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$ No Warming, No How Fuels the — and Vice Versa

Lorah Steichen and Lindsay Koshgarian National Priorities Project at the Institute for Policy Studies No Warming, No War How Militarism Fuels the Climate Crisis — and Vice Versa

Lorah Steichen and Lindsay Koshgarian National Priorities Project at the Institute for Policy Studies

We would like to acknowledge our colleagues for their critical contributions in shaping this report and providing feedback: at the Institute for Policy Studies Ashik Siddique, Basav Sen, Josue De Luna Navarro, Khury Petersen-Smith, and Phyllis Bennis; at the Climate Ezra Silk and Laura Berry; and at The Leap Rajiv Sicora.

Report design, illustrations, and graphics by Sarah Gertler

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armed lifeboat

response to climate chaos for years. Not only do we face ever-increasing militarism and Not years. only ever-increasing face do we chaos for climate to response conflict a in climate-changedto understand by decision makers world, but tendency the as change just anotherclimate away resources issue has misdirected climate. a warming that mitigate to the and adapt need to we from programs This has left our country the crisis. for looming publish this woefully As we unprepared the COVID-19 prepared, not in the are which midst of another we resource crisis for pandemic, the impact of misplaced devastating adversarial priorities budget and an overly that It is clear trillions funneling is laid bare. policy of dollars into foreign to approach the military endless and project us from wage to dominance has prevented in trueinvesting security us and cooperation that actually meets needs and keeps safe. when we publish this guide, is unrecognizable from the of The 2020, publish this from world of April when we world guide, is unrecognizable The COVID-19 ago. weeks just a few pandemic has utterly know as it, we life changed and human connection return must not to we a full and community, return for yearn as we even “normal.” to by unfettered defined Our old normal was that on thrives devastationthe of our planet, and the the of human life, use of military devaluation both. perpetuate to force On a local and global scale, humanity and and community profit by been co-opted have . This crisis as the climate us to “normal” brink of an existential brought has now continueschange nearly unabated.twist, strange a In a global to pandemic has it taken fuel fossil reduce emissions.significantly the world’s In the of both face COVID-19 and the crisis, climate shift urgently need to we a from While of care. action meaningful climate a culture has to stalled of war on Capitol culture “ a militarized, been quietly preparing Hill, have planners the at Pentagon Foreword

FOREWORD ” to one to ” economy dehumanizing . The dehumanizing , and terror. , and terror. , detentions, neglect, deportations : raids . The scale of human movement will with be staggering . The If we scalechange. of human movement climate The status quo was already an emergency. A global the only pandemic accelerates urgency The an emergency. status already quo was deeply and migration change climate are course. outline in this As we paper, reverse to connected our don’t transform unjust crises, more confront will we we even face the and way in a climate-changedand inhumane realities future. a military reject Just as we take-over of the COVID-19 accept a to pandemic, refuse we the to crisis. response climate COVID-19 to militarized Our response for is a dress rehearsal that will of global be needed of resources cooperation and sharing level the unprecedented fundamentally to need we do so, be able to adequately the address to crisis. climate To our violent of deepening unequal and society, Instead economy. our broken restructure the crisis current , “solutions” by motivated militarized into and leaning and Tanks a “Banks from thedemonstrates necessity of a Just Transition in cooperation and care. rooted treatmentin the of migrants midst of thisbe a cautionary crisis should those how tale for might change In the be treated. climate due to States, United move to has ICE forced continued as usual From a global perspective, the corona crisis illuminates the troubling ways that a global the perspective, United the the ways crisis illuminates troubling corona From the shocks.States Predictably, climate future other and to might respond powers world theto response health and economicof COVID-19 crises with has been discriminatory, socioeconomic positionsthe those precarious faring worst in already

FOREWORD

care. In contrast,care. with seen as a security dealing is increasingly change climate issue climate achieve rather than a matter justice. human rights of upholding and advancing To that now people is harming have we justice, the must restructure economy we extractive climate Such aspirationsand ecosystems. and militarism fundamentally are odds. at True antimilitarismsolutions must have the at core.

We’re at a critical meaningfully moment in history, the addressing where crisis climate in global cooperation, collaboration, rooted response and an unprecedented requires

Introduction: toa Culture of War From a Culture of Care

INTRODUCTION violence. Workers need a way out. need a way Workers is a majorThe polluter. Pentagon fund millions of jobs in the economy. green toward implementing solutions change. climate to toward under-investing in otherunder-investing needs, including climate. Over-investment in theOver-investment military comes at the high cost of Racism and racial oppressionRacism and racial the form foundation both for others, justice and racial undermine the would of both. foundations the extractive fossil and the fuel economy militarized economy. and inextricably are linked. The has a well-known history of fightingwars for oil. the point entirely. Militarism justice fundamentally and climate are odds.the at point entirely. justice justice, is climate militarism and challenging is critical both. achieving to It is clear that on a warming planet, thatis clear It warming on a cross-border migration will the rise. As U.S. continues to Immigrant and stay. move to freedom all people’s to so do threats security, up border ramp Neither without could exist the worth that presumption are some human lives less than The fossil fuel and military end frequently that other each workers in the mirror sectors way workers for options. Transition Just a limited need lethal funneledup to due into work We must we and communities in both sectors. transition rapidly economy, to a green In order to Thefuel fossil industry militarizationon the itsuphold relies operationsglobe. around to extractive industries often are their lands from Thoseto protect who fight met with and For decades, theFor U.S. in military has invested military adventurism and prioritized threats an opportunity The presents U.S.life. human bloated to threats economy war all over above people, and infrastructure, significant militaryredirect to resources, money, including U.S. Plans change. climate Militarism contributesand the to degrades directly environment militarization, address must change climate theconfront military” to “greening but misses Recognizing that theRecognizing will impacts change instability climate of dramatically increase around theof militarism the in a climate-changed globe,role this paper examines world. As outlined and militarism change climate in a variety intersect of alarming in thethat pages follow, ways:

INTRODUCTION

It is a process 1

2 militarized economic system that profits from war and that from profits economicsystem militarized violence, Afghanistan whether or in over- in distant lands like policed Black, and Indigenous communities Brown, home. at And, just as with industries extractive such as the fossil fuel manufacturing— industries—like industry, militarized as as well economic dependence, withcreate workers entire communitieslacking economic self-determination and finding their to future of tied well-being the the industry. Militarismtheof arm the is economy. extractive coercive the exploitation of the resisted extractive always have People the but violence economic and the of it keep threat economy, out on a global scale: in operation. This plays system the military increasingly internationally, yields such power communities against force brute police employ militarized in the States, United violently and enforcement

A Just Transition is a Peaceful Transition is a Peaceful A Just Transition , “If the acquisition of resources, including labor, are through extraction, are , “If the acquisition labor, including of resources, Strategic Framework for for nationalpatrols . Strategic Framework Generation’s As articulated Movement by a Just Transition then the must be militarism: ultimate mechanism of governance structural, well-organized, violence-diversesystematic and methods--but in forms brutal.” always The economic system that extracts finite resources resources fossil(such as finite thatfuels), extracts The economic system generates communities is also a pollution and workers, and exploits change, and causes climate Graphic from Movement Generation, Movement https://movementgeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ from Graphic JTFramework_EDGE2016-01.jpg is well-known. In the justice , the concept of Just Transition of transforming an unjust, extractive economy that exploits and harms people and the and harms people an unjust,that of transforming exploits economy extractive thriving communitiesplanet, and ecosystems. a just, with to economy healthy, regenerative theThe be just. to process must be just for outcome the threat of the it keep economic system in operation. People have have People resisted always the exploitation of the extractive but economy, violence and

INTRODUCTION

3 4 And while we should take should take And while we

Just Transition must Just Transition A truly transformative fuels and extractivism. at the same time that it demilitarize our economy demilitarize our economy moves us away from fossil from us away moves Rather than understanding it as a national security crisis, characterizing 5 National Security or Planetary Emergency? that over time increasing bouts of extreme oversimplify to not boutscare of extreme time that such increasing it is clear links, over and politically stable place. socially, the a less planet weather ecologically, will make climate change as a “planetary emergency” may help to see beyond a militarized worldview as a “planetary change climate a militarized see beyond emergency” help to may a spirit of global cooperation. foster solidarity Choosing and instead real security, over safety other each and our environment. for care comes when we Recognizing the catastrophic and theRecognizing climate massive impacts of a warming response that this crisis demands, is sometimes change climate as a “national understood security Whilethreat.” hope thatsome a national take security to might push policymakers frame seriously change climate the and address root-causes, a invites framing this militarized military for search “solutions” U.S. that it. legitimize of challenging militarism instead In an era marked by monumental challenges, by threat the crisis poses an existential climate marked In an era and scale. Communities experiencing urgency theof unmatched already around globe are , storms, intense oppressive severe theclimate—including impacts warming a of failures. With intensity crop increasing and recurring waves, climate heat and occurrence, the world. of people around of millions tens to threat poses an immediate change Indigenouspeople, people of color, everyone doesn’t affect change climate equally. Yet, and people with its confronting impactsworst. first incomes and are lower relationship The between the and the impacts change devastating violent of climate potential conflict for are discussed in the and are documented well sections that follow. A Just Transition demands a reimagining demands a reimagining Transition A Just of economicrestructuring and a systems and the people for planet. that works Such demands solutions that are a Just Transition visionary and oppositional have we what to A trulytransformative Transition Just now. the at same our economy must demilitarize fossil fuels from time us away that it moves and extractivism. At a timeAt the when States United and shift needs to funding war from public resources climate prevent weaponry to the that infrastructure building green is required instead to chaos, it is critical that see through solutions withfalse we that fixes climate conflate national security.

INTRODUCTION

6 7 General David Petraeus General David

“Fuel is the ‘blood of the“Fuel military’...

U.S. Army Petroleum and Water Department, and Water Petroleum U.S. Army Fort Lee. and is critical the to life of the of operation,” “Energy is the lifeblood of our warfighting capabilities,”

Climate ChangeClimate The Military and

THE MILITARY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

To 8 40% of the40% of DoD’s There are 800 U.S. are There military 11 . from study a recent from to According 9 . Land military for basesis often violently 12

bases in 90 countries the across globe. and territories The associated carbon is tremendous. footprint Massive, -sizedequipped with basesare everything ports, from airfields, installationsweapons and nuclear to schools centers.and shopping A constellation of smaller sites theacross house drones, map surveillance aircraft, and weaponry. Maintaining an expansive militaryMaintainingan expansive sprawl requires infrastructure in significantcarbon-intensive investment and gas-guzzling equipment. Domestic and overseas military installations about account for gas emissionsgreenhouse 10 People and places that the bear People of U.S. brunt often militarism are 13 Just one The Carbon U.S. Intensive Military 14 . , the U.S. consumes about Beyond a significant carbon “boot print,” U.S.a significant print,” “boot carbon military Beyond operations wreak 16 According to the to best According 15 70% of the U.S. military’s Domestic and militaryoverseas installations account about for 40% of the DoD’s greenhouse gas emissions. Comprised than of more two of more annual budget an and funded million people by than $700 billion,the States United has a massive military the across presence globe. With and operations both infrastructure domesticallyextensive the abroad, and industrial largest military in the history of the theis also among world biggest polluters. The U.S. military fifty-nine about produces gas emissions million metrictons of greenhouse annually. energy consumption thesame that ones the Native including bear change, of climate brunt and Indigenous people, poor people, and the Global South. carbon- is an extremely Warfare aspectintensive of the United economy. States’ militarized Militaryoperations, which troops and include moving carrying out missions, account for military has emitted than more 1.2 billion metric of greenhouse tons thegases into atmosphere of American conflicts since the era began with present the put that in perspective, that is the equivalent rough To of Afghanistan in 2001. theto annual emissions million passenger of 257 cars, which is nearly twice as many cars than on the in the are U.S. road About one-third of those emissions, than more fuel war-related gases, metric due to million of greenhouse directly tons hundred are four consumption. available estimates available as much fuel in an hour as the car uses in seven driver average years. of theof military’s jets, the B-52 Stratocruiser, havoc on the environments where it wages war. Toxic munitions and the of military burning Toxic war. it wages on the where environments havoc put thatput perspective,in that’s gasemissions greenhouse than more entire industrialized countries, such as , Denmark, and Portugal taken. The U.S.taken. has a long claim displacing Indigenous people to of forcibly bases. land and create Brown ’sBrown Project, “The Cost of War [Department of Defense] is the world’s of the producer largest single institutionallargest correspondingly, and user of petroleum gases in thegreenhouse world.”

