DOCSLIB.ORG

The Entomophilous Flora of Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 63 (4) 193-220 (1993) SPB Academie Publishing bv, The Hague To make a meadow it takes a clover and a bee: the entomophilous flora of N.W. Europe and its insects .** Willem N. Ellisi* & Albertine C. Ellis-Adam *Institute of Taxonomie Zoology (Zoological Museum), University of Amsterdam, Entomology Department, Plantage Middenlaan 64, 1018 DH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; **Hugo de Vries Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands Keywords: flower-visiting insects; insect conservation; anthophilous fauna; cornucopian species; flower types; integrated pest management Abstract Résumé An of the fauna of N.W. is Est de la faune du analysis anthophilous Europe pre- présentée une analyse anthophile d’Europe sented, stressing the role plants play for insects. The study is nord-ouest, soulignant le rôle joué par les plantes pour les in- 29.000 based onsome 29,000 relations between about 2,600 insect spe- sectes. L’étude est basée sur environ relations entre envi- cies and The data derived 1,300 plant species (569 genera). are ron 2.600 espèces d’insectes et 1.300 espèces de plantes appar- from database of biotic relations our (“CrypTra”) between tenant à 569 genres. Les données sont dérivées du database éla- Cryptobiota and Tracheophyta, that is based on published boré les des relations par auteurs (“CrypTra”) biotiques entre sources. Cryptobiontes et Tracheophytes, database s’appuyant sur des It is suggested that a ratio of 2 to 5 insect species anthophilous sources publiés. per entomophilous plant species is the rule in N.W. Europe, On suggère quele rapport 2 à 5 insectes anthophilespar espèce where other types of zoophily are virtually absent. végétale entomophile est de règle en Europe du nord-ouest (où A small minority of the plant species/generaplay a dispropor- d’autres types de zoophilie sont pratiquement absents). tionallyimportantrole as hosts to flower visitors; many ofthese Une faible minorité d’espèceset genres deplantes joueun rôle so-called cornucopian taxa belong to the commonest ento- démesurément important en tant que hôtes des visiteurs des mophilousplants in the region, and occur also in moderatelydis- fleurs; beaucoup de ces “taxons cornucopiens” sont parmi les turbed habitats. plantes entomophilesles plus communes de la région,présentes There is a significant positive correlation between the com- aussi dans des habitats modérément modifiés. monness of a plant species and the fraction this plant represents Il y a une corrélation positive significative entre l’ubiquité of the trophic resources exploited by an insect species. There is, d’une espèce végétale et la fraction représentée par cette plante on the otherhand, a significant negative correlation between the dans l’ensemble des ressources trophiquesexploitées par une es- number of insect species visiting a given plant species, and the pèce d’insectes. Il y a, d’autre part, une corrélation négative sig- number of plant species visited by a given insect species. These nificative entre nombre d’espèces d’insectes fréquentant unecer- two elements together demonstrate that the anthophilous fauna taine espèce végétale,et nombre d’espèces de plantesfréquentées and the entomophilous flora of N.W. Europe as a whole form par une certaine espèce d’insectes. L’ensemble de ces deux élé- a loose system, not predominantly characterised by speciali- ments démontre que la faune anthophileet la flore entomophile sation. du nord-ouest forment lâche d’Europe un système qui n’est pas In accordance with this, factor analysis suggests that there is caractérisé en premier lieu par la spécialisation. no ground to recognise more than three visitor types, viz., the En concordance avec ceci, l’analyse factorielle suggère qu’il allotropous, hemitropous, and eutropous visitors as defined by - n’y a pas lieu de reconnaître plus de trois types de visiteurs, à Loew. A minorityofthe plant taxa essentially the cornucopian savoir les visiteurs et - tels - allotropes, hemitropes eutropes ones can with some difficulty be associated with these three qu’ilsont été définis par Loew. Une minorité de taxons végétaux types of visitors, and a very few narrowly specialised plant taxa (essentiellementespèces cornucopiennes) être associeé, avec can be associated with more specific visitor groups. However, peut une certaine à ces trois de visiteurs, tandis que the large majority of plants cannot be fitted in any typology. difficulté, types très de taxons étroitement spécialisés These results have practical implications for the nature peu végétaux peuvent être associés à des de visiteurs. management of the anthophilous fauna, in that the important groupes plus spécifiques Cependant, role of the cornucopian floral element is underlined. The fact il est impossible de ranger la grande majorité des plantes dans certaine that the majority of the cornucopian species are perennial, or une typologie. evenwoody, places constraints to agriculturalpractices intended Ces résultats ont des implications pratiques pour la gestion to foster beneficial anthophilous insects. naturelle de la faune anthophile,le rôle important des éléments - 