About the Editors

Eric A. Storch , Ph.D., is Professor and All Children’s Hospital Guild Endowed Chair in the Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida. He holds a joint appointment in the Department of . He is Associate Editor for three journals: Child Psychiatry and Human Development , Journal of Cognitive , and Journal of Obsessive - Compulsive and Related Disorders , and serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , Journal of Child Health Care , Psicologia Conductual , and Journal of Anxiety Disorders . He has published more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters and has given more than 250 conference presentations. In addition to his peer-reviewed articles, Dr. Storch has edited or coedited three books dealing with treatment of complex cases in children, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and childhood anxiety. He has received grant funding for his work in OCD, related disorders (e.g., ), and anxiety from the National Institutes of Health, Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, CDC, International OCD Foundation, Florida Department of Health, pharmaceutical companies, Association, and National Alliance for Research on and Affective Disorders (NARSAD). In addition to treatment outcome, Dr. Storch has specifi c research interests in treatment augmentation and dissemination. He directs the University of South Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Program and is highly regarded for his treatment of pediatric and adult OCD patients.

Dean McKay , Ph.D. , ABPP , is Professor, Department of Psychology, Fordham University. He currently serves on the editorial boards of Behaviour Research and Therapy, Behavior Modifi cation, Behavior Therapy, and Journal of Anxiety Disorders and is Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. Dr. McKay is President-elect of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (Presidential term 2013-2014). He has published more than 130 journal articles and book chapters and has more than 150 con- ference presentations. He is Board Certifi ed in Behavioral and Clinical Psychology of the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), and is a Fellow of the American Board of Behavioral Psychology and the Academy of Clinical Psychology. He is also a Fellow the American Psychological Society. Dr. McKay has edited or co-edited eight books dealing with treat- ment of complex cases in children and adults, obsessive-compulsive disorder,

E.A. Storch and D. McKay (eds.), Handbook of Treating Variants and Complications in Anxiety Disorders, 403 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 404 About the Editors disgust in psychopathology, and research methodology. His research has focused primarily on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and and their link to OCD as well as the role of disgust in psychopathology. His research has also focused on mechanisms of information processing bias for anxiety states. Dr. McKay is also director and founder of Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, a private treatment and research center in Westchester County, New York. Index

A trauma memory characteristics , 207–208 Actor–partner interdependence mode , 278 treatment noncompliance , 208 Acute stress disorder , 12–13 cluster A personality disorders (see Cluster A Adolescents personality disorders) clinical case study , 171–173 (see Depression) cognitive behavioral therapy motivation (see Motivation for behavior change) cognitive techniques , 170 patient–therapist mismatch (see Patient-therapist contextual factors and comorbidity , 168–169 mismatch) detailed psychoeducational information , 168 personality disorders developmental factors , 165–166 cluster C disorders , 25–26 exposure exercises , 170 interpreting fi ndings , 27–28 fl ow chart of , 166, 167 linear models , 25 interpersonal skills training , 164 prognosis of , 26–27 medication role , 170–171 therapeutic alliance (see Therapeutic alliance) motivational interviewing questions , 167 therapeutic variables relaxation strategy , 169 client motivation , 28–29 school refusal , 164 therapeutic alliance , 28 social factors , 166 treatment approaches social phobia , 164 comorbid Axis II , 30 therapist language , 167 integrative treatment , 30 (see Social anxiety disorder) motivational interviewing , 30–31 speci fi c phobia transdiagnostic and uni fi ed treatments , 29–30 cognitive self-control vs. contingency Agoraphobia , 14 management , 42–43 Anorexia nervosa one-session treatment , 43–44 clinical features , 338 predictors of , 44–45 mortality rate , 338 Adult anxiety disorders treatments axis I comorbidity health stabilization , 342 depression , 24 pharmacological interventions , 341 drug use disorders , 24 psychosocial interventions , 341 GAD and PTSD , 23–24 Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale (ADAMS) , 152 panic disorder , 24 Anxiety disorders self-medication hypothesis , 24–25 de fi nition , 3 BPD and PTSD etiology of abuse and trauma , 206 biological preparedness , 6 axis I dissociative disorders , 205–206 classical conditioning , 4–5 dialectical behavior therapy (see Dialectical cognitive theory , 7 behavior therapy (DBT)) contemporary learning theory , 9 emotion dysregulation , 206–207 genetic heritability , 7 exposure-based treatments , 204 negative information transfer , 5–6 intentional self-injury , 204–205 non-associative theory , 6–7 sequential treatments , 209 observational learning , 5 single-diagnosis treatments , 209 temperament , 7–8 substance use , 205 triple vulnerability theory , 8–9 therapist factors , 208 fear , 3