THE MILITARY AND CLIMATE CHANGE THE MILITARYTHE AND CLIMATE CHANGE waste in Iraq, for example, contributed to widespread poisoning of the Iraqi environment that is linked to elevated rates of cancer and birth defects described as, “the highest rate of genetic damage to any ever studied.”17

“Greening the Military” and Climate Justice are Fundamentally at Odds The military’s carbon footprint has garnered attention from some progressive policymakers, including Senator Elizabeth Warren. She released a plan to reduce the military’s carbon emissions by requiring the Pentagon to achieve net-zero emissions for all its non- bases and infrastructure by 2030 and commit billions of dollars to new Pentagon energy efficiency research.18 And yet, even while characterizing the U.S. military as a major climate actor, calls to “green the military” should give us pause.

The U.S. military is deeply entwined with the fossil fuel industry. Jet fuel is the military’s most heavily-used fuel and a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. Each air mission produces hundreds of tons of CO2 pollution.19 The U.S. wars against ISIS in and Iraq, for example, have entailed tens of thousands of air missions since 2014, from , to airlift, refueling, and weapons strikes.20 While it may be possible to power military bases or even drones with solar energy, there is no viable prospect for electrifying a Plans to make the U.S. majority of the military arsenal. Decarbonizing war machine more fuel- aviation is particularly challenging, as there is no comparable alternative to energy-dense jet-fuel, efficient miss the point and at current trends, climate chaos far outpaces entirely... Solar energy, technological innovation in the electrification of electric vehicles, or air travel. Among the most ambitious attempts to transition military machinery from fossil fuels, aspirations of “carbon the so-called “Great Green Fleet” is made up neutrality” may promise of planes, submarines, and ships powered by biofuels and nuclear power—which may be fuel-efficiency but do alternatives to fossil fuels but not without their nothing to make the own ecological footprint and hefty price tag.21 U.S. military any less Considerable controversy surrounds the extent to which biofuels can even be characterized violent or oppressive. as carbon neutral, undermining the supposed benefits of a biofuel-powered-arsenal.22

What’s more, plans to make the U.S. war machine more fuel-efficient miss the point entirely. Besides the fact that such proposals tend to only address a fraction of the U.S. military’s fossil fuel consumption and emissions, the reality is that solar energy, electric vehicles, or aspirations of “carbon neutrality” may promise fuel-efficiency but do nothing to make the U.S. military any less violent or oppressive. The climate justice movement calls for a restructuring of an extractive economy that is harming people and ecosystems. Such aspirations and militarism are fundamentally at odds.

It’s also worth examining the motivations of the U.S. military’s supposed climate leadership. The Pentagon has published reports documenting climate risks since 2003. Describing climate change as an “urgent and growing threat to our national security,” the Department of Defense’s concern with climate change is rooted in a desire to sustain its own operations rather than meaningfully confront the causes or impacts of climate chaos.23 According to a 2016 Department of Defense Directive that requires climate change considerations to

its operationsown The Department of in a desire to sustainin a desire to confront the causes or Defense’s concern withDefense’s rather than meaningfully climate change is rooted impacts climate of chaos. ” in Guam, for example, where unremediated unremediated where example, ” in Guam, for Since then, the military has used the island 27 In the of thousands States tens United alone, there are 25 Some of the in U.S. cases worst are territories, whichlack 26

24 colonial contamination The Destructive DoD’s Environmental Legacy , “By definition, quantities large explosives, most bases store weapons, of and environmental damage dates back to WWII. back to dates damage environmental in the Pacific to store toxic materials and dump toxic waste waste with or known carcinogens toxic and dump materials toxic to store in the Pacific that is otherwise harmful . correlations to between clear are There illness and base pollution the for the Guam and across people in Marianas Islands. The Chamorros While the Department a supposed commitment climate addressing to publicizes of Defense destruction of environmental a record of the out spotlight. it keeps change, The U.S. military goes. it military As wherever contamination leaves its in wake base expert Vine David explains of war; chemicals tools nearly all of them and other contain dangerous inherently toxic other hazardous Pollution, contamination, waste. harm of environmental and other forms nearly every at found are base.” be includedmilitarybe all in planning, “The strategic and current adapt DoD to able be must maintain address the operations to to future effective an in order impacts change of climate U.S.and efficient military.” the of the full protections Constitution also denied the but are possibility of a sovereign its stand people. to up for history a long There’s of “ The military U.S. into change climate incorporates Firstis ways. three in significant planning military and wildfires—on level sea rising impacts—like infrastructure. accounting climate for fuels” Second“green of is the development the power to military arsenal. As the world’s institutionallargest consumer of petroleum, militarykeeping machinery fueled-up can be a vulnerabilitymajor military to operations. The military’s around revolves interest strategic reducing and fuel transitroutes safeguarding the military’s Third, the military oil dependency. “security new for is preparing in a threats” resource The climate. DoD projects warming scarcitydestabilization and climate cause to armed conflict and massmore migrations rooted Each of these are problems follow. to in concernsthe about military’s operability “solutions’’and invite that justify militarization and bigger expanded military budgets, not climate a renegotiation and towards of priorities shift the to from war-machine funds away solutions. With on insecurity of capitalizing a record it,rather than resolve seeking to the industries opportunities by commercial war and militarizationmotivated are also off of who profit in theThe security. of environmental field growing on insecuritythrives and perceptions of it, itself as a solution chaos. promoting begun climate to and has already With tight collaboration between the military expansion, and the off its corporations who profit chaos business offersclimate new opportunities markets. expanding in of polluted sites linked to military to linked sites of polluted contamination in every U.S. The total state and territory. by military amount of land affected contamination than is larger the entire state of Florida— left legacy there is oftenand that’s accounting the where for toxic even abroad not little-to- or accountability. no oversite

THE MILITARY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Across the 30-mile long island there are 26 military the there island are Across long 30-mile 29 Withtwo U.S. major military the DoD maintains complexes, 28 As the federal government attempts control theof government theAs island broaden to federal 30 Alongside militarization, Alongside also on the people are the frontlines Chamorros 31 Considering the DoD’s significant environmental impact, there’s no reason to reason Considering the significant impact, environmental no DoD’s there’s 32 30% of Guam’s land today. 30% of Guam’s by expanding military expanding by bases, the Indigenouspeople continue resist military to occupation of their land. about installations with as one hazardousbeen designated least at nearly of which half have site, high risk. to medium people, who are Indigenous to the Indigenous to Marianas islands, significantly are people, who higherrates cancer have than other ethnic groups. believe they’re motivated by real concern over climate change beyond how it affects how their beyond change climate concern over real they’re by motivated believe violentown operations. militarization. must address change climate confront to Plans With that said, “greening the military” eco-friendlywage to war missways or finding the boat. outline in we’ll the As the between relationships recognizing violence, and war sections , that follow, the military industrial complex, the and fossil fuel industry transformative more demands far climate solutions of framing militarization. than greenwashing ways let’s Instead, find and nationalchange security that old conceptualizations challenge of national security and national interest. dramatically Let’s shift priorities. budget change climate by has been ravaged of the crisis. climate marine ecosystem The island’s in significant losses of the resulted have temperatures ocean as warming years, in recent economy population.of Guam’s a foundation coral are Coralreefs surrounding island’s Indigenous . to Guam’s significance rooted cultural As bothand of great are and colonial mindsets,in racist militarism disproportionately change and climate impact Black, Indigenous communities, Brown, and the South. Global The military contaminated sites manage to than spends more dollars one billion year a restoration land still adequately manage to fails and explosives—and waste with its toxic projects.

THE MILITARY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

35 34 33 estimated one-quarter one- to keep the fossil-fuelkeep economy thein operation around globe. Oil is the cause of war; leading an since half of all interstate wars oil. to been linked 1973 have Bymilitarization the far greatest has been in the Middle East, than theof half more where oil reserves located. world’s are The U.S. military spends an estimated $81 billion a year to oil supplies— the world’s protect accounting the for before even war. Iraq Why We Fight:Why We The Struggle for Oil

Gen. John Abizaid, former CENTCOM Commander CENTCOM Gen. Abizaid, John former

“Of course it’s about oil, can’t we that,” deny really

Nnimmo Bassey, of Environmental Rights Action Nigeria and Chair of Oilwatch Africa and Chair of Oilwatch Action Rights Nigeria of Environmental Nnimmo Bassey, “Resource-extracting corporations behind military operate shields,”

Beyond accounting fossil for Beyond fuel consumption gas emissions, and greenhouse the U.S. military’s what when considering contributions greater even the to crisis are climate military The vast the is world around infrastructure for. militarymost mobilized are forces strategically positioned in oil- and resource-rich lanes that shipping and along regions Killing Oil for

KILLING FOR OIL

36 41 That study estimates 971 million people 37 , “The pose a major effectschange of climate

40 Likely caused by climate change, Syria experienced a severe a severe Syria change, climate experienced caused by Likely 38 ViolentResponses Dissent to Climateis a “Threat Change Multiplier” TheDrought, of Complicated Web , in Syria and War Parenti describes this collision crises as of Parenti “thecatastrophic convergence.”

, more than, more threepeople 39 This tally is almost certainly an undercount, press as limited of and other forms freedom results suppression information and environmental land in some disproportionately Indigenous peoples are deaths unrecorded. going defender to subject population, this of the up about 5% violence. they world’s While Indigenous people make about a quarter land and theaccount for environment. defending for of those murdered were murdered on average each each average on murdered were more in 2018—and even week their defending criminalized—for theand land environment. are oftenare with met state and paramilitary violence.Land defenders and environmental routinely intimidated,are and murdered. criminalized, Global data to from According Witness In addition to causing war, thefuel fossil industry stateviolence to on militarized relies also In addition war, causing to extractive the uphold its operations around globe.their lands from Thoseto protect who fight oil, bring gas, pipelines—used to industries and coal to and the infrastructure—like While a range of factors influenced of factors conflict inWhilethe ongoing Syria, a range whichbegan in March there is empiricalrole in evidence thata significant climatic conditions played 2011, the conflict.exacerbating 2019 World Index Peace the to 2019 World According peacefulness to challenge in the decade.” coming Climate change accelerates pre-existing accelerates change Climate “threatas a crises.the Pentagon Described by and political social precarious conditions already worse. makes change climate multiplier,” a grossly in arrives change unequalClimate world, amplifies and of povertythe crises and communities of theviolence impacting regions world. and so many already Sociologist Christian drought betweendrought dramatica in reduction groundwater in 2010 thatand 2007 resulted conditions policy drought coupled The with prolonged poor resource supply. prices, multi-yearled to in food economic failures, crisis, a dramatic increase crop and the mass urban areas. The to families displacement rapid farming and migration of rural and political and helped unrest unemployment in urban population exacerbated increase conclude Change, in the Global Environmental Researchers Journal for trigger a . “Climatic conditions, severity affecting drought of armed conflict, by and the likelihood explanatory seeking in for asylum role as an 2011- the period a significant factor played 2015.” live in areas with in areas live high . very or climate to high Of this, exposure 400 million or 41% of peacefulness. levels low in countrieslive the As that have crisis worsens, already climate ecological will wars and more continue fuel mass to migration.