194 W.N. Ellis & A.C. Ellis-Adam To make a meadow it takes a clover and a bee Le floristiques cornucopiens dans ce domaine étant souligné. formulated qualitatively. The studies of Müller fait majorité cornucopiennes vivaces ou que la des espèces sont (1873-1881), De Vries (1875), Heinsius (1892), même ligneuses, certaines contraintes aux procédés agri- pose Knuth (1892-1905), Willis& Burkill (1895-1908), coles ayant pour but la protection des insectes anthophiles utiles. to mention the most important ones, brought to- information awaited gether a wealth of factual that analysis for another century. Motto One more researcher is worthy of mention, viz. Julius Mac Leod. Of his studies on the anthecology Die Schirmblumen of the Kempen region in Belgium, the first part Leod diese ist appeared precisely one century Mac .... Denn Saftdrüse zugleich die Saftbehalter. Da ago. nun der auf derselben befindliche Saft an der freyen Luft (1893-1894) wrote this masterpiece of observation liegt, und durch nichts gedeckt wird, so scheint derselbe von and analysis because he was convinced that only a dem Regen keineswegs geschützt zu seyn. Allein erstens ist detailed, regional, study of, on the one hand, the derselbe nicht eigentlich für Bienen und Hummeln be- visitors, their morphology and ethology, and on the stimmt, welche in Ansehung des Safts sehr ekel sind, und the flowers with their and einen mit Regenwasser vermischten Saft verschmähen, da other, morphology phys- sie sich aus andern Blumen einen solchen Saft zu ver- iology would enable a definite explanation of the schaffen wissen, der schlechterdings nicht vom Regen ver- functionality of flowers and their diversity. Essen- dorben werden kann. Sondern derselbe ist hauptsächlich these two tially, papers form the documentationof für Fliegen und andere unedlere Insekten bestimmt. Weil an earlier one (Mac Leod, 1889) in which he intro- diese zu dumm sind, um den in andern Blumen tiefversteck- duced an innovative method in ten und vor dem Regen völlig gesichertenSaft ausfindig zu (Van Paemel, 1992) machen; so haben sie keinen so feinen Geschmack, als die botany, which in retrospect can best be described as der Bienen und Hummeln, sind in Wahl desselben nicht so a graphical anova, to analyse the Belgian antho- ekel, sondern nehmen auch mit einem durch den Regen ver- philous fauna. Mac Leod's "graphical method" dorbenen Saft vorlieb. ... was later applied by Loew (1890) and Heinsius C.K. Sprengel, 1793:154. (1892). We present Mac Leod's (1893, 1894) data, to- gether with the often less detailed observations of Introduction other authors, to study the quantitative relationbe- tween the floral assemblage of N.W. Europe and The study of the relation between flowers and their the diversity of its anthophilous fauna. Such a visitors has tradition. a long Precisely 200 years broad-based approach was chosen, because pres- ago, Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) published ent-day anthecology is mainly directed to individual his famous book "Das entdeckte Geheimniss now plant species that are particularly suited to unravel- der Natur im Bau und in der der Blu- Befruchtung ling specific problems. As aresult, the large majori- men", in which he single-handedly laid down the ty of plants which are unspecialised has received foundations of pollination biology. This major little attention. This leaves an ecologist or conser- contribution has been amply celebrated in 1893 vationist with no other option to support a predic- (references in Knuth, 1893, 1898-1905) and in 1993 tive statement, than to resort to traditionaltypolo- too there will be held at least two commemorative gies to register a plant as a "fly flower", "bee flow- symposia. Sprengel's main discovery was the mu- er", or, vaguest of all, "beetle flower" (Kugler, tual adaptation of flowers and their pollinators 1970; Van der Pijl, 1961). This is exacerbated by (Faegri & Van der Pijl, 1979; Meeuse & Morris, the fact that supposedly inefficient pollinators, like 1984). Coleoptera and Acalyptrata, have received com- A century after Sprengel a number of workers paratively little attention from modern anthecolo- with admirable tried, perseverance but with the gy (but see e.g. Brncic, 1966; Gottsberger, 1977; limited computational tools of their time, to estab- Kugler, 1951, 1984; Sabrosky, 1987). lish the thesis that had concen- quantitatively Sprengel Pollination biology by its very nature Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 63 (4) - 1993 195 trates on the role insects and other vectors play in manifest mostly in rare organisms. the pollination of plants. Thatalternatively flowers The first pair of alternatives tests whether the an- often role in the exis- fauna play an important, crucial, thophilous as a whole can be regarded as of insects has been studied less often in such It be reasoned that tence specialised. may common plant detail (and then mostly for bees: cf. Magers, 1970; species receive more visitors, both by numbers of Pellet, 1976; Probst, 1983; Westrich, 1989; but see species and individuals of anthophiles, than rare et Weiss e.g.
Recommended publications
  • Evolutionary Ecology of Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Plants