E.A. Storch and D. McKay (eds.), Handbook of Treating Variants and Complications in Anxiety Disorders, 405 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 406 Index

Anxiety disorders (cont.) social phobia nature and description CBT , 352 acute stress disorder , 12–13 clinical course , 351–352 agoraphobia , 14 , 356 GAD , 10 interpersonal therapy , 356 OCD , 10–11 prevalence of co-occurrence , 351 panic disorder , 13–14 spectrum model , 353 PTSD , 11–12 treatment conditions , 356 separation anxiety disorder , 16 social phobia , 15 speci fi c phobias , 14–15 B substance use disorders Bibliotherapy, OCD common variable theory , 287 association splitting , 383 data supporting models , 288–289 attention training technique , 384 high-risk model , 287 competitive memory training , 385 self-medication hypothesis , 287 meridian tapping , 384 worry , 3 metacognitive Training for OCD , 385 in young children (see Young children) pre-and post-assessments , 383–384 Attention de fi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) self-administered ERP , 383 comorbid externalizing disorders , 65 Y-BOCS , 382–383 DBD , 98 Borderline personality disorder (BPD). See Posttraumatic Attention training technique (ATT) , 384 stress disorder (PTSD) Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Brief Intervention for Socially Anxious Drinkers adaptive functioning impairments , 85 (BISAD) , 294 child motivation and active treatment participation , 90 cognitive behavioral therapy adapted model , 87–88 C child-based intervention , 88 Children. See also Young children child motivation and active treatment ASD (see Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)) participation , 90 CBT combined child and parent intervention , 88 parent-implemented bibliotherapy , 39 components of , 85 parent involvement , 38–39 comprehensive skill application , 89, 92 pharmacotherapy agents , 39–40 coping and independence skills , 91–92 young vs. older children , 39 ef fi cacy of , 86–87 intellectual disability empirical and logical question-asking and ADAMS , 152 evaluation , 85–86 behavioral treatment components , 153–155 exposure to core element , 86 clinical case study , 156–158 follow-up , 92 cognitive treatment components , 155 hierarchy and treatment plan , 92 diagnostic interviews and behavioral observation parent training , 88 tasks , 152–153 schemas development , 86 FSAMR , 151–152 self-help skills , 90 GAS-ID , 151 social awareness , 89 OCD , 150–151 social skills , 89 pharmacotherapy , 155–156 special interest , 89 risk factors , 150 termination , 92 self-report measures , 151 treatment and ef fi cacy , 90–91 speci fi c phobias , 150 treatment outcome , 93 treatment strategy , 153, 154 waitlist condition , 88 obsessive–compulsive disorder prevalence of , 83 CBT vs. SRI medication , 46 psychiatric comorbidity , 84 CY-BOCS ratings , 46–47 psychosocial stressors , 85 predictors of social-communicative limitations , 85 child alliance , 41–42 symptomology and diagnostic issues , 83–84 comorbidity role , 41 Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) , family dysfunction and frustration , 40 350–351 maternal anxiety , 41 diagnostic criteria , 340, 349 parental anxiety and depression , 40–41 interpersonal pathoplasticity , 354–355 parental psychopathology , 40 interpersonal problems , 356 role of fathers , 42 Index 407

speci fi c phobia detailed psychoeducational information , 168 cognitive self-control vs. contingency developmental factors , 165–166 management , 42–43 exposure exercises , 170 one-session treatment , 43–44 fl ow chart of , 166, 167 predictors of , 44–45 interpersonal skills training , 164 Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale medication role , 170–171 (CY-BOCS) score , 315 motivational interviewing questions , 167 Clinical complexities relaxation strategy , 169 comorbidity , 400 school refusal , 164 empirically supported treatment movement , 399 social factors , 166 psychopathological states , 399 social phobia , 164 psychotherapy , 399 therapist language , 167 treatment dissemination , 400–401 anxiety disorders Cluster A personality disorders clinical presentation , 314–315 anxiety disorders cluster C personality disorder , 356–357 clinical presentations , 235–237 depression , 246–247 cognitive-behavioral treatments , 232 ASD (see Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)) cognitive rigidity , 234 AVPD and social phobia , 352 dif fi culty establishing rapport , 229 children empirical hypothesis testing , 234–235 parent-implemented bibliotherapy , 39 exposure-based treatment work , 234 parent involvement , 38–39 extremely poor social functioning , 231–232 pharmacotherapy agents , 39–40 fear hierarchy design , 234 young vs. older children , 39 increase illogical thinking & perception , 230–231 depression and anxiety level of ambiguity , 234 antidepressant medications , 247–248 lower motivation for treatment , 228–229 exposure-based CBT , 246–247 motivational interviewing , 232–233 disruptive behavior disorders odd and eccentric PDs , 228 behavioral parent training , 101 phenomenological linkage , 224–225 parent , 102 social skills training , 235 pharmacological approaches , 103 therapeutic relationship enhancement , 233 treatment strategies , 102 visual aids , 234 exposure-based therapy dissemination worsen information processing de fi cits , 230 (see Exposure-based CBT dissemination) written review sheets , 234 motivational interviewing , 268–269 DSM-IV-TR , 223–224 OCD paranoid PD , 224 dependence of children, caregivers , 129 schizoid PD , 224 developmental differences , 129 schizotypal PD , 224 ERP , 129 Cluster C personality disorder family functioning , 129–130 anxiety disorders parent behavioral training , 129 CBT, clinical perfectionism , 356–357 therapist-parent alliance , 263 clinical course , 351–352 therapist-patient mismatch , 259–262, 271–272 EX/RP treatment , 357 webcam-delivered CBT program , 382 interpersonal circumplex theory , 353–354 Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study pathoplastic model , 353 (CLPS) , 352 prevalence of co-occurrence , 351 Comorbid anxiety disorders spectrum model , 353 clinical presentation symptom severity and decreased functioning , 351 anxiety symptom assessment , 314 treatment outcome studies , 352–353 CBT , 314–315 AVPD ( see Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD)) CY-BOCS score , 315 dependent personality disorder (see Dependent interoceptive exposures , 315 personality disorder (DPD)) and preparation , 315 OCPD ( see Obsessive-compulsive personality epidemiological and community based research , disorder (OCPD)) 309–310 psychometric limitations , 350 generalized anxiety disorder , 310 Cognitive-behavioral group therapy , 294 multichannel , 313 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) , 38, 255–256 panic disorder , 310 adolescents posttraumatic stress disorder , 310 cognitive techniques , 170 psychoeducation , 313–314 contextual factors and comorbidity , 168–169 severity , 310 408 Index

Comorbid anxiety disorders (cont.) standard DBT , 211–212 social anxiety disorder , 310 suicidal and self-injury , 210 transdiagnostic treatments Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) cognitive-behavioral therapies , 313 CBT generalized anxiety disorder , 312 behavioral parent training , 101 panic disorder , 312–313 parent contingency management , 102 social phobia , 311–312 pharmacological approaches , 103 speci fi c phobias , 312 treatment strategies , 102 treatment impacts cooccurring impairments , 99 empirically supported treatments , 310–311 dysphoric emotions , 99 fture aspects , 316–317 generalized anxiety disorder and separation anxiety OCD with comorbid PTSD , 311 disorder primary GAD , 311 behavioral treatment , 104–105 Competitive memory training (COMET) , 385 pharmacological treatment , 104 Coping Cat program , 58–59 reactive aggression , 98 treatment complexity behavioral parent training , 99 D behavioral treatment , 100–101 Dependent personality disorder (DPD) CBT , 99–100 fears of autonomy , 350 exposure tasks , 100 social phobia functional assessment , 99 interpersonal therapy , 356 hyperactivity and impulsivity , 100 medication-free residential CT , 356, 357 poor emotion regulation skills , 101 Depression Dysthymia , 243–244 and anxiety antidepressant medications , 247–248 clinical issues , 251 E cognitive differences , 244 Emotion dysregulation, BPD and PTSD cognitive therapy , 247, 248 intense non-fear emotions , 207 comorbidity rates , 244 over-engagement , 206–207 conceptualization and treatment , 249–251 under-engagement , 207 exposure-based CBT , 246–247 Empirically supported treatments (EST) future aspects , 251–252 comorbidity neurological and psychophysiological difference , in adults , 64 244 in children , 62, 64 patient background and assessment , 248–249 multiple disorders , 65–66 predictors of , 245 treatment implementation , 66 prevalence rates , 246 in youth , 64–65 social phobia , 245 Coping Cat program , 58–59 temporal examination , 244–245 cultural factors , 67–68 signs and symptoms , 243 family factors Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV-TR (DSM-IV-R) CBT , 67 criteria parental anxiety , 66–67 cluster A personality disorders , 223–224 spousal relationships , 66 cluster C personality disorders , 349, 350 GCBT vs. ICBT , 59, 60 OCD, BT Steps , 381 generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) , 58 substance use disorders , 285 obsessive-compulsive disorder Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) ERP , 59, 61 with DBT PE protocol remission rate , 62, 63 clinical presentation , 216–218 panic disorder , 59, 61 exposure sessions , 213–215 post-traumatic stress disorder , 62 higher-priority behaviors , 215–216 social phobia , 58 pre-exposure sessions , 212–213 therapeutic process variables vs. standard DBT , 210 alliance , 68–69 termination and consolidation , 215 collaboration , 70 treatment complexities , 210–211 involvement , 69–70 dropout rate , 210 Exposure and response prevention (ERP) , 59, 61, 225, 357 empirically supported treatment , 210 Exposure-based CBT dissemination moderate effect sizes , 210 community therapists , 364 Index 409

evidence-based psychological treatments Internet-based therapy economic and practical concerns , 366 advantages , 378 empirically supported treatments , 365–366 disadvantages , 378–379 negative therapist beliefs , 366 email communication , 377 practical and ideological barriers , 366 health information , 376–377 future aspects , 371–372 OCD obsessive–compulsive disorder , 363 BT Steps system , 380–382 posttraumatic stress disorder , 363, 371 , 380 therapist barriers human–computer interaction , 380 harmful therapy to client , 367–369 OC-CHECK program , 379–380 negative therapist beliefs , 369–371 webcam-delivered CBT program , 382 unethical treatment , 366–367 online tools , 377 Exposure with ritual prevention (ERP) , 380 posttraumatic stress disorder evidence-based programs , 386 portability of information , 386 F self-help program , 386–387 Family con fl ict traumatic events , 385–386 adolescence , 329 web-enhanced therapist-driven interventions , interparental con fl ict (see Interparental con fl ict (IPC)) 388–390 parent–child con fl ict (see Parent–child con fl ict) web sites , 386 pediatric anxiety , 329 recommendations , 393 sibling con fl ict , 328–329 Interparental con fl ict (IPC) , 330 Fear Survey for Adults with Mental Retardation child anxiety , 323–324 (FSAMR) , 151–152 cognitive-contextual framework , 324–325 compensatory hypothesis , 326–327 depression , 322–323 G emotional security hypothesis , 323 Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) , 10 family processes and parenting , 325–326 behavioral treatment , 104–105 parenti fi cation and triangulation , 327 empirically supported treatment , 58 parenting and spillover effects , 326 pharmacological treatment , 104 physiological reactions , 323 Glasgow Anxiety Scale for those with Intellectual social learning , 326 Disability (GAS-ID) , 151 clinical presentation , 330–332 domestic violence , 322 family discord , 322 H internalizing symptoms , 322 Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Program meta-analyses , 322, 323 (HARP) , 351 Interpersonal circumplex theory anxiety disorders , 355 cluster C , 354–355 I Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) program , 371 L Intellectual disability (ID) Length of sobriety determination , 289–290 ADAMS , 152 behavioral treatment components , 153–155 clinical case study , 156–158 M cognitive treatment components , 155 Major depressive disorder (MDD) , 111, 243 diagnostic interviews and behavioral observation Meridian tapping (MT) , 384 tasks , 152–153 Metacognitive Training for OCD (myMCT) , 385 FSAMR , 151–152 Motivational interviewing (MI) , 232–233, 267–269 GAS-ID , 151 Motivation for behavior change OCD , 150–151 anxiety-related distress , 257–258 pharmacotherapy , 155–156 attention , 257 risk factors , 150 CBT , 257 self-report measures , 151 motivational interviewing speci fi c phobias , 150 CBT , 268–269 treatment strategy , 153, 154 ef fi cacy of , 267 Intentional self-injury , 204–205 empathy and validation , 268 Interactive-voice-response (IVR) technology , 380 fostering self-ef fi cacy , 268 410 Index

Motivation for behavior change (cont.) elevated schizotypy scores , 226 goals and behavior discrepancy , 268 OCD treatment failure , 225–226 presentational style , 267 self help pretreatment interventions , 269 bibliotherapy (see Bibliotherapy, OCD) tenets , 267 clinical outcomes , 379 OCD , 258 symptom expression , 127 stages of , 256–257 disorders Mowrer’s two-factor theory , 4–5 academic performance , 142 Multichannel exposure therapy (MET) , 313 in adults , 138–139 axis I disorder , 138 cognitive training , 142–143 O contamination-related symptoms , 144–145 Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) , 10–11 CY-BOCS checklist , 141–142 age appropriate vs. potentially disordered behavior , DSM-IV fi eld trial , 138 125–126 prevalence of , 138 anorexia nervosa psychoeducation , 142 clinical presentation , 343–344 treatments , 342 diagnostic features , 337 Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) ERP , 342–343 diagnostic criteria , 350 etiological overlap , 340 interpersonal control in , 350 etiology , 339 OCD familