthalate HPG Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal SERMs Selective estrogen receptor modulators DDE Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene HPOA Hypothalamic preoptic area SHBG Sex hormone–binding globulin DDT Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane HPT Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid T3 Triiodothyronine DEHP Di-ethylhexyl phthalate HPTE 2,2-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1- T4 Thyroxine DEP Diethyl phthalate trichloroethane TCDD 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzyl-p-dioxin DES Diethylstilbestrol IL Interleukin TRH Thyrotropin-releasing hormone DHEA Dihydroepiandrosterone IUGR Intrauterine growth retardation TSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone DHP Dihexyl phthalate LE Long-Evans US EPA United States Environmental DHT Dihydrotestosterone LH Luteinizing hormone Protection Agency - 11 - IPCS GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF EDCS phthalates, and dioxin). These examples were selected to provide a originating from outside of the body. For most endocrine systems, broad view of the basic modes of action that are involved in the the primary objective is to maintain some form of “homeostasis,” interaction of chemicals with the endocrine system. In addition to avoiding wild swings in hormone levels/responses that might describing the modes of actions, descriptions of the critical periods, otherwise have detrimental metabolic effects (Norman and Litwack, dose sensitivity, and resulting phenotypes seen in experimental 1998). A good example is the role of insulin in maintaining blood models are provided. Similarly to the section on normal endocrine glucose levels within the normal range, that is, a range that does not function, this section deals primarily with effects on vertebrates, and fall so low as to result in unconsciousness and does not rise so high mammals in particular. Succeeding sections provide examples of that wasteful excretion/spillage into urine occurs. When insulin EDC-related modes of action pertinent to carcinogenesis and the levels do not respond to changing blood levels of glucose, diseases function of the nervous and immune systems. The final section such as diabetes are the result. All endocrine systems operate to a provides a overall framework to judge whether a particular outcome, large extent on the “seesaw” principle (Figure 3.1), in which the whether observed in the laboratory, in the field, or in an target cells send feedback signals (usually negative feedback) to the epidemiology setting, could be related to an EDC-related mode of regulating cells, with the result that secretion of the target action. This framework is intended to provide a structure by which cell–stimulating hormone is altered (usually reduced) by one or subsequent observations, either contained in this assessment or more of the products of the target cells (Darlington and Dallman, reported subsequently in the scientific literature, can be judged 1995). However, in reality, there are usually elaborations or relative to ascertainment of the mode of action. refinements of this simple archetypal endocrine system that enable all of the endocrine systems of the body to be integrated via cross 3.2.2 Homeostasis talk. The reasons for this are obvious. For example, reproduction The fundamental role of all endocrine systems is to enable a needs to take account of age, nutritional status, and in most animals, dynamic, coordinated response of a distant target tissue to signals season of the year. Similarly, stress responses, and to a lesser extent, originating from another organ and, in some instances, cues endocrine systems regulating hunger, need to be able to override other endocrine systems when danger threatens. This cross talk is vital for a healthy life and has important implications for the evaluation of endocrine disruptors. Exposure to an estrogenic chemical, for example, may affect not only the reproductive endocrine axis but also several other endocrine systems as well as bone, fat, and cardiovascular systems. 3.2.3 Programming of Endocrine Axes Although homeostasis, via seesaw-type mechanisms, is a central feature of all endocrine systems, it should be stressed that the balance between the two sides of the “seesaw” need to be set up or programmed before the system will work correctly.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Endocrinology Resident Profile Jill Trinacty
    Endocrinology Resident Profile Jill Trinacty July 2017 About me My name is Jill Trinacty, and I was raised in Berwick, Nova Scotia. I went completed my BSc. (Honours) at Saint Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. I spent a year as the Active Living Coordinator with the Town of Kentville then completed my MD at Dalhousie University. I moved to Ottawa, Ontario in 2013 for my residency in Internal Medicine at the University of Ottawa and am currently a PGY-5 in Endocrinology and Metabolism. Why I chose General Endocrinology In medical school I became interested in almost every area of medicine, but ultimately applied to internal medicine for a number of reasons. I have always been interested in Endocrinology, specifically diabetes. Diabetes affects so many people in our communities and can have significant morbidity and mortality. I liked the detail of internal medicine and the complexity of patients. Having some previous experience in public health, I knew that I wanted a career that would allow me to discuss lifestyle changes as an aspect of therapy – specifically nutrition and physical activity. I also wanted a career that would allow for work/life balance. Seeing the day-to-day lifestyle of each internal medicine subspecialty confirmed that Endocrinology was the right fit for me. Clinical Life What does a typical day of clinical duties involve? This is an example of my typical daily and weekly schedule: Endocrinology – A typical day 7:30 – 8:00 Clerical work / Chief resident duties. Review emails, follow up on patient results, approve vacation requests, make call schedule.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronic Fatigue: Is It Endocrinology?