    Evolutionary Ecology of Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Plants

    TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT - Vol. V - Evolutionary Ecology af Pollination and Reproduction of Tropical Plants - M. Quesada, F. Rosas, Y. Herrerias-Diego, R. Aguliar, J.A. Lobo and G. Sanchez-Montoya EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF POLLINATION AND REPRODUCTION OF TROPICAL PLANTS M. Quesada and F. Rosas Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. Y. Herrerias-Diego Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán, México. R. Aguilar IMBIV - UNC - CONICET, C.C. 495,(5000) Córdoba, Argentina J.A. Lobo Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica G. Sanchez-Montoya Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. Keywords: Pollination, tropical plants, diversity, mating systems, gender, conservation. Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. The Life Cycle of Angiosperms 1.2. Overview of Angiosperm Diversity 2. Degree of specificity of pollination system 3. Diversity of pollination systems 3.1. Beetle Pollination (Cantharophily) 3.2. Lepidoptera 3.2.1. Butterfly Pollination (Psychophily) 3.2.2. Moth Pollination (Phalaenophily) 3.3. Hymenoptera 3.3.1. Bee PollinationUNESCO (Melittophily) – EOLSS 3.3.2. Wasps 3.4. Fly Pollination (Myophily and Sapromyophily) 3.5. Bird Pollination (Ornitophily) 3.6. Bat PollinationSAMPLE (Chiropterophily) CHAPTERS 3.7. Pollination by No-Flying Mammals 3.8. Wind Pollination (Anemophily) 3.9. Water Pollination (Hydrophily) 4. Reproductive systems of angiosperms 4.1. Strategies that Reduce Selfing and/or Promote Cross-Pollination. 4.2. Self Incompatibility Systems 4.2.1. Incidence of Self Incompatibility in Tropical Forest 4.3. The Evolution of Separated Sexes from Hermaphroditism 4.3.1. From Distyly to Dioecy ©Encyclopedia Of. Life Support Systems (EOLSS) TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT - Vol.
  • Pollination and Evolution of Plant and Insect Interaction JPP 2017; 6(3): 304-311 Received: 03-03-2017 Accepted: 04-04-2017 Showket a Dar, Gh

    Pollination and Evolution of Plant and Insect Interaction JPP 2017; 6(3): 304-311 Received: 03-03-2017 Accepted: 04-04-2017 Showket a Dar, Gh