KILLING FOR OIL 45 Violent and land grabs 44 , for example, Indigenous example, , for stretches back The stretches crisis in Guatemala 43 Silencing Dissent Guatemala in 42 , “When a long-running civil ended in 1996, war economic policies new integration forced evictions disproportionatelyforced Indigenous communities. impacted In the decades that been imposed without have community industrialfollowed, projects consent despite and on opposition,widespread mega-projects destructive including and hydroelectric mining the people. ancestral land of the Ixquisis Peaceful Resistance of de Ixquisis, the Microregion de la Microregión Pacífica Resistencia Indigenous communities human rightsto violations in response by formed was of Ixquisis, committedin Guatemala in the of . The is often group the target of violentyears retaliations. suffered Members of the have peaceful resistance group of harassment and attacks local police, soldiers, security from and company guards. The of armed police attackedviolence in 2018 when hundreds escalated community members gas canisters and other a demonstration theduring tear projectiles against dams, employing were In December Pedro protestors. Neri 2018 brothers and Domingo Esteban against with bullets in their project heads. the hydroelectric near The dead San Andrés found one to project, opponents both which is linked of the vocal were hydroelectric brothers wealthiestpowerful most and funded by generously also is and Guatemala’s of families banks. international development LatinAcross America, often killings defenders of environmental occur after individuals have In Guatemala, through the as criminals or terrorists land and system. legal been framed with both both forces state physical and corporate by targeted are defenders environmental attacksand legal silence dissent. to accounts despite well-documented of the Meanwhile, in attackssurge defenders, environmental or even the against investigate state to has failed acknowledge the On the is complicit problem. in the the contrary, violence, government as rights criminal organizations. environmental groups prominent to publically referring “They say we are terrorists, delinquents,are we “They say assassins here, groups armed and that have we Resistance of the member of Peaceful Raymundo, Joel they’re just killing us,” but really Movement Ixquisis Latin in the land defenders and America of environmental has the of highest rate reporting to Global Witness,world. According by deadliest the was world’s Guatemala country per capita activists in 2018 for land and the environment. defending least At that activistssixteen year. murdered were communities exploitation face their suppression of and increasingly basic rights as mining communities their operations and evict Adivasi from land.companies Those expand who rights human peacefully mining abuses face resist and suppression from companies theand Indian government. Another pertinent new is Brazil where example Indigenous open on a campaign land for pledge to elected was Jair Bolsonaro President and agribusiness. mining a series of This led to has already like development commercial bands of land grabbers. armed of Indigenous lands by violent Branded as “eco-terrorists,”Branded activists the of their and everyday well-being protecting people the operations that communitiesoften violent mirror are to exposed military tactics zones. In the of war states coal of India mining decades opened the country investment.” and foreign a boom in private to

KILLING FOR OIL

Considering 48 . Law enforcement . Law enforcement At the behest of its client Energy Transfer the At of its behest client Energy Transfer 46 Indigenous water protectors and their allies protectors Indigenous water the against construction of the1,172-mile with met Access was Pipeline a heavyDakota police apparatus militarized agents, local out-of-state and including police and deputies, of Indian Affairssheriff’s police, Bureau Nationaland troops,gas, Guard tear used rubber bullets,cannons,sound cannons in water and peaceful protestors. against temperatures freezing Policing Peaceful Protest in the Peaceful Policing U.S.

Suppressing Dissent in the Land of the Free closely with states security collaborated five least at private firm TigerSwan, 47 As continues policing militarized, be to state legislatures the around country increasingly dissent.criminalize Local police in Local U.S.asa whichoriginated military target Indigenous to Stateand Department contractor, Access (DAPL). Pipeline theresistance to Dakota was likely obtainedSome through of this a Department likely equipment was that program of Defense vehicles, and other military weaponized local equipment police. to This is gear, riot gives of militarythe same system transfers, the that 1033 program, armed police in Ferguson, Missouri withaggressive, militarized vehicles assault and enabled an and armored Black Lives Matter to response after protests the Michael police killing of Black teenager theincluding Department additionagencies In the other Brown. to federal program, 1033 of Homeland Security equipment purchases for grants surplus equipment transfer and provide local police departments.to In what is currently the is currently In what States, United violent land dispossession extraction and resource Indigenous to threats posed major survival. and have Indigenous territories testing, uranium, coal, mine to weapons nuclear other and for metals, been exploited have and pipelines, wells dump military petroleum to and as for grounds as sites and toxic benefited directly not In almost all cases, radioactive have waste. suchdevelopments Indigenouscommunities, Indigenous resistance resources. wealth alongside extracted but with is met harsh, often repression. militarized, Recognition from when months such in 2016 of practices grew of peaceful protest theserealities, theand with that fact Fortunecoordinated a law and gascompany oil 500 we protectors, of water violently to movement suppress the agencies protest enforcement militarization seriously the increased in a climate-changedshould take potential for world. As policing continues to be militarized, state legislatures around the around country continues state legislatures As policing be militarized, to increasingly dissent.been introduced the across criminalize United Since 180 bills have 2016, over States restrict the to peaceful right assembly to and suppress protest. Partners, Access TigerSwan Pipeline, the used military building the Dakota company style the to respond Indigenous-led to counterterrorism the measures pipeline. against movement “jihadist to TigerSwan Internal communications protectors anti-pipelinecompare water warn, and fighters” to see expect the continued“While of we can the anti-DAPL spread of the preparation intelligence battlefield aggressive diaspora… and active coordination between and security method intelligence pipeline of defeating a proven now elements are .”

KILLING FOR OIL ” and outline plans The report on builds 49 frameworks that positionsframeworks caring each for other then some needs and some lives lives some needs and some as worthy more than others. minimize harm and prioritize harm minimize we are to seek to are solutionswe that A climate-changed will world we mustwe see through security certainlyless be stable, if but , ” approach ” approach Journalist 50 Parenti explains Parenti armed lifeboat Consideringthe violent 51 An “Armed Lifeboat””An “Armed Approach to Climate Security conditions activity that can enable terrorist of violence and other forms to climate adaptation. climate to On a violently unequal planet, the attempts lifeboat to the while afloat global elite those keep climate by most impacted who are Black, change—including Brown, Indigenous, and poor communities—are left off lifeboat.the As In their Adaptation that Change 2014 Climate their Roadmap, the “uniqueDoD projected capacity logistical, and security provide to material assistance on a massivescale in or be called frequency.” upon with may fashion increasing a rapid to respond to the to respond “securityto threats” associated with through change climate war-gaming scenarios. previous DoD publications that characterize the DoD as creating effects publicationschange of climate previous that characterize “ tactics of U.S. militarism, to it is troubling the where U.S. a future imagine military address the is called impacts on to of destabilizing Particularly change. climate military a bloated where in the climate context leaves budget mitigationchange underfunded, and adaptation severely the militarized of a realities A climate-changedimagine. to hard not are change climate to willresponse world certainly for caring harm and prioritize be less seek solutions to stable, that are but if we minimize othereach then must see through security we that positions some needs and frameworks worthy as more some lives than others. this sort of “climate fascism,” is “a politicsthis is “a sort fascism,” of “climate segregation, and based on exclusion, repression.” Christian Parenti aptlyChristian describes such Parenti plans as an “

KILLING FOR OIL

53

52

Regardless of the exact number of people thatpeople of number will Regardless theof exact 55 Journalist Todd Miller Todd Journalist 2003 Pentagon Commissioned Report2003 Pentagon and reserves self-sufficiency,” achieve to

Other higher be far —possibly studies suggest that reaching number may 54 and militarization by-products are of climate change,”

“The United States and Australia build defensive to likely are fortresses their around countries the because they resources have Climate Compounds Change Instability and Influences Migration “Just like super-typhoons,“Just like seas, rising border build-up waves, and heat be on the move in thebe on the decades, coming people to move that it is clear will change climate force as high as one billion people by 2050. ashigh by people asbillion one Policymakers have long denied the denied long urgency of the have climate crisis, Policymakers but people around its impacts. devastating decades, experiencing In coming already the drought, are world other flooding, and major level, weather events, sea rising extreme scarcity, resource corners of the uninhabitable. impacts globeclimate willincreasingly make These ecological conflicts, will new realities compound existing political cause more quantities unprecedented instability, and dislocate of people. Commonly estimates cited the 200 million people will that be displaced middle of the around by centuryproject due to change. climate

Immigration, Militarizationand Climate Change, Climate

CLIMATE CHANGE, IMMIGRATION, AND MILITARIZATION

58 , a As the compounding 57 annuallypeople new million 21.4 ” to ward off dust bowl who migrants ward ” to

61 impacts of a warming climate continue climate worsen,impacts to thiswarming of a trend will magnify. Despite the recognition of the growing relationship betweenthe global and change impacts climate of migration, contemporary internationalill equipped is law the accommodate to huge numbers of climate-migrants. restrictive and and narrow Existingimmigration are laws refugees. climate for framework no legal there is currently grim are such a world “The for preparations only real In fact, a person is more likely to be displaced by be displaced to by In fact, likely a person is more although as climate- than war, forces environmental conflictdriven intensifies,ever-harder it will become distinguishto between the two.

60 Communities the in the impacts experienced U.S. already have According to the Centre to Displacement Internal , the Monitoring According

59 56 What We Can Learn from the from Can Learn What Dust Bowl’s “Bum ” We , for example, predicts a devastating drought to hit the to Southwest drought a devastating predicts and plains states example, , for Between and 2008 of 2015 an average million people 21.5 displacedwere annually the from “impact and threat of climate-related hazards.” It’s worth noting that so far, most climate displacement within most climate has occurred It’s national worth borders. noting that so far, of weatherhas displaced Sinceaverage an extreme 2008 within their countries. own migrate at staggering rates. Thus, staggering at migrate militarization and border inextricably change climate are As the U.S.linked. security continues up border ramp expands to enforcement and border U.S. and stay. boundary move beyond to freedom lines, all people’s to do threats so closures, border walls, inequality, harshand immigration Especially lightin extreme of a violent, need. human are policies to response militarized impacting migration. in flows already is change BetweenClimate an 2015 and 2008 displaced the annually of people were million “impact from and threat of 21.5 average climate-related hazards.” by the end of theby . of climate change; take for example people forced to flee their homes in California in flee to California the their homes in people forced change;of climate example for take made-worse seasons of annual fire face ahead, some parts In the change. climate years by of the than change States United climate vulnerable to others. will be more A study by NASA ones: Miller and the walls surveillance that goes with writes journalist Todd them,” documents thewhose work between relationship militarization. and border change climate “Most climate-displaced internationally without people traveling authorization will sooner or turn them to those meant and the back.” guards walls run up against armed border later largest annual increases in displacements are due to weather or climate-related in displacements due to are annual increases largest causes. border apparatus largely premised on profiling those passingwas on profiling constructed it largely premised through apparatus border martial Colorado declared mobility. obstruct to its southernpeople’s along law to border and Florida instituted a “poverty people described as “aliens” “repel” that quarantine” those with keep sought little to out. money The Dust Bowl of the 1930s is a harrowing historical parallel for how militarization how The for could Dust Bowl parallel of the historical harrowing 1930s is a withinstifle movement the States.United storms drought fled who dust Those and the the during authorities armed met Dust Bowl-era region Plains the along Great ravaging Department Police The Angeles Los positioned officers along the state border. Californian the with border a “bum blockade creating Arizona, were predominantly poor and often predominantly today were immigration Resembling enforcement white.