    I ORIGINAL PAPERS Chronic fatigue: is it endocrinology? Kate M Evans, Daniel E Flanagan and Terence J Wilkin Kate M Evans ABSTRACT – Fatigue and stress-related illnesses imal physical signs where initial investigations are MRCP, Consultant often become diagnoses of exclusion after exten- normal. It is possible to reassure the individual that Physician sive investigation. ‘Tired all the time’ is a frequent there is no significant disease at that point but there Daniel E reason for referral to the endocrine clinic, the are no clear data to address the question of whether Flanagan implicit question being – is there a subtle overt pathology will develop in the future. This paper FRCP, Consultant endocrine pathology contributing to the patient’s reports audit findings for a cohort of patients seen Physician symptoms? Often initial assessment suggests not in an endocrinology clinic with fatigue, including but there are no clear data to address the ques- Terence J Wilkin outcome data at five or more years later. FRCP, Professor of tion of whether overt pathology will develop in the Medicine future. This study observed outcomes after five Subjects and methods years in 101 consecutive and unselected referrals Department of to secondary care for ‘fatigue?cause’, where initial Consecutive and unselected referrals from primary Endocrinology and assessment did not suggest treatable endocrine care to the endocrinology service over a four-year Metabolism, Peninsula Medical pathology. The findings suggest that the clinical period (1995–99) were identified from the clinic School, Plymouth diagnosis of fatigue, based on history and tests to database. Referrals were included in the dataset if the and Derriford exclude anaemia, hypothyroidism and diabetes, is primary reason for referral or primary symptom was Hospital, Plymouth secure: these patients do not subsequently fatigue.
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrinology Test List Endocrinology Test List
    For Endocrinologists Endocrinology Test List Endocrinology Test List Extensive Capabilities Managing patients with endocrine disorders is complex. Having access to the right test for the right patient is key. With a legacy of expertise in endocrine laboratory diagnostics, Quest Diagnostics offers an extensive menu of laboratory tests across the spectrum of endocrine disorders. This test list highlights the extensive menu of laboratory diagnostic tests we offer, including highly specialized tests and those performed using highly specific and sensitive mass spectrometry detection. It is conveniently organized by glandular function or common endocrine disorder, making it easy for you to identify the tests you need to care for the patients you treat. Comprehensive Care Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute has been pioneering state-of-the-art endocrine testing for over four decades. Our commitment to innovative diagnostics and our dedication to quality and service means we deliver solutions that enable you to make informed clinical decisions for comprehensive patient management. We strive to remain at the forefront of innovation in endocrine testing so you can deliver the highest level of patient care. Abbreviations and Footnotes NDM, neonatal diabetes mellitus; MODY, maturity-onset diabetes of the young; CH, congenital hyperinsulinism; MSUD, maple syrup urine disease; IHH, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; BBS, Bardet-Biedl syndrome; OI, osteogenesis imperfecta; PKD, polycystic kidney disease; OPPG, osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome; CPHD, combined pituitary hormone deficiency; GHD, growth hormone deficiency. The tests highlighted in green are performed using highly specific and sensitive mass spectrometry detection. Panels that include a test(s) performed using mass spectrometry are highlighted in yellow. For tests highlighted in blue, refer to the Athena Diagnostics website (athenadiagnostics.com/content/test-catalog) for test information.