    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2017; 6(3): 304-311 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 Pollination and evolution of plant and insect interaction JPP 2017; 6(3): 304-311 Received: 03-03-2017 Accepted: 04-04-2017 Showket A Dar, Gh. I Hassan, Bilal A Padder, Ab R Wani and Sajad H Showket A Dar Parey Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shalimar, Jammu Abstract and Kashmir-India Flowers exploit insects to achieve pollination; at the same time insects exploit flowers for food. Insects and flowers are a partnership. Each insect group has evolved different sets of mouthparts to exploit the Gh. I Hassan food that flowers provide. From the insects' point of view collecting nectar or pollen is rather like fitting Sher-e-Kashmir University of a key into a lock; the mouthparts of each species can only exploit flowers of a certain size and shape. Agricultural Science and This is why, to support insect diversity in our gardens, we need to plant a diversity of suitable flowers. It Technology, Shalimar, Jammu is definitely not a case of 'one size fits all'. While some insects are generalists and can exploit a wide and Kashmir-India range of flowers, others are specialists and are quite particular in their needs. In flowering plants, pollen grains germinate to form pollen tubes that transport male gametes (sperm cells) to the egg cell in the Bilal A Padder embryo sac during sexual reproduction. Pollen tube biology is complex, presenting parallels with axon Sher-e-Kashmir University of guidance and moving cell systems in animals.
  • Diptera Communities of Raptor (Aves) Nests in Nova Scotia, Canada

    Diptera Communities of Raptor (Aves) Nests in Nova Scotia, Canada

    The Canadian Entomologist (2020), page 1 of 13 doi:10.4039/tce.2020.26 ARTICLE Diptera communities of raptor (Aves) nests in Nova Scotia, Canada Valerie Levesque-Beaudin1* , Bradley J. Sinclair2, Stephen A. Marshall3, and Randolph F. Lauff4 1Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada, 2Canadian National Collection of Insects and Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Plant Laboratory – Entomology, Central Experimental Farm, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada, 3School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada and 4Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, 4130 University Avenue, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] (Received 3 December 2019; accepted 9 March 2020; first published online 27 April 2020) Abstract The identity, richness, and abundance of true flies (Diptera) from the nests of three cavity-nesting raptors (Aves) were investigated in northern Nova Scotia, Canada. After fledging, flies were extracted from the nest mate- rial using Berlese funnels within an emergence chamber. Thirty-one species/morphospecies from 14 families were collected, including eight new records for Nova Scotia and two new records for eastern North America. Introduction Bird nests are micro-ecosystems with diverse communities of invertebrates, from ectoparasites to commensal species. Most studies of the arthropods in bird nests have focussed on the presence and impact of ectoparasites (Møller et al. 1990; Loye and Zuk 1991; Krištofík et al. 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007; Fairn et al. 2014), including fleas (Siphonaptera) (Phipps and Bennett 1974); mites (Acari) (Wasylik 1971); and nest-associated Diptera in the families Muscidae (Lowenberg-Neto 2008), Calliphoridae (Bennett and Whitworth 1991; Whitworth and Bennett 1992), and Carnidae (Cannings 1986a, 1986b; Dawson and Bortolotti 1997).
  • Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle

    Pollination of Cultivated Plants in the Tropics 111 Rrun.-Co Lcfcnow!Cdgmencle

    ISSN 1010-1365 0 AGRICULTURAL Pollination of SERVICES cultivated plants BUL IN in the tropics 118 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO 6-lina AGRICULTUTZ4U. ionof SERNES cultivated plans in tetropics Edited by David W. Roubik Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Panama Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations F'Ø Rome, 1995 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-11 ISBN 92-5-103659-4 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. FAO 1995 PlELi. uion are ted PlauAr David W. Roubilli (edita Footli-anal ISgt-iieulture Organization of the Untled Nations Contributors Marco Accorti Makhdzir Mardan Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Cascine del Ricci° Malaysian Bee Research Development Team 50125 Firenze, Italy 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Stephen L. Buchmann John K. S. Mbaya United States Department of Agriculture National Beekeeping Station Carl Hayden Bee Research Center P.
  • Lecture 4: ROLE of HONEY BEES in CROSS POLLINATION - THEIR EXPLOITATION - CASE STUDIES with SELECTED CROPS