CLIMATE CHANGE, IMMIGRATION, AND MILITARIZATION

compassion and 65 with solidarity or that could provide met withmet expanded safe refuge those to border enforcement. borders, migrants are sharing thesharing resources Instead of responding forced to travel acrossforced travel to

63 Here, Here, 62 , projects that afflicted with in a future , projects cataclysms, climate in the region’s history thein role region’s violenceof a defining and played for Climate-Related Migration 64 Fortress America: The U.S. Military’s Plans “The United States and Australia are likely to build defensive fortresses build defensive “The to States likely United and Australia are and reserves their thearound countries resources to have because they self-sufficiency…achieve Borders will be aroundstrengthened the country starving hold back unwanted to the islands (an from immigrants Caribbean problem),especially severe and South America.” Mexico, from Central America’s Northern Triangle left Northernan estimated 508,000 Central home people from America’s Triangle , both El Salvador and Guatemala are among among are and Guatemala , both Salvador El In a region marked by high levels of violence and high levels by marked In a region a third of all employment where inequality, extreme of the and huge percentages agriculture to is linked populationconditionsin live poverty, such acute of consequences devastating impactsclimate have that can significantly addition In to driving influenceleave. to the crisis, choice the climate U.S.interventionism has also and migrated north.and migrated inequality. As is the case in regions around the As is the globe, around inequality. in Central case in regions America a convergence conditions migration. motivate In theof interlinked first eight monthsyear of the 2019 fiscal alone, The between relationship the by and migration change climate has been well-documented globalDepartments for been preparing long who have Security, and Homeland of Defense instabilities and associated dislocations of people. A report the commissioned Pentagon by nearly two Scenario called Change An Abrupt and Its Implications Climate decades ago, for StatesUnited National Security where migrants and asylum seekers increasingly increasingly seekers and asylum migrants where insecurity and food failure crop as cite a driver of migration. The Central American northern Honduras— and triangle—Guatemala, Salvador, El for zero” as “ground hasbeen characterized impact the in Americas.change’s climate The so-called “bum ” created in response to Dust Bowl migration to in response demonstrates The created so-calledblockades” “bum even today, not are they that in places where can be easily borders constructed tomorrow within national boundaries. This is a powerful natural, and not that are borders reminder The reality that within people and stay. the United move block our collective to they freedom spirittheira inspire should change becausehomes climate of from move to Stateswill have of solidarity with the displacement those climate world. around facing planet, thatIt is clear warming on a cross-border migration of willinstead rise. But withresponding solidarity or compassion that the could provide and sharing resources with borders, across met migrants are travel to expanded those to refuge safe forced enforcement. Thisborder dynamic is visible the along States United southern border, a deadly combination hurricanes of devastating precarious hits already drought and extended Risk the to populations 2018 World hard. According Index countries disasters due to natural risk most at from capacity. response limited and exposure frequent

CLIMATE CHANGE, IMMIGRATION, AND MILITARIZATION 67 , who have , who have These military- 66 After 9/11 such practices 68 grade drones, which run around $17 million each, drones, grade which run around every $32,000 time government cost the federal an individual.they’re apprehend used to U.S. militarization border born out of a transfer was of surveillance the U.S. used by Military in Vietnam the to U.S.-Mexico in border the 1970s, significantly enhanced in and were the war zone, a bloated border budget funds budget border bloated a zone, war agents patrol numbers of armed border increasing and surveillance and drones from technologies recognition and human detection facial sensors to technologies. Protection and Border Customs (CBP) has the U.S. largest of its fleet kind drone outside the Department including of Defense, 36-foot-long, B nearly5,000-pound Predator military for built that were drones have but use CBP since 2006. been used by

in response toresponse in more than 19,500 Border Patrol agents Patrol than Border more 19,500 In 2017 there were 71 . It also fuels It the 70 Thebudget ballooning division known as Enforcement and Removal the the for budget ICE division and Removal known as Enforcement In 2017, 69 72 . - 2003 Pentagon-commissioned - 2003 Pentagon-commissioned report on climate change “Borders will be strengthened around the country hold to starvingback unwanted immigrants the from islands Caribbean (an especially severe problem), and Mexico, South America.” under the guise of drug-enforcement efforts (the same efforts increasingly that and ultimately domestic helped justify enforcement law militarized mass incarceration). (NAFTA) passed Agreement another in 1993 there was After the North Trade American Free militarization in in border securitysurge the border a significant increase alongside budget. devices thermal-imaging night scopes to infrared equipment from advanced Technologically and in-ground the sensors populated U.S.-Mexico borderlands. Operations (ERO) than more $4.2 $3.7 was budget billion. was billion and the Patrol Border helps the agencies acquire more helps theacquire agencies military-grade equipment. DHS $108,464purchased worth ammunitionof Central Americafrom in 2018, example. for the caravan so-called migrant Sincereport this issued, xenophobic was U.S. has and immigration enforcement border imagined an the into border military unprecedented undergone escalations. Transforming deportation machine. of thisAs a result expansive app- immigration enforcement detentionaratus, communities undocumented become the target of the and for-profit racist and deportation machine. Thousands unnecessarily up every are of immigrants locked apart families tearing heavy imposing and social costs. The taxpayers cost to year, is also significant; billion $1 people is estimated be over to so many the cost of incarcerating dollars a year turbo-charged. In the past two decades, the the for Department budget of Homeland Security (DHS), which houses Immigration Enforcement and Customs (ICE) and Border and Customs (CBP),Protection than has more doubled helped facilitate the deportation than of more 5 million people since the founded DHS was in 2003.

CLIMATE CHANGE, IMMIGRATION, AND MILITARIZATION

74 By design, the extended 73 Mexican immigrationMexican ” is only possible in the context a track record ICE and CBP have but they are physically but they physically are working in immigrationworking authorities, police, and security agents trained 75 theInitiativeMerida anti- a bilateral is

Mexico-Guatemala border. military in border policing, 76 centersthe along Not only have U.S.Not only have homeland armed lifeboat of systematic violence that terrorizes immigrant immigrant violence thatof systematic terrorizes communities the across States. United For communities,undocumented the of threats detention and deportationloom heavily as tactics nefarious increasingly to ICE employs surveil communities. immigrant These methods only arrest, designed not to are detain, and deport, in confusionfear and create but also to communities.undocumented adaptation Climate by “ of narrow presumptions that some human lives are that presumptions are some human lives of narrow worthy more than others. drives change climate As , followed by virtual by followed , technology walls, roadside International Boundaries The Militarized Border Extends Far Beyond The Beyond Militarized Border Extends Far

77 the Border Patrol’s policing practices policing as often the Patrol’s amounting a Border to has characterized ACLU Climate adaptation by lifeboat”“armed is only possible the in context presumptionsof narrow that some human lives worthy more are than others. The residents.” border and frisk’ ‘stop of for policy facto “de The force of the “war on migrants” extends beyond the borderlands, as somethingakin theof to beyond “war Theforce extends migrants” on a “virtual immigrants—particularly border” follows those undocumented—wherever who are international boundary Beyond go. lines themselves,they more in a far CBP operates Encompassing border. land or sea any that inland from 100 miles stretches zone expansive entire states such as Florida of the and Maine, and almost all country’s most populous territorymetropolitan covers areas, the two-thirds where area of the U.S. population lives, and work. live people undocumented many where including border zone expands the militarization of the border well beyond the the actual international militarization expands of the beyond zone well border border that the barriers along end, actual boundary the physical boundary just line are line. To immigrationof enforcement layer one the southwest from border. checkpoints, away far patrols and roving The United States’ to militarize The States’ United militarize strategy to extends out migrants keep to borders paramilitary Expensive globally. tech- southern border, Mexico’s along nologies underwater from motion Black sensors to Hawk helicopters, compliments of are a military the from United package States known as the Merida Initiative. of the so-called “war racist A convergence exclusionarydrugs” and on anti-immigrant sentiment, narcotics initiative funded by the U.S. and Mexico. Police training is a key strategy of the narcotics is a key initiative training the Police U.S. funded by and Mexico. While efforts to pressure local law enforcement not to cooperate been withWhileto cooperate efforts ICE have not enforcement local law to pressure successful“sanctuary”some in communities within—and areas, many in increasingly, collaboration with contractors 100 mile zone, exacerbates police and private beyond—the the criminalization communities. of immigrant known as Operation One DHS program local and for money provides Stonegarden enforcement, state do border police to which police agencies includes funds for border-enforcement buy to equipment for purposes. more state failure in thein SouthGlobal state authoritarian failure more more theand in state Global hardening North, emboldened. are regimes such xenophobic

CLIMATE CHANGE, IMMIGRATION, AND MILITARIZATION Not 78 On the 80

83 While failing to reign in the reign country’s to While failing States (alongside other heavy emitters like Union)the European hascharacterized as migrants “securityclimate threats” amounts in unprecedented and invested fortificationborder keep them out.to As Michael Gerrard professor law climate on the in a 2015 op-ed topic,wrote “Rather numbers of victimsthan vast of a leaving stranded, world warmer without place any allowing them countries in, industrialized of the on a share take pledge to ought to displaced population much how equal to nationeach contributed emissions to of the the gases that causing greenhouse are crisis.” 79 Solidarity Security Over 81 Having played such an outsized role in causing the in causing crisis, role the such an outsized United played Having 82 Having played such an played Having outsized in causing role the climate crisis, the United States bears a disproportionate share of the responsibility to address it, including a debt displacedto around people the world. We need to fundamentally need to just and caring. our change We be more and to victims for of funding need a massive of U.S. expansion and economic and We wars left policies thatenvironmental have of millions in need of humanitarian tens support. We immigrant with that terrorize agencies the away militarized doing by defundalso need to hate communities in the States. United In the of a climate-changed face must reverse we future, decades-longour militarization border trendin anti-immigrantall and operations carried and stay. move so uphold our collective to in doing ICE and CBP and freedom out by justiceImmigrant justice is climate militarism, and challenging critical is both. achieving to only have U.S.only have security homeland immigration authorities, trained Mexican agents police, and military immigration in working detention physically are policing, they but border in the along centers Mexico-Guatemala border. Knowing that climate change will force more people to migrate across borders, across migrate border people to more Knowing that will change climate force militarizationfortificationand change inhumanity. climate of By turning a is display gross a securityinto issue, contributed those the the who have to only least crisis not suffer the its consequences,most from with also targeted but are security those to responses very impacts.climate The States United has emitted gas pollution metric of greenhouse tons than more any other country since the carbon dioxide Industrial a third of theRevolution—nearly excess the U.S. highest per capita the is among world’s Still today, in the atmosphere today. carbon emitters. Merida Initiative and also a long-standing instrument in the arsenal. policy U.S. foreign States a disproportionate bears of the share responsibility address it, to a debt including the the displaced United of accounting thisto world. people around Instead for reality, frontlines of bothof borders,and those climate frontlines thein for borders South, Global expanding and of social global systems them in place reinforce that keep systems and the militarized and widens the gulf betweeneconomic exclusion and the thesecure “environmentally environmentally insecure.” powerful criminal groups, violence in Mexico spiked alongside spending increases for U.S. for powerful spending increases alongside groups,criminal spiked violence Mexico in securityand Mexico after cooperation. Five years the Merida Initiative signed in 2007, was than annually more 12,000. to 2,000 drug-related around from spiked

CLIMATE CHANGE, IMMIGRATION, AND MILITARIZATION

84 Our Indefensible Budget Priorities

provide trueprovide security at home,” and well-being

“Our spending and violence is arrestingability our to Poor People’s Moral Budget Moral Theoharis, People’s Liz Poor Dr. II and Rev. J. Barber William Dr. Rev. While policymakers in the policies theWhile United federal policymakers prioritize Statesfailed to have huge to secure necessary it difficult found not have they change, climate worsening stop to theamounts for of funding military and other “security” needs. In fact, the States United is the biggest single military spender in the world: U.S. military military largest seven of the next the roughly size are budgets combined. expenditures Studies, the National the at by Policy Priorities Institute for Project kept records to According military government’s of the half federal over spending accounts for year, given in any annual discretionary its budget—the annual during that budget Congress year sets each process.appropriations In 2020, military 54% of all federal spending accounted for discretionaryspending, totala billion. $756 of By comparison, discretionary the federal The energy. renewable and energy efficiency for billion in 2020 includedbudget only $2.7 military 272 times energy in 2020 was budget efficiency than larger for budget the federal energy. and renewable Spending and Militarizedand The Federal BudgetThe Federal

THE FEDERAL BUDGET AND MILITARIZED SPENDING

85

89 change—than in energy. The Departmentchange—than in energy. of $38 billion, was 2020 of Energy for budget which $24 billion, or 62%, nuclear for was weapons. all- an 2001 Since11, September encompassing “war in on terror” has ushered a seemingly limitless military spending spree. University’s Brown to According Cost of War This underfunding implications the has dire for of These 88 87 Instead of funding Instead 86 , an estimated $6.4 trillion has been spent on the U.S. War on Terror since 2001. estimatedan , $6.4 trillion spenthasbeen theon Terror on U.S.War For everyFor and humanitarian dollar spent on diplomacy aid in 2020, the U.S. spent The military budget in 2020 was 272 timeslarger than the budget federal energy and for efficiency energy. renewable climate crisis, climate trulyasa its given nature global problem: solution on depend must any international cooperation and negotiation - in other diplomatic words, effort. on a robust The U.S. military encompasses alone budget discretionary of a huge percentage spending. militarization the spending across budget,When militarized account we for however, piece of the of the pie. On top greater traditionaloccupiesan even military budget, the includes budget discretionary affairs, militarized broader homeland spending on ’ and incarceration. Non-traditional enforcement and law security, segments of the militarized calculation A 2016 of the militarized of billions in spending per year. add tens budget 64% of discretionary a whopping that for found it accounted budget spending. In the past at decades, and immigration spending on incarceration enforcement—now few militarized than$25.6 more 11 times in 1976, billion in 2020—has to skyrocketed it was what after inflation.adjusting for Of course, federal ten billion in this is also nearly times the $2.7 energy. renewable and energy efficiency for funding endless wars, couldhave we our fossil-fueledtransformed to with energy system, money spare. The and endless in Iraq wars made Afghanistan haven’t have They safer. anyone claimed 800,000 human lives and displaced an estimated 21 all while furthermillion more, de- thestabilizing region. Project threats terrorist Originally mission a defined as against defend to future the StatesUnited organizations,from al Qaeda and affiliated expanded from terror” on war has the “global fightingwars in Afghanistan and militaryto occupations in more than 80 countries. On the abroad, of wars Department of an expansion top of Homeland Security in created was part2002 in large attacks, of the the terrorist homeland” coordinate “defense to against domestic in militarized to spending. in significantthe $6.4 increases Compared ushering trillion in the spent on war past two decades, the cost of shifting the U.S. grid to power the energy over 100% renewable is an estimated years ten next $4.5 trillion. As a further statement of national priorities, the U.S. Department deals of Energy in fact humankind, to threat climate beside existential weapons—the other in nuclear great more violent cost $70 billion per wars year. $16.65theon military.

THE FEDERAL BUDGET AND MILITARIZED SPENDING

93 While 91 The same 92 , premised on theon premised , In 2019, the In 2019, Department 90 security business. average Pentagon contractor Pentagon average The same corporations a combined $100 million per year. a combined year. $100 million per The salary $200,000, is close to entry an to compared for pay level which soldier $20,172. a is thousands of active-duty service theirand people qualify families for stamps, food theof most military of major pads thebudget pockets military corporations. security, The border same goes for millions corporations make where to monitor, of dollars in profit and deportarrest, incarcerate, U.S.As people. border budgets for and immigration control has grown that huge financial reap of U.S. military spending rewards from high levels high from rewards levels also dominate the border extractive economy extractive

Mirroring the tactics Mirroring of the 94 WhoProfits from Militarized,the Extractive Economy? from 1975 to 1978. 1975 to budgets from theequal to and immigration entire enforcement border While thousands of active-duty service people and their families qualify stamps, food for most of the military budget pads the of major military pockets corporations. for a soldier which a soldier for is $20,172. The average Pentagon contractor Pentagon The average salary is close $200,000, to compared an entry to pay level beneficiaries of the military industrialfossil complex, four fuel corporations have the big their policies thatused their protect safeguard would to tremendous wealth and power profit-margin even with the knowledge driving were suchthat policies crisis.the climate Boththe fuel fossil industry and military industrial complex--whichanother on one rely to the theof paradigms operation--in follow remain Compared to the money paid to corporations, paid to the to Compared money humanitarian supporting groups and refugees thealong migrants U.S.-Mexico receive border spending. pennies in federal the military Like industrial complex, the fossil- fuelindustry thrives for drive on the corporate profits. As their business model brings world the Shell, Chevron, theto chaos, brink of climate BP, trillion$2 made almost in have Exxon and since 1990. profits As the federal government increases military increases government As thethe up and federal spending, power also prop they influenceof military corporations, which use then draft to help their influence and pass further which they from policies profit. Nearly of the half military contractors every goes to budget year. of Defense had obligated $381 billion in contracts, had obligated of Defense with billion. of $688 a budget These theof DoD contractors—Lockheedlucrative,with five incredibly contractstop are CEOs Martin, Boeing, General Dynamics, Raytheon, and Northrop paid Grumman—being corporations that reap huge financial rewards from high levels of US military high levels from rewards hugecorporations financial that also spending reap Lockheed Martin, In 2009 the the security example. dominate border for business. Take military largest thecontractorin contracta landed world potentially worththan more $945 of 16 surveillance the and upkeep million for maintenance planes. This contract single was massively associated sinceprofits the with militarization. corporate 1980s, border have so and Coast together than issued Guard more 344,000 Between CBP, 2006 and 2018 ICE, and immigration control order contracts services for worth $80.5 billion. accumulation, concentration, and enclosure of wealth and power. accumulation, concentration, of wealth and power. and enclosure

THE FEDERAL BUDGET AND MILITARIZED SPENDING

green economy. green economy. a Just Transition to a to a Just Transition One percent of 2019’s military of 2019’s One percent 96 investment. Regardless of the specific price cuttingtag, military spending could fund a least at significant portion of the . the monopolizes The Pentagon meaningfully need to we funding theaddress crisis. climate For instance, just 11% of the Pentagon’s $80 billion— 2019 budget—about enough windcould produce and every power solar energy to one of thehouseholds million 128 almost in the States. United As renewable no shortage of funds for The reality is that there’s

97 , which calls for $16.3 trillion over ten years in public in years $16.3ten which, callstrillion for over ; and the U.S. $350 billion least at could safely redirect Trade-Offs of the Militarized Economy Among the Among the address Bernie ambitiousmost Senator is crisis to climate proposals energy prices continue fall, the to fraction gets smaller. 95 Proposals to meaningfully to the address Proposals scale and necessary the at crisis climate rate are pipe dreams. The as unrealistic often to is seldom applied same scrutiny characterized military spending.ever-expanding The realityshortageno that is there’s a Just fundsof for economy. a green to Transition Street corporations, couldyield $866 billion and Wall taxesfair theon Enforcing wealthy, coal,estimated subsidies for oil, revenue; annual and gas could and indirect direct ending anotheramount to $649 billion from the Pentagon’s current spending per year and achieve true securityachieve and wars, ending spendingper year current by thePentagon’s from in military and reining overseas, posture aggressive our contractsreducing that drain our security. would actually that - all measures gain increase for private public coffers Sanders’ Green New Deal proposal New Deal Sanders’Green Then there’s the lost opportunityThen there’s cost. By on militarization,spending money lose we the opportunity dollars our federal invest to that actually would benefit our in other ways communities,education, work,social like energy. and clean infrastructure healthcare, isn’t an investment, war for it’s a loss.Paying adjust our spending priorities, If we there’s enormous and unnecessary gain.so much to Our government’s military have expenditures our sense of what’swarped possible,to improve tricking can’t afford we believing us into who elites from back our resources When take livable. planet we our or keep our lives off wars, trillions of dollars our back reinvest violent into weapons,profit we can walls and by militarization thecommunities on people and repair harm inflicted to and begin the planet the world. home and around at budget could have funded over 125,000 jobs Reallocating instead. funds infrastructure funded over couldbudget have the possibilities. broadens budget theacross militarized of the Instead $25 billion spent in 2020, taxon immigration enforcement and border 337,000 paid for dollars could have energy jobs.clean people and theBesides the consequences for planet, dire continuing business as usual significant economic costs.willhave also Inaction could cost to up change on climate 16% of GDP per year--that’s to equivalent wiping $3.3 out trillion the from U.S. economy.

THE FEDERAL BUDGET AND MILITARIZED SPENDING

government actiongovernment on conversion,”

“The the job of movement, therefore— conversion

Lance Compa,Lance on the Movement 1980s Military Conversion Economic

organizations—is mount a political to struggle that will advance workers, unions and allies and civil in peace rights and community The Military is the Only Jobs Program Major Federal in the U.S.

Understanding that economic system, climate disruption outcome is an of our broken insecurityof other forms from separated be cannot threats climate that experience people economic insecurityin their daily lives. and inequality Vast of the outcomes financially are fossil-fueledextractive, economy. The U.S. military poor people who recruiting on economic precarity, capitalized has long lack other options and middle-class populations with faced significant debt and instability. communitiesjobsin key a mattera As remains militarized of the practicality, of prevalence militarypolitical reducing to blockade funding. As such, solutions the to must crisis climate jobs,also address the poverty, inequality, number of well-paying absence of an adequate socioeconomic concerns of our time.the At and other same prevalent time, must we of war weapons building convert of U.S. from share and engineering a major manufacturing 2030. by energy economy a 100% clean building to Communities for Workers and Workers for a Just Transition a Just Transition Green JobsGreen and

GREEN JOBS AND A JUST TRANSITION

101 , a Half In the context of In the context 100 Since themilitary industrial 103 105 The Department calls of Defense itself 104 Native Americans, the highest who have poverty 102 While employment statistics While employment can thehelp illustrate 99 , such as temporary, part-time, such, astemporary, workers, “on-call” and This figure does not include all working age people who are unemployed unemployed agewho are people working include all does not This figure Do We Have a Poverty Have DraftDo We in the United States? 98 of any racial or ethnic in the racial group States, United of any also serve in the country’s armed employed in insecure positionsinsecure in employed Funding Green Jobs and the CareFunding Economy Yields Net Benefits economic crisis, they can also minimize the lived-realities for the people of millions of the tens for lived-realities economiccrisis, can minimize also they living in poverty in the States. United In the richest country the in the to prior world,even its pandemic and associated 140 million poor economiccoronavirus implosion, there were and low-wealth 43% of the people. That’s population over of the States. United pay, Low job scarcity or inaccessibility, and attacks people on unionization keep together work to in poverty. America’s largest employer - larger than- larger Walmart, employer largest even. America’s Mandatory the ended in 1973, 1980s the “poverty and by term draft” gained describe “theto used as a term prominence of the belief that military the ranks enlisted people with economic opportunities.” limited up of young made were Bureau of Labor Statisticsthe Bureau low, too While to be are estimates known counted activelyand now figure in 2019—a seeking work as people unemployed six million about the crisis, coronavirus under “good” but indicative by obsolete of our economy rendered circumstances. total of 6.9 jobs are created per $1 million of federal military per $1 million of federal total of 6.9 created jobs are spending. By comparison, In fact, those alternative uses for funds, to compared military spending is one of the least University’sto Brown According effective of job creation. sources Project Cost of War Despite such vast economic insecurity, the economic insecurity, Despite military such vast in jobs program is the only federal major on active Americans military are the States. United duty Over 1,300,000 800,000 and over in the are militarymore companies for Americans work reserves. Another 1,600,000 the but also the U.S. goods contracted by military of war, only supply not to weapons and services that support military operations. Military recruiters have historically recruited among middle and lower classes.Military middle and lower among historically recruited Reporting have recruiters the Seattle that cameby “from recruits nearly half of new example, Times for in 2005 found, lower-middle-class poor households.” to complex is spread across the across States, is spread United complex members some of congress justify military their the states districts.or provides jobsit oftenspendingis spendingby as War perceived besides a massivefar better employment, but are ways to increase there an effectiveway military Americans. employ to jobs program and more comprehensive methods of calculating unemployment often methods calculatingof comprehensive unemployment more and the double standard rate. unemployment race, in the also vary best of times, rates Even geography, drastically unemployment by higher people all have and age; Latinx Black workers, and young workers, workers, rural of unemployment. times, In normal rates fortythan average of the percent U.S. workforce is contractors, and the self-employed. vast economic precarityvast in the States, United military service often functions as a “draft-like that attractssystem” low-income enlisting into because of a groups and other marginalized lackotherof income, educationaland job, opportunities theirin communities. available people who join the militaryof all young education. future for pay to do so as a means rate ethnic in the group country. the of any at highest rate forces

GREEN JOBS AND A JUST TRANSITION

106 In 107 the public good. A jobs guarantee an expense we deem we an expense necessary that serves military does currently, could look a lot like the could like look a lot creation by military by creation spending. theAcross board, the funding of a bloated instead economy green military job be a net would budget creator. Shifting military excess spending to in particular manufacturing green opportunitiescreates targeted for of the in regions United job creation hit by States been hardest that have the over declines in manufacturing last two decades. shift If we $125 militarybillion from spending to manufacturing,an additional green 250,000 be created. jobs would

, Rev. Dr. Dr. , Rev.

A dramatic expansion of these jobs, A dramatic expansion that and ensuring the standards 108 Direct public investment in a program that competes for labor with that for competes competitive in a program public investment Direct 109 A total of 6.9 jobscreated are military of federal per $1 million spending. By comparison, spending the same in amount wind 8.4 creates good-paying jobs and in solar 9.5. the of spending, For same level clean energy and infrastructure jobs. 40% more over create job guarantee isn’t a new concept, isn’t a new job guarantee it was in fact demand of the Civil Rights Movement. a key In the the Forward to 1966 publication Budget” All Americans for A “Freedom states,Martin “We shall eliminate Luther King Jr. demand we when Negroes for unemployment The first of all.” the for full employment and fair Budget demands outlined in the Freedom seven are who all for full employment provide “To was work,willing able to and those including who need them willingand education make to or training able.” and conditions raised, is a critical of this are component work from of the transition away destructive,extractive, and often of care. an economy violent and towards work address the to crisis and economic inequality climate a Endeavoring simultaneously, component jobs guarantee of the New Deal. A federal Green is a key jobs guarantee federal wants one. A public who and with a living a job—at wage fullpromises anyone benefits—to wages and good benefits isn’t unheard of in and good benefits isn’tthe unheard United States.wages could A jobs guarantee deem necessarywe the expense an military like lot a look that serves currently, does order to rapidly transition to a green economy, we must fund dramatically we millions of jobs to transition rapidly economy, to a green order to scale-up energy, renewable energy percent clean production and transition one hundred to the U.S.overhaul transportation build and run mass to public transportation, systems and communities the to on the of the a of adapt realities prepare crisis to frontlines climate planet.warming those The carbon anything jobs are that lowest don’t extract the economy. care Then there’s impact. environmental limited a have Jobsand that include waste the create or land from nurturing,teaching, our society to work, and caring, invaluable often as care to are referred work describes care The large. at the Nationaland to economy Domestic Workers as, in these public investment “the jobs Direct all other possible.” work that work makes than impact on the military economy also has a greater spending. the to Compared 6.9 of 15.2 in thedollars military, $1 million in education an average jobscreated produces jobs. good-paying spending the same amount in wind creates 8.4 good-paying jobs and in solar 9.5. For 9.5. solar in jobsand 8.4For spendingthe samegood-paying windin amount creates jobs. 40% more over thespending, of create energy and infrastructure clean same level nearlycreates retrofits the Investing same amount in energy efficiency level of job twice the

GREEN JOBS AND A JUST TRANSITION

110 sectors each mirror other in the that way

112 due to limited options. limited due to Lance Compraarticulated paper a in funneled lethal into work workers frequently end up workers The fossil fuel and military Resembling the calls for a Just Transition the a Just Transition Resembling calls for thethein justice climate from movement last decade, the economic conversion anti-warby led movement activists the in plan and implement a 1980s sought to us represents a set of aligned of aligned strategies a set us represents transitionto whole communities toward thriving dignified, economies that provide and ecologicallyproductive sustainable by directly governed thatlivelihoods are and communities.” workers As labor law professor professor law labor As 111 We Need a Just Transition for Workers and Communities and for Workers Need a JustTransition We When the and climate peace justice stand movements in solidarity with organized the possibilitylabor, of a powerful, coordinated, and truly transformative emerges.movement transformation from a war economy to a peace economy. Recognizing that every Recognizing economy. a peace to economy a war transformation from with met in military was theduring an increase in the spending, peace many jobs from concluded end the that to it must be separated in order , movement economicand prosperity. The fossil fuel and military end frequently that other each workers in the mirror sectors way options. limited lethalup funneled due to into work Communities in the the across States military United on employment depend and various of thesectors military who extract, process, the industrial workers complex. Like and use fossil fuels will transition need to jobs, new into there must be alternative pathways individuals for and good employment to communities tied the are livelihoods to whose military. The of labor unions, leadership which the advance to interests organized long have of low-income is critical advancing workers, to movement. When Just Transition a worker-led the justice and climate peace movements the stand solidarity in labor, with organized possibility of a powerful, and coordinated, truly emerges. transformative movement deck” hands on kind NewThe has Deal been described as of policy. an “all Green do it right,If we the New will Deal be a mass Green mobilization that radically would the restructure fossil-fueledknow asit. we economy This program kind of comprehensive across but and the only of jobs not a wide in manufacturing energy range sector, will require those will who in the lose work For fossil fuel industrythemilitary or economy. industrial safety an employment economic transition. during provides net complex, a job guarantee phase out extractive to that can be taken many among is one measure A job guarantee and communities workers for outcomes adverse and unjust industries with and prevent care on thoserelying industry federal plan and invest if we jobs. can Such be prevented outcomes to As articulated the justice climate by movement, “Just Transition accordingly. resources the low-paid alternativespublic good. to While providing supply carbon-intensive in work communities jobs improve that could better-paying offer chains, jobs guarantee a federal economy. a green to while supporting a Just Transition on the topic in 1985, “Conversion planning to move from military from on the in 1985, move topic to “Conversion planning non-military to production the down can barrier--fear tear of job loss--that rank-and-file broad support blocks for disarmament initiatives and a non-interventionist policy.”

GREEN JOBS AND A JUST TRANSITION economies. and transitionwhole to redefine industries redefine to the vision put forth by communities and whole It’s past time realize we movements for decades for movements Much like contemporary economicMuch transition, like conversations around the1980s economic and re-employing retraining to national dedicated called policy for movement conversion for significant military Calling workers. affected spending cuts, redirect sought to the movement the military from taxaway to order in revenues on social programs,spend education, the money public transportation, housing, health and care, othersocially industries. beneficial The effort activists movement with Peace labor linked unions, a Jobs with Campaign launching Peace 85 the in with United around referendums States. This cross-movement collaboration for planned-economic-conversation the helped lay the for contemporarygroundwork conceptions the decades vision for forth put It’s past time movements realize we by of a Just Transition. industries redefine and to transition whole communities and whole economies.

GREEN JOBS AND A JUST TRANSITION 1. All human life has equal value. 1. Principles forPrinciples Collective Action

gender, sexual orientation, sexual genderidentity place origin,of genderexpression, and gender, by wealth, abilities, different other and been upheld and promulgated factors, have These structures be dismantled cannot both militarism and the economy. extractive unless both dismantled. militarism are and the economy extractive value, all people and death. equal people to condemning have When all lives the safety globe, around and no one is shut off from move can freely and abundance. undervalued, been chronically those have whose lives by limited but not including the people, poor people, Global South, Black and Brown to and others. In a just environmentally destructive for world, an unequal no one bears burden or militaristic practices, others. and no one benefitsexpense of these practices from at the a. Old structures that have devalued human life based on race, ethnicity, assigned ethnicity, based on race, a. human life devalued Old structures that have by specific of restrictive human lives immigration policies devalues Enforcement b. c. Theoverwhelmingly inequitable and militarism effectschange of climate are borne

To achieve climate justice, achieve that must now we transform have we the economy extractive To Resisting and ecosystems. people militarization an economy is harming building to is core and the people for planet.that works As such, must pursue solutions we the to climate warming and fueled war that thatcrisis have the challenge violent systems oppressive and generations.for In solidarity with of U.S. on the the frontlines movements militarism and the for collective injustice,climate offer following principles action: we the Conclusion

CONCLUSION 4. There is enough everybody. for 3. All people have a right3. self-determination. to All people have 5. We are all interconnected are 5. our movements. and so are We 2. Economies only are as as healthy people and the planet. places values like wealth and collective productivity like places values of human life. the value above support,of material another should deprive work person their of or life but no one’s Both well-being. the extractive on dependent global U.S.and overly economies are industries and militarism, the of those demeaning lives harmed but also most directly the of those lives within who work those industries.Every the person should have opportunity in a life-affirming work to capacity. bothdeterminationto communitiesthat suffer effects,their and communities whose captive theseeconomies to are industries. that puts Deep people in democracy control of the decisions that affect replace militarismtheir daily must lives as the the economy. through govern whichmeans we and militarism is the of this economy, extractive thefossil fuels are example prime which one countrymechanism by another country’s exploits land, and resources, resources. natural exploit or dominate to Nations use force not must labor. fossil fuel consumption and emissions, and military Both adventurism and force. to self-determinationdiminish forced roles the are world, around peoples as they for struggle the consequences against of U.S. emissions and U.S. militarism. disproportionatelybenefited Nationsthat extractivegroups and have the from nations historicallyto been that and peoples reparations have must make economy harmed. on negotiation, – thecooperation and diplomacy antithesis of military antagonism collaboration between Full nations and peoples will be possible not under and war. conditions military of perpetual conflict. other each to and the stands world. No in isolation. economy The global economy relationships, all people, be built on mutually beneficial for room and the must make regenerative economies for healthy, distribution must reflect the need of resources in all nations. a. industries, extractive Protecting militaristic industries, them from and those who profit parta fulfilling is well a means as as Work b. of life meaning sense of a that can grant their collective joined by and militarism denial of self- are a. Extractive industries, war, often, the riches. of another are nation’s source Oil and resources one nation’s Too b. c. The of both States is unique among and has the been at forefront well, live enough without to a. have living better We of others. the at expense support is enough There to b. everyone in the be left world, to no one needs behind. a. No country solution must be built alone. Any change climate or people can stop interconnected We are systems. of all living feature is the Interdependence defining b.