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrinology Review – Adrenal and Thyroid Disorders
    FOCUS: ENDOCRINOLOGY Endocrinology Review – Adrenal and Thyroid Disorders LINDA S. GORMAN, JANELLE M. CHIASERA LEARNING OBJECTIVES This article represents the first of three articles focusing 1. Define endocrinology and list the major endocrine on the endocrine system. The first article will provide glands of the body. you with fundamental theory regarding the endocrine system that will serve as a basis for understanding the 2. Explain how feedback (positive and negative) Downloaded from promotes maintenance of normal levels of next two articles focusing on two specific endocrine hormones. glands, the thyroid and adrenal glands. 3. Differentiate between steroid and peptide hormones with regard to their mechanism of Endocrinology is the branch of medical science that action. deals with the endocrine system, a system that consists 4. Provide examples of peptide and steroid hormones. of several glands located in different parts of the body http://hwmaint.clsjournal.ascls.org/ 5. Explain how endocrine disorders are categorized. that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Although every organ system in the body may respond ABBREVIATIONS: ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hor- to hormones, endocrinology focuses specifically on mone; ADH - antidiuretic hormone; CRH – cortico- endocrine glands whose primary function is hormone tropin releasing hormone; DHEA – dehydroepian- secretion. Major endocrine glands include the pituitary drosterone; FSH - follicle stimulating hormone; GHRH (anterior and posterior), hypothalamus, thyroid, - growth hormone
    [Show full text]
  • Recommended Standards in Endocrinology and Diabetes for Undergraduate Medical Education and Suggested Strategy for Implementation
    Recommended standards in endocrinology and diabetes for undergraduate medical education and suggested strategy for implementation Prepared by the Society for Endocrinology in partnership with Diabetes UK and the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists Contents Background to the document 2 Remit of the Task Force 2 Task Force composition 3 Curriculum aims 3 Learning outcomes 4 Core knowledge 4 Experiences 5 Key skills 5 Topics in diabetes and endocrinology 6 Strategy for dissemination and implementation 12 Background to the document A task force for undergraduate medical education was established within the umbrella of the Society for Endocrinology’s (SfE) Clinical Committee in order to promote and enhance teaching of clinical endocrinology and diabetes in UK medical schools. Diabetes UK and the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) joined the working group to provide expertise in diabetes. This proposal outlines in brief the remit of the group, together with suggested minimum standards for the curriculum – both content and learning outcomes. The document also outlines suggestions for a strategy for their dissemination and enhanced interface with undergraduate students. There are no proposals for the methods by which medical schools should teach or implement the curriculum as this is likely to be medical school-specific. Remit of the SfE/Diabetes UK/ABCD Task Force for undergraduate medical school curriculum Development of minimum standards for the medical undergraduate curriculum content in endocrinology and diabetes
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Characteristics of Pain in Patients with Pituitary Adenomas
    C Dimopoulou and others Pain in patients with 171:5 581–591 Clinical Study pituitary adenomas Clinical characteristics of pain in patients with pituitary adenomas C Dimopoulou1, A P Athanasoulia1,3, E Hanisch1, S Held1, T Sprenger2,4,5, T R Toelle2, J Roemmler-Zehrer3, J Schopohl3, G K Stalla1 and C Sievers1 1Department of Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany, Correspondence 2Department of Neurology, Technische Universita¨ tMu¨ nchen, Munich, Germany, 3Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik should be addressed IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, 4Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, to C Sievers Switzerland and 5Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Email Switzerland [email protected] Abstract Objective: Clinical presentation of pituitary adenomas frequently involves pain, particularly headache, due to structural and functional properties of the tumour. Our aim was to investigate the clinical characteristics of pain in a large cohort of patients with pituitary disease. Design: In a cross-sectional study, we assessed 278 patients with pituitary disease (nZ81 acromegaly; nZ45 Cushing’s disease; nZ92 prolactinoma; nZ60 non-functioning pituitary adenoma). Methods: Pain was studied using validated questionnaires to screen for nociceptive vs neuropathic pain components (painDETECT), determine pain severity, quality, duration and location (German pain questionnaire) and to assess the impact of pain on disability (migraine disability assessment, MIDAS) and quality of life (QoL). Results: We recorded a high prevalence of bodily pain (nZ180, 65%) and headache (nZ178, 64%); adrenocorticotropic adenomas were most frequently associated with pain (nZ34, 76%). Headache was equally frequent in patients with macro- and microadenomas (68 vs 60%; PZ0.266).