    Lecture 4: ROLE of HONEY BEES in CROSS POLLINATION - THEIR EXPLOITATION - CASE STUDIES with SELECTED CROPS

    Lecture 4: ROLE OF HONEY BEES IN CROSS POLLINATION - THEIR EXPLOITATION - CASE STUDIES WITH SELECTED CROPS For SEXUAL reproduction in flowering plants transfer of anther to stigma is essential - Pollination Self pollination Transfer to sligma of same plant No external agents are involved Cross pollination Transfer pollen from one plant to stigma of another plant External agents are involved External agents involved in pollination A. Abiotic agents a. Wind (Anemophily) Wind carries pollen from one plant to another Flowers are small, inconspicuous, unattractive Pollen are dry and light in weight Stigma feathery with large surface area eg: Maize, barley, wheat, sugarcane b. Water (Hydrophily) Water carries pollen from one plant to other B. Biotic agents Bird, bat and insects are important biotic agents Among insects honey bees play major role Honey bees and flowering plants have coevolved In insect pollinated plants, flowers are large, brightly colour, distinct fragrance, presence of nectar and sticky pollen True honeybees (Apis spp.) - Most valuable pollinators of commercial crop Qualities of honeybees which make them good pollinators 1. Body covered with hairs and have structural adaptation for carrying nectar and pollen. 2. Bees - Not injurious to plants 3. Adult and larva feed on nectar and pollen - Available in plenty 4. Superior pollinators - Since store pollen and nectar for future use 5. No diapause - Need pollen throughout year 6. Body size and probascis length - Suitable for many crops 7. Pollinate wide variety of crops 8. Forage
  • Plant-Pollinator Interactions in an Ecological and Evolutionary Context: the Promising

    Plant-Pollinator Interactions in an Ecological and Evolutionary Context: the Promising

    Plant-Pollinator Interactions in an Ecological and Evolutionary Context: The Promising Role of 3D-Printing Technology and Mathematical Modeling Eric Octavio Campos A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Thomas L. Daniel, Chair H.D. ‘Toby’ Bradshaw Janneke Hille Ris Lambers Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Biology ©Copyright 2017 Eric Octavio Campos University of Washington Abstract Plant-Pollinator Interactions in an Ecological and Evolutionary Context: The Promising Role of 3D-Printing Technology and Mathematical Modeling Eric Octavio Campos Co-Chairs of the Supervisory Committee: Professor H.D. ‘Toby’ Bradshaw Department of Biology Professor Thomas L. Daniel Department of Biology This dissertation concerns itself with the role of flower shape in affecting the foraging performance of pollinating animals. The pollinator used in this study is a model organism representing crepuscular hawkmoths in research involving the study of flight neuromuscular physiology and plant-pollinator interactions, Manduca sexta (hereafter Manduca). The broader goal of the work is to develop a new experimental framework for investigating the ecological and evolutionary consequences of plant-pollinator interactions. To that end, I have combined 3D-printing technology and mathematical modelling to construct artificial flowers, which can be manufactured with great precision and with objective, quantitatively describable shapes. First, I present a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate the feasibility of collecting foraging data from a real animal pollinator attempting to feed from 3D-printed artificial flowers. I show that Manduca’s foraging performance is extremely sensitive to variation in floral corolla curvature and nectary diameter.
  • Aerobiological Investigation and in Vitro Studies of Pollen Grains From

    Aerobiological Investigation and in Vitro Studies of Pollen Grains From

    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Aerobiological Investigation and In Vitro Studies of Pollen Grains From 2 Dominant Avenue Trees in Kolkata, India J Mandal,1 I Roy,2 S Chatterjee,2 S Gupta-Bhattacharya1 1Division of Palynology and Environmental Biology, Department of Botany, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India 2Allergy Department, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India ■ Abstract Background: Peltophorum pterocarpum and Delonix regia are dominant avenue trees in the city of Kolkata in India. They are well adapted to the humid tropical climate and also grow commonly in different parts of the country. Their pollen grains are reported to be airborne. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct an aerobiological survey in Kolkata to determine the concentration and seasonal periodicity of pollen grains from P pterocarpum and D regia and to analyze the meteorological factors responsible for their levels in the atmosphere. In addition, we analyzed the prevalence of sensitization due to these grains among patients with seasonal respiratory allergy. Methods: An aerobiological survey was conducted with a volumetric Burkard sampler from 2004 to 2006. Correlations between meteorological parameters and pollen grain concentrations were assessed by Spearman correlation test. The protein profi le of the pollen extracts was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, the allergenic potential of the pollen extracts was evaluated in patients with respiratory allergy by skin prick test, immunoglobulin (Ig) E enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IgE immunoblotting. Results: P pterocarpum and D regia pollen grains occur from March to June and April to July, respectively. The pollen concentrations showed statistically signifi cant positive correlations with maximum temperature and wind speed.
  • Diptera: Milichiidae), Attracted to Various Crushed Bugs (Hemiptera: Coreidae & Pentatomidae)