CONCLUSION . The Leap Code Pink Dissenters Peace Action Peace Next StepsNext The Red Nation Justice is Global United We Dream We United Climate JusticeClimate Alliance Campaign People’s Poor Movement for Black Lives for Movement Global Grassroots JusticeGlobal Grassroots Alliance Friends CommitteeFriends on National Legislation Use our discussion host a virtual to guide discussion and militarism. change on climate and online trade-offsUse our op-ed template local newspapers your write to to calculator cuttinghow about military fund and us safer a transition a to spendingcould make energy economy. clean Contact [email protected] us at attend sign-up to to or to one of our webinars or organization.your group specifically training or schedulefor a webinar Contact us justice climate anti-militarismAdd Need platform. help? your to Center impacted people—are you a member of a community a member you people—are Center impacted disproportionately impacted help amplify Contact to work us and we’ll voice. militarism change? and climate your by Support organizations that fight both and militarism, change climate including: True climate justice must have justicehope that climate will this have must theat We resource core. True highlighting and militarism conversations change the about climate contribute by existing to also hope that will this spark questions new that We resource the twoways fuel other. each and help facilitate dialogue—and coordination—across movements. When come together we can the build we deserve: we just future • • • • • •

CONCLUSION , by Sam , by , Cost of War , Cost of War , Cost of War Project , Cost of War , Cost of War Project , Cost of War , Indigenous Environmental , Indigenous Environmental , Movement for Black Lives for , Movement , The Red Nation , Code Pink Additional Resources From Banks and Tanks to Cooperation to Caring: and A Strategic Framework and Tanks Banks From Generation Change for Movement by a Just Transition for The Part Red Deal One and Part Two Indigenous of a Just Transition Principles Network Capitalism Change, and the Climate Military Nick Buxton of by Institute Transnational That the Intertwined Crisis and Militarism Climate are 10 Ways Medea by of CodeBenjamin Pink Campaign is Not Green War Cut Military Manufacturing Green Spending, Fund Opportunities and Lost Spending War Costs of War, by Climate Justice Climate Alliance by Change for A Framework Just Transition: the and Change, Use, Climate Costs of War Fuel Pentagon Project by The Leap and Migration Change by Climate Than and a Wall:More the Militarization Profiteering Corporate of the US- Institute the Miller for Transnational Todd by Border Mexico theStorming Wall: Migration, Change, Climate and Homeland Security Miller Todd by New Deal Green Sunrise Movement in Bennis NewFight Needs Phyllis Deal to USA Green Militarism by Jacobin Platform Black Lives Policy for Movement Ross-Brown and Utne on UTNE Reader Armed Lifeboat: Government’s Response Natural to ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

CONCLUSION https:// ” Department 23 October 2015,23 October pg. https://quartermaster. ; Justin Rohrlich, “ Why RESILIENCE, https://jacobinmag.com/2015/11/ ; Ross Caputi,”The victims of Fallujah’s health ; Ross Caputi,”Thevictims of Fallujah’s Endnotes CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND CHANGE ADAPTATION CLIMATE . , https://movementgeneration.org/wp-content/ Change Generation for Movement , 30 November 2017, https://www.propublica.org/article/reporting-recipe- 2017, , 30 November ProPublica 9 April 2019, Justice,https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ Social 9 April 2019, for A Journal “DOD DIRECTIVE 4715.21 Neta C. Crawford, “Pentagon Fuel Use, Climate Change, and the Change, Neta Use, Climate Costs C. of War.” Crawford, Fuel “Pentagon Murtaza https://theintercept. 2019, ,15 September Hussain, The Intercept “War on the World,” Costs of War Costs of War and the Change, Neta Use, Climate Costs C. of War,” Crawford, Fuel “Pentagon Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Vine, David Nation: Base U.S. How Military, New and the America Abroad World Harm Bases Climate JusticeClimate Alliance, Change,” for A Framework Transition, “Just Cooperation a Just to for and Caring: A Strategic Framework and Tanks Banks “From Jacobin, Change,” War on Climate Aronoff, “The Kate New “Security Eric Bonds,Global Warming’s “Challenging Threat” Ibid. Division (LTD),” “Laboratory Quartermaster U.S. Army , Corp Training David Vine, “Most Countries Have Given Up Their Colonies, Why Hasn’t America?,” Vine, David Countries“Most Up Given Their Colonies, Have Hasn’t America?,” Why , TheConversation why,” – here’s John DeCicco, mistake “Biofuels be a climate turn out to AND A CHANGING RISKS OF CLIMATE-RELATED SECURITY IMPLICATIONS “NATIONAL Vine, David Nation, pg. Base 137. Ryann Grochowskiand Abrahm Jones Lustgarten, “Reporting Recipe: Bobs in Your Our Military Can Help Lead The Fight In Combating Climate Change,” Elizabeth Warren, Our MilitaryWarren, Elizabeth TheFight Combating Help Lead In Can Change,” Climate and the Change, Neta Use, Climate Costs C. of War.” Crawford, Fuel “Pentagon Ibid. ed., and the The Nick Secured Buxton Dispossessed and Ben Hayes , Ibid., pg 71 and the Change, Neta Use, Climate Costs C. of War.” Crawford, Fuel “Pentagon Institute, 16 Nick Transnational Buxton, Capitalism Change, “Climate and the Military,” https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-secure-and-the-dispossessed 16 17 com/2019/09/15/climate-change-us-military-war/ https://www.theguardian. 2012, , 25 October The Guardian silence,” western by stifledcrisis are com/commentisfree/2012/oct/25/fallujah-iraq-health-crisis-silence 7 https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/ University2019, InstituteBrown 13 November , Watson Project files/cow/imce/papers/Pentagon%20Fuel%20Use%2C%20Climate%20Change%20and%20the%20 Costs%20of%20War%20Revised%20November%202019%20Crawford.pdf 8 9 10 11 12 Metropolitan 2015. Books, York: 1 2 Transition,” uploads/2016/11/JT_booklet_English_SPREADs_web.pdf 3 cop-21-paris-climate-change-global-warming-keystone-pipeline 4 Status,” abs/10.1080/10402659.2015.1037630?journalCode=cper20 5 6 army.mil/pwd/pwd_lab.html climatejusticealliance.org/just-transition/ 27 154, 22 2016,5 October https://theconversation.com/biofuels-turn-out-to-be-a-climate-mistake-heres- why-64463 23 23 July 2015, Department https://archive.defense.gov/pubs/150724- of Defense, CLIMATE,” congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf?source=govdelivery 24 25 26 Backyard,” bombs-in-your-backyard 18 https://elizabethwarren.com/plans/military-combat-climate-change 19 20 21 13 14 15 2018, https://www.tni.org/en/article/climate-change-capitalism-and-the-militaryNovember the US Navy’s, 13 July Vice 2016,https:// use biofuel of sense,” push to isn’t making a whole lot www.vice.com/en_us/article/7xaywz/great-green-fleet-us-navy-use-of-biofuels 14 Julyof Defence, 2016, https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/471521p.pdf

ENDNOTES ” Base Base In Guatemala, ; David Vine,; David Rights http://www.ghrc-usa.org/wp- , October School, October HarvardKennedy ” , “Leaked Documents Reveal Counterterrorism Documents Reveal “Leaked ultural Identity, Cultural & Human : Indigenous Territory https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/environmental-activists/ Oil, Conflict, U.S. and National Interests, , 30 November 2017, https://projects. 2017, Backyard, 30 November ProPublica Series,” “Bombs in Your “ of the State,” Global Witness, 30 July https://www.globalwitness.org/en/ 2019, “Enemies of the State,” “Crushed by Injustice “Crushed by Global Planet,” our of Defending on the Frontlines Indigenous People “Blood and Tears: . Global Witness “Enemies of the State,” Ibid. Ibid. Aliceand Will Speri, Brown, Alleen Parrish, The Secured and the The Secured Dispossessed, “We Blood,” Oil but it was Thought it Was Nnimmo Bassey, D. Colgan, Jeff ‘ Militarism, Vincent Change, on Climate Emanuele, “ Christian and Neoliberalism Parenti Institute for 2019: World,” Index in a Complex “Global Peace Peace Measuring Guy J. Abel, al., Et Conflict, “Climate, Migration.” Forced and Ibid. David Vine, David Nation , pg.Base 147 is in the Hands of the National U.S. Ossola, Fate Military,” Ecological “Guam’s Alexandra https://projects. Backyard:, 5 December ProPublica 2017, Guam,” “Bombs in Your “‘Biba Guåhan!’: Chris Gelardi Sophia and Perez, Indigenous Activists Guam’s How Are “Of Post , 25 May “Abizaid: Course That,” It’sHuffington Really Can’t Deny About Oil, We Ibid. 2019, , 9 August 2013, https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/oil-conflict-and-us-national-interests Report Members of the 2018 GHRC/USA by Delegation, Emergency content/uploads/2019/05/2018-GHRC-Emergency-Delegation-Report.pdf , 27 March 2017, 2017, , 27 March The Intercept Insurgencies,” Pipeline Standing Used at ‘Defeat Rock to Tactics https://theintercept.com/2017/05/27/leaked-documents-reveal-security-firms-counterterrorism- tactics-at-standing-rock-to-defeat-pipeline-insurgencies/ 40 campaigns/environmental-activists/enemies-state/ 41 Witness 42 43 44 45 46 34 2015,23 October pg. https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-secure-and-the-dispossessed 9, 35 36 2015, https://truthout.org/articles/christian-parenti-on-climate-change-, 12 May Truthout the State,” militarism-neoliberalism-and-the-state/ 37 , & Peace http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdfJune 2019, 38 39 blood-and-tears/ Nation, 145. 28 29 Geographic, 27 December 2018, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2018/12/ guam-endangered-species-ecology-threatened-us-military-base-expansion/#close 30 propublica.org/bombs/state/GU#b=12.91622949518188,143.60778812656253,13.98471105003 6319,145.96984867343753&c=shrink 31 Confronting Military The https://www.thenation.com/article/ Nation, 2019, ,” 21 October archive/guam-colonialism/ 32 propublica.org/bombs/ 33 2011. , 28 September 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/ 2017, , 28 September Post Washington wp/2017/09/28/most-countries-have-given-up-their-colonies-why-hasnt-america/ 47

ENDNOTES https://www. . Congressional Research Research Congressional ” . “The“smarter” wall: drones, How the sensors, patrolling are AI and , 17 January https://nacla.org/blog/2019/01/17/militarization-southern- 2019, , 12 February12 , 2015,TheUptake https://theuptake.org/2015/02/12/nasa-predicts- Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Displacement Monitoring Internal Council, 2016, Refugee https:// , 7 February 2020, https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/5/16/18511583/smart-border- NACLA Central American Migration: and U.S. Causes Root Policy, “ International Center for Not-For-Profit Center, 2 April 2020,Law International https://for Law Tracker,” “US Protest Vox Shirin Ghaffary, Shirin Ghaffary, Grandin, “The Greg Militarization of the Southern Is a Long-Standing Border American than “More a Wall: and the Militarization Profiteering Corporate of US borders,” Miller, Todd Justin Rohrlich, “The US bought $108,000 worth off an unarmed of ammunition fend to Michael McIntee, “NASA Predicts 20-40 Year Megadroughts in US Because Megadroughts of Man-Made 20-40 Year Predicts “NASA Michael McIntee, the Wall: Storming Security and Homeland Migration Change, Climate , pg. 138 Miller, Todd Ibid., pg. 75. Ibid. Schwartz Scenario Change ItsAbruptand ImplicationsClimate Peter Dougand Randall, “An other by borrowed being Whitlock, drones Timberg Craig and Craig Border-patrol Alexandra Bilak, Gabriel Cardona-Fox, Justin Bilak, Ginnetti, Gabriel Cardona-Fox, Alexandra al. “Global Report Et on Internal “Global Estimates 2015: Displacement Monitoring Internal disasters,” displaced by People “The Refugees The Locking and Out,” the States United World Is Polluting Miller, Todd Note: Messaging https://theleap., April 2019, Justice Migrant Justice,“ is Climate The Leap “Quadrennial Defense Review 2014,” Department “Quadrennial 2014,” Review Defense of Defense, 2014,https://archive.defense. of Chaos:, of Violence and the Geography Change Climate New Christian Tropic Parenti, Schwartz Scenario Change Abrupt and Its Implications Climate Peter and Doug Randall, “An the Wall: Storming Security Migration,Homeland and Change, Climate , City Miller, Todd for Organization “MRS International Change,“ 31 - Migration No. Oli Brown, Climate and the Wall: Storming Security Migration, and Homeland Change, Climate , City Miller, Todd Department Adaptation Change “2014 Climate Roadmap,” 2014,of Defense,

Service https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF11151.pdf, 13 June 2019, border,” border,” wall-drones-sensors-ai 67 68 Tradition,” 69 https://www.tni.org/en/morethanawall Institute 2019, , 16 September Transnational 70 Quartz caravan,” migrant , 24 January https://qz.com/1532502/the-us-prepared-for-migrant- 2019, caravans-with-ammo-and-riot-gear/ 60 Change, Climate 20-40-year-megadroughts-in-us-because-of-man-made-climate-change/ 61 62 63 64 65 2003, October https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/v1003/ States United Nationalfor Security,” readings/Pentagon.pdf 66 often, 14 January more Post agencies than known previously “ The Washington 2014, https:// www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/border-patrol-drones-being-borrowed-by- other-agencies-more-often-than-previously-known/2014/01/14/5f987af0-7d49-11e3-9556- 4a4bf7bcbd84_story.html border-long-standing-american-tradition 56 Displacement,” www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/2016-global-report- internal-displacement-IDMC.pdf 57 Centre, Norwegian Council Refugee , 2015, :https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/ files/inline-files/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en-v1.pdf 58 https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-united-states-is-polluting-Nation, 7 December 2017, the-world-and-locking-refugees-out/ 59 org/portfolio-items/climate-migration-briefing/ acq.osd.mil/eie/downloads/CCARprint_wForward_e.pdf 50 gov/pubs/2014_Quadrennial_Defense_Review.pdf 51 Nation 2011. Books, 52 2003, October https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/v1003/ States United Nationalfor Security,” readings/Pentagon.pdf 53 pg. 27. Lights 2017, Books, 54 , 2008,Migration https://publications.iom.int/books/mrs-ndeg31-migration-and-climate-change 55 pg. 96. Lights Books, 2017, 48 www.icnl.org/usprotestlawtracker/ 49

ENDNOTES . . . https://watson. . Caitlin Foster, “Military How Here’s Pay: Foster, Caitlin ; https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/feb/12/ , June 2019, https://ips-dc.org/2019, June , Studies InstitutePolicy for https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/ , “The average Defense Department Defense , “The average contractor is paid nearly $200,000,“ . . Drug War Capitalism, AK Press, 2015, War pg. Drug 115 Paley, awn Todd Miller, “More than “More and a Wall:the Militarization Profiteering Corporate of US borders.” Miller, Todd Ibid “Revealed:total since and Jillian Ambrose, 1990 nearly profits big oil’s Matthew Taylor , 3 April 2017, https://www. , 3 April 2017, Project National Priorities “The 2017,” Budget Militarized William Hartung, “Nearly Goes Budget Half The Contractors,” the American to Pentagon Silvia Ascarelli , Bank “CO2 The Emissions,” World in the History Should Polluter is the We Worst of the World. Michael Gerrard, “America in $ Billion FY2001-FY2020,” Spending Neta C. Crawford, Terror on “Estimate of U.S. War , 27 Mackenzie Question,” Wood “Deep Decarbonisation: Shreve, Dan a Multi-Trillion-Dollar Todd Miller, “More than a Wall: Corporate Profiteering and the Militarization of US borders.” than “More and a Wall:the Militarization Profiteering Corporate of US borders.” Miller, Todd Ibid. October of Abuse,” “Record Bambauer, E. and Derek Bambauer, Jane Yakowitz James Lyall, of Chaos:, pg. of Violence and the Geography Change Climate New Christian Tropic Parenti, than “More and a Wall:the Militarization Profiteering Corporate of US borders.” Miller, Todd D the Wall: Storming Security Migration, and Homeland Change, Climate , pg. 73 Miller, Todd Capitalism, pg. 32 War Drug Paley, Dawn the Wall: Storming Security Migration, and Homeland Change, Climate , pg. 31. Miller, Todd “The Coalición de DerechosHumanos , https:// Criminalization of Migration,” Moral People’s Shailly Ashik Siddique, and Gupta “Poor Barnes, Koshgarian, Lindsay Costs of War Project Watson Institute Brown University Institute Brown , Watson Project Costs of War “Costs of War,” 2020, Military Reducing “Three, 2 March for Project Big Ideas National Priorities Spending,” National Priorities Project Analysis of Office of Management and Budget Data. and Budget National of Office Analysis of Management Priorities Project , 12 February12 , TheGuardian 2020,

nearly-half-the-pentagon-budget-goes-to-contractors/ 91 Much US Troops are Paid According to their, 15 February Insider to Business Rank,” According https:// 2019, Paid are Much US Troops www.businessinsider.com/how-much-military-service-members-make-2019-2 92 93 94 $2tn,” 89 nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2017/militarized-budget-2017/ 90 Conservative 2017, , 11 October , 6 December 2016, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-average-defense-MarketWatch department-contractor-is-paid-nearly-200000-2016-12-06 revealed-big-oil-profits-since-1990-total-nearly-2tn-bp-shell-chevron-exxon 82 83 , 25 June 2015, Post https://www. Refugees The Washington Change Resettle Climate Let Here,” washingtonpost.com/opinions/america-is-the-worst-polluter-in-the-history-of-the-world-we- should-let-climate-change-refugees-resettle-here/2015/06/25/28a55238-1a9c-11e5-ab92- c75ae6ab94b5_story.html 84 85 University https://watson.brown. 2019, Institute Brown , 13 November Watson Project Costs of War edu/costsofwar/figures/2019/budgetary-costs-post-911-wars-through-fy2020-64-trillion 86 https://www.woodmac.com/news/feature/deep-decarbonisation-the-multi-trillion-dollar-June 2019, question/?utm_source=gtmarticle&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=wmpr_griddecarb 73 74 75 2015, https://www.acluaz.org/sites/default/files/documents/Record_of_Abuse_101515_0.pdf 76 208. 77 78 79 80 81 PC?most_recent_value_desc=true 71 derechoshumanosaz.net/coalition-work/the-criminalization-of-migration/ 72 Budget: Everybody has the Live,” Right to report-moral-budget-2/ 87 88 https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2020/three-big-ideas-reducing-military-spending/ brown.edu/costsofwar/

ENDNOTES . https://ips-dc. . . . https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/ . David Coady, Ian Parry, and Nghia-Piotr Le, Et al., ”Global Fossil Fuel Fuel ”Global Fossil al., and Nghia-Piotr Et Le, Parry, Ian Coady, David ; https://newrepublic.com/article/156131/military-views-poor-kids-fodder- https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:// ; Kevin Gover (Pawnee), Gover ; Kevin Indians Serve in the U.S. “American Military in A Philip Budget’ A Philip All Americans,” for ‘Freedom Rustin, “A Randolph. Philip and Bayard Shailly Gupta Barnes, Lindsay Koshgarian, and Ashik Siddique, “Poor People’s Moral Moral People’s Shailly and Ashik Siddique, Gupta “Poor Barnes, Koshgarian, Lindsay Moral People’s Shailly and Ashik Siddique, Gupta “Poor Barnes, Koshgarian, Lindsay “Just Transition: What Is It?” “Just Transition: Network Labor for , https://www.labor4sustainability. Lance Compa, Conversation: “Economic & the Labor Conversion Labor Movement,” Heidi Garrett-Peltier, “Job Opportunity Heidi Garrett-Peltier, Cost of War.” A Cooperation a Just to for and Caring: A Strategic Framework and Tanks Banks “From “America’s biggest jobs program:, Monitor Christian Science The US military,” Reich, “America’s “Our Story,” Department “Our Story,” Defense of , https://www.defense.gov/our-story/ Institute Watson Project Costs of War “Job Opportunity Heidi Garrett-Peltier, Cost of War,” Project Costs of War “Cut Military manufacturing,” Green Spending, Fund Heidi Peltier, “Spring 2017 Propensity Department Update,” of Defense, January 2018,https://jamrs. Nick Martin, The New “The Wars,” Military Its Forever for Kids Views as Fodder Poor , Studies Institute Policy Studies,” for the Policy Institute from for “Poverty Forum: Testimony , 20 September , 20 September the Buzzfeed Planet, Save Cut the Ashik Siddique, Pentagon,” “Opinion: To Ibid. https://sojo.net/magazine/ Marascal, Jorge “The Poverty Draft,”, June 2007, Sojourners Shailly Gupta Barnes, Lindsay Koshgarian, and Ashik Siddique, “Poor People’s Moral Moral People’s Shailly Ashik Siddique, and Gupta “Poor Barnes, Koshgarian, Lindsay https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ashiksiddique/money-for-a-green-new-deal-military- . Subsidies Remain Large: Basedon Country-Level An Update Estimates,“ Monetary International https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/05/02/Global-Fossil-Fuel- 2019, , 2 May Fund Subsidies-Remain-Large-An-Update-Based-on-Country-Level-Estimates-46509 111 org/uncategorized/just-transition-just-what-is-it/ 112 1985, Review, Research www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1060&context=lrr 108 109 https://www.crmvet.org/docs/6701_freedombudget.pdf Randolph Institute, January 1967, 110 . Change Generation for Movement Transition,” 104 2010,13 August https://www.csmonitor.com/Business/Robert-Reich/2010/0813/America-s- biggest-jobs-program-The-US-military 105 106 https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2017/ University 2017, Brown , 24 May Job%20Opportunity%20Cost%20of%20War%20-%20HGP%20-%20FINAL.pdf 107 University 2019, Institute Brown November 3 , Watson cow/imce/papers/2019/Peltier%20Nov2019%20Short%20GND%20CoW.pdf 101 defense.gov/Portals/20/Futures-Survey-Spring-2017.pdf 102 January7 Republic, 2020, forever-wars 103 12 June 2018,https://ips-dc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/June-12-Testimony-IPS-layout- draft-june-8-2018-ss.pdf Post, 22 The Huffington Since the and Have Revolution“, Group Numbers Ethnic Than Any Greater 2015, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/american-indians-serve-in-the-us-military_b_7417854May 96 2019, wars 97 Budget: Everybody has the Live.” Right to 98 99 Budget: Everybody has the Live.” Right to 100 june-2007/poverty-draft 95 Budget: , June 2019, Studies Everybody Institute Policy for has the Live,” Right to org/report-moral-budget-2/

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