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrinology.Pdf
    Specialty Certified Medical Assistant SCMA® Certification PREREQUISITES The Specialty Certified Medical Assistant SCMA® certification ensures that medical WHO CAN BE CERTIFIED? assistants are recognized for their superb skills and extensive knowledge in their field. The chance to sit for an SCMA® Exam is earned by either: We also provide physicians a way to quantify the experience and knowledge of medical assistant applicants. • Completing an accredited Medical Assistant program through an organization such as the Commission of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) or the Accreditation Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES) PLUS one year experience on the job ABOUT THE EXAM • Completion of a U.S. Military medical program PLUS two years active duty as a Corpsman, COVERAGE Medic, or similar Each comprehensive exam consists of 170 questions testing: • Extensive experience (3+ years) in the specific therapeutic field • General CMA Knowledge Once a member becomes certified, he/she must maintain a current certification by • General Clinical Knowledge paying annual dues as well as submitting a minimum of 6 continuing education units • Knowledge of Specific Therapeutic Specialty (CEUs) every year. It is essential that 3 out of 6 CEU credits be in the concerned Clinical Specialty. The remaining three CEU credits can be earned in general or administrative area. General and Clinical questions cover common medical terminology, abbreviations; diagnostics; We accept most forms of CEUs to include lectures, classes, training seminars (with signature of specimen collection; patient positioning; normal limits for tests and vitals; anatomy; practice manager), etc. as well as CE units offered through the AAMA medications; infections and infection control; sterilization procedures, emergency care and procedures; basic triage; first aid; minor surgical assist; patient assessment and basic office procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • BISC 529 Endocrinology Course Syllabus
    Course Syllabus BISC 529 Endocrinology Instructor: Dr. Christopher Leary Office Location: Shoemaker Room 416 Semester: Fall 2018 Office Hours: 9-11:00, MWF Lecture: Shoemaker Room 408 E-mail: [email protected] Lecture times: MWF 11:00-11:50 Phone: 915-1087 Course purpose: This course is designed to provide a broad overview of vertebrate endocrinology. Course topics will include the various classes of hormones, sources of hormones, production and synthesis of hormones, receptors and target tissues, mechanisms of action and regulation, and methods used in endocrinology. Lecture and readings from the primary literature will focus on classical endocrine systems. Learning objectives: Upon completion of this course students should be capable of effectively communicating how endocrine systems function. Students should develop the ability to integrate across multiple endocrine systems to better understand the complexity of endocrine-related disorders. Students should also be capable of critically evaluating information provided by the media and literature on the topic. Lastly, students should gain a general understanding of the approaches used to study various facets of endocrinology. Text: “Hormones” by A.W. Norman and H.L. Henry, Academic Press 3rd Edition Attendance: You are responsible for all information and material provided during class. Attendance is expected and may be recorded each day of class. To comply with attendance verification requirements, a report of your attendance will be made during the first two weeks of class. Exam and quiz make-up policy: Students can make-up missed exams or quizzes only under the following circumstances: 1) illness with physician documentation, 2) family emergency with contact person provided, 3) University-sponsored function with written documentation from sponsoring department.
    [Show full text]
  • Educational Goals & Objectives Endocrinology Involves The
    Educational Goals & Objectives Endocrinology involves the evaluation and management of disorders of the body’s glands, hormonal secretions, and resultant changes in body metabolic activity. The Endocrine rotation will provide the resident with experience diagnosing and treating conditions commonly seen in outpatient primary care, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, thyroid disease and obesity. Inpatient care will be limited but will provide some exposure via in- hospital consultation to life threatening acute conditions, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and adrenal crises. The goal is to familiarize residents with basic pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies and treatment. Depth of exposure should be such that they can develop competency in disease prevention, management of common diseases, and appropriate indications for referral. Faculty will facilitate learning in the 6 core competencies as follows: Patient Care and Procedural Skills I. All residents must be able to provide compassionate, culturally-sensitive, and appropriate care for patients to prevent and treat endocrine diseases. R2s should seek appropriate subspecialty or surgical consultation when necessary to further patient care. R3s should supervise and ensure seamless transitions of care between primary and consulting teams and between inpatient and outpatient care. II. Residents will demonstrate the ability to take a pertinent history and perform a focused physical exam. R1s should be able to differentiate between stable
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrinology and Reproduction
    Endocrinology and Reproduction Elisabet Stener-Victorin, Professor, PhD Reproductive Endocrinology and Metabolism (REM) group Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] General Consepts of Endocrine Control Hormone – Greek hormaein = ”excite” . Autocrine signalling e.g. interleukin-1 in lymphocytes . Paracrine signalling e.g. growth and clotting factors . Endocrine signalling all circulating hormones Classical Endocrine Organs Other ”non-classical” hormone glands e.g. CNS . Kidney . Stomach . Small intestine . Skin . Heart . Lung . Placenta Katch et al Essentials of Exercise Physiol. Figure 12.1 Hormones Controls and Regulates . Reproduction including gamete production, fertilization, nourishment of the embryo and fetus . Growth and development . Regulates ion and water balance . Regulates cellular metabolism and energy balance . Mobilize the immun system by responding to infection, trauma, and emotional stress Homeostasis . Maintance of steady states by coordinated physiological mechanisms . Contributes to homeostasis by controlling availablity of substrates and metabolism . Regulating body fluid and ion balance Homeostasis – like thermostat in the room Body temperature ~ 37ºC Blood glucose 4.4 – 6.1 mM Ca2+ 4.1 – 5.2 mg/dL Phosphate 0.8 – 1.5 mM How is homestasis achived? Endocrine system : 1. Gland 2. Hormone - receptor 3. Target organ - response Katch et al Essentials of Exercise Physiol. Figure 12.2 Principles for Feed-back Negative Positive (rare) Endocrine Endocrine cell cell A A Target Target Endocrine Endocrine cell cell B B Biological effect Biological effect Principles for Feed-back and Biorythm Complex multilevel . Long feedback loop Hypo- thalamus . Active hormone regulates the hypothalamus Releasing . Short feedback loop hormone . Active hormone regulates pituitary Anterior pituitary Target hormone Target Biorytm - Pulsatile release Endocrine .
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrinology Curriculum PGY: 2-3 NGMC- Family Medicine Residency Program Gainesville, Ga
    Endocrinology Curriculum PGY: 2-3 NGMC- Family Medicine Residency Program Gainesville, Ga Description of Rotation: This is a 2-week block or elective nephrology experience with direct supervision by board certified Endocrinology. Supplemental longitudinal learning in the FMP supervised by Family Physician Faculty is also expected. Residents will attend consults in the hospital as well as see patients in endocrine clinic. Because management of diabetes and thyroid disease a very important to the overall curriculum of FM, there is an additional month on these topics during didactic sessions. Overall Goals of Endocrinology Rotation: • To demonstrate competence in the ambulatory and hospital care of patients with common endocrine and metabolic disorders, including competency in the performance of an appropriately directed history and physical examination, selection and interpretation of laboratory studies, and determination of treatment. • To describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and natural history of the listed clinical syndromes. Patient Care Objectives and Competencies • PC-1: Cares for Acutely ill or injured patients in urgent and emergent situations in all settings. • PC-2: Cares for patients with chronic conditions. • PC-3: Partners with the patient, family, and community to improve health through disease prevention and health promotion. • PC-4: Partners with the patient to address issues of ongoing signs, symptoms, or health concerns that remain over time without clear diagnosis despite evaluation and treatment, in a patient-centered, cost-effective manner. Objectives: • Obtain a thorough and pertinent history of the patient's endocrine-related problems and complaints in the ambulatory and hospital settings • Determine family, social, and medication history relevant to the patient’s endocrine problems • Perform a competent general Physical Examination with emphasis on the following skills: o Non-dilated fundoscopy o Use of an exophthalmometer.
    [Show full text]
  • Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Internal Medicine Update and Board Review
    1 Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Internal Medicine Update and Board Review Francis P. Baco, MD, FACP, FACE Chief, Endocrinology Section VA Caribbean Healthcare System March 8, 2019 2 Disclosure: No Conflicts of Interest to Disclose This presentation is intended for educational purposes only and does not replace independent professional judgment. I am expressing my own views based on my reading, analysis and interpretation of the scientific information. I am a member of SPED and a Federal Government employee but I am not speaking in representation of or presenting the views of the Veterans Administration, Puerto Rican Society of Endocrinology and Diabetes, State or Federal Government Agency or Department, other Professional Societies, Public or Private Corporation, or Pharmaceutical Company. 3 Learning Objectives ◼ At the end of this lecture, participants will be able to: ❑ Recognize the diagnosis criteria, classifications and changes in the management of the patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ❑ Identify the differential diagnosis of hypoglycemia in the patient without diabetes. ❑ Select the recommended evaluation and treatment for the patient with a thyroid nodule, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and multinodular goiter. ❑ Appreciate the use of bone mineral density, how to promote bone health, and recognize the indications for therapy to prevent fractures. ❑ Recall the indications for parathyroid surgery in the patient with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. ❑ Identify and evaluate the patient with resistant hypertension.
    [Show full text]