    Diptera: Milichiidae), Attracted to Various Crushed Bugs (Hemiptera: Coreidae & Pentatomidae)

    16 Kondo et al., Milichiella lacteipennis attracted to crushed bugs REPORT OF MILICHIELLA LACTEIPENNIS LOEW (DIPTERA: MILICHIIDAE), ATTRACTED TO VARIOUS CRUSHED BUGS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE & PENTATOMIDAE) Takumasa Kondo Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Centro de Investigación Palmira, Colombia; correo electrónico: [email protected] Irina Brake Natural History Museum, London, UK; correo electrónico: [email protected] Karol Imbachi López Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Palmira, Colombia; correo electrónico: [email protected] Cheslavo A. Korytkowski University of Panama, Central American Entomology Graduate Program, Panama City, Panama; correo electrónico: [email protected] RESUMEN Diez especies en cuatro familias de hemípteros: Coreidae, Pentatomidae, Reduviidae y Rhyparochromidae fueron aplastadas con las manos para estudiar su atracción hacia Milichiella lacteipennis Loew (Diptera: Mi- lichiidae). Milichiella lacteipennis fue atraída solamente a chinches de Coreidae y Pentatomidae, y en general más fuertemente hacia las hembras que a los machos. Cuando eran atraídas, el tiempo de la llegada del primer milichiido a los chinches aplastados tuvo un rango entre 2 a 34 segundos dependiendo del sexo y de la especie de chinche. Solo las hembras adultas de M. lacteipennis fueron atraídas a los chinches. Palabras clave: experimento de atracción, Milichiella, Coreidae, Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, Rhyparochro- midae. SUMMARY Ten species in four hemipteran families: Coreidae, Pentatomidae, Reduviidae, and Rhyparochromidae were crushed by hand to test their attraction towards Milichiella lacteipennis Loew (Diptera: Milichiidae). Milichiella lacteipennis was attracted only to bugs of the families Coreidae and Pentatomidae, and was generally more strongly attracted to females than males. When attracted, the time of arrival of the first milichiid fly to the crushed bugs ranged from 2 to 34 seconds depending on the species and sex of the bug tested.
  • Diverse Nectar Robbers on Alpinia Roxburghii Sweet (Zingiberaceae)

    Diverse Nectar Robbers on Alpinia Roxburghii Sweet (Zingiberaceae)

    Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 8 (2015) 238e241 HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/japb Short communication Diverse nectar robbers on Alpinia roxburghii Sweet (Zingiberaceae) Xiaobao Deng a, Wen Deng b, Alice Catherine Hughes c, Dharmalingam Mohandass a,* a Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Yunnan, PR China b Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China c Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Town, Yunnan, PR China article info abstract Article history: This study records for the first time three mammal species as nectar robbers on the ginger Alpinia Received 29 April 2015 roxburghii Sweet. We examined the behavior of nectar robbers and compared with earlier studies on a Received in revised form single plant species. We recorded seven species of nectar robbers: three squirrels, one bird, and three 29 July 2015 bees. Timing of robbing nectars were similar; however, robbing behavior differed among robbers. In Accepted 30 July 2015 particular, squirrels damaged the flower parts while robbing the nectar. Available online 18 August 2015 Copyright Ó 2015, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Production and hosting by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// Keywords: animal behavior creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ginger plant mammal-nectar robbers tropical seasonal rainforest Introduction studied in detail. Therefore, nectar robbers on ginger species could be a relevant topic to understand ecological consequences.
  • Effect of Mutualistic and Antagonistic Bees on Floral Resources and Pollination of a Savanna Shrub

    Effect of Mutualistic and Antagonistic Bees on Floral Resources and Pollination of a Savanna Shrub

    Flora 232 (2017) 30–38 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Flora j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/flora Effect of mutualistic and antagonistic bees on floral resources and ଝ pollination of a savanna shrub a a,b c c,∗ Marília Monteiro Quinalha , Anselmo Nogueira , Gisela Ferreira , Elza Guimarães a Graduation Program in Biological Sciences (Botany), Institute of Biosciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil b Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil c Departament of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Since Darwin, cheaters have been described in plant-pollinator mutualisms. Bignoniaceae species have a Received 24 May 2016 wide interaction network with floral visitors, and most of those interactions are established with cheaters. Received in revised form 26 August 2016 Thus, our objective was to determine which role each floral visitor plays in a system composed by bees Accepted 30 August 2016 and a Bignoniaceae savanna species. So, here we described the bees’ behaviour and defined experi- Edited by S.D. Johnson mentally who are the mutualists and cheaters, we described the temporal sequence of interactions, Available online 6 September 2016 quantified pollen and nectar removal, and checked for the potential effect of robbery damages on pol- linator behaviour. Pollinators visited a small number of flowers, mainly in the early morning, while the Keywords: Bignoniaceae most frequent cheaters (robbers and thieves) visited the flowers throughout the day, increasing visi- Cheaters tation at midmorning, when pollinators had already visited the flowers.
  • Cheaters Must Prosper: Reconciling Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives on Cheating in Mutualism

    Cheaters Must Prosper: Reconciling Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives on Cheating in Mutualism

    Ecology Letters, (2015) 18: 1270–1284 doi: 10.1111/ele.12507 REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS Cheaters must prosper: reconciling theoretical and empirical perspectives on cheating in mutualism Abstract Emily I. Jones,1,2,3† Cheating is a focal concept in the study of mutualism, with the majority of researchers considering Michelle E. Afkhami,4 Erol Akßcay,5 cheating to be both prevalent and highly damaging. However, current definitions of cheating do Judith L. Bronstein,6 Redouan not reliably capture the evolutionary threat that has been a central motivation for the study of Bshary,7 Megan E. Frederickson,4 cheating. We describe the development of the cheating concept and distill a relative-fitness-based Katy D. Heath,8 Jason D. definition of cheating that encapsulates the evolutionary threat posed by cheating, i.e. that chea- Hoeksema,9 Joshua H. Ness,10 ters will spread and erode the benefits of mutualism. We then describe experiments required to 11 conclude that cheating is occurring and to quantify fitness conflict more generally. Next, we dis- M. Sabrina Pankey, Stephanie S. ‡ cuss how our definition and methods can generate comparability and integration of theory and Porter,12 Joel L. Sachs,12 Klara experiments, which are currently divided by their respective prioritisations of fitness consequences Scharnagl13 and Maren L. and traits. To evaluate the current empirical evidence for cheating, we review the literature on sev- Friesen13*,† eral of the best-studied mutualisms. We find that although there are numerous observations of low-quality partners, there is currently very little support from fitness data that any of these meet our criteria to be considered cheaters.
  • Pseudotsuga Menziesii

    Pseudotsuga Menziesii

    SPECIAL PUBLICATION 4 SEPTEMBER 1982 INVERTEBRATES OF THE H.J. ANDREWS EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WESTERN CASCADE MOUNTAINS, OREGON: A SURVEY OF ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CANOPY OF OLD-GROWTH Pseudotsuga Menziesii D.J. Voegtlin FORUT REJEARCH LABORATORY SCHOOL OF FORESTRY OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY Since 1941, the Forest Research Laboratory--part of the School of Forestry at Oregon State University in Corvallis-- has been studying forests and why they are like they are. A staff or more than 50 scientists conducts research to provide information for wise public and private decisions on managing and using Oregons forest resources and operating its wood-using industries. Because of this research, Oregons forests now yield more in the way of wood products, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Wood products are harvested, processed, and used more efficiently. Employment, productivity, and profitability in industries dependent on forests also have been strengthened. And this research has helped Oregon to maintain a quality environment for its people. Much research is done in the Laboratorys facilities on the campus. But field experiments in forest genetics, young- growth management, forest hydrology, harvesting methods, and reforestation are conducted on 12,000 acres of School forests adjacent to the campus and on lands of public and private cooperating agencies throughout the Pacific Northwest. With these publications, the Forest Research Laboratory supplies the results of its research to forest land owners and managers, to manufacturers and users of forest products, to leaders of government and industry, and to the general public. The Author David J. Voegtlin is Assistant Taxonomist at the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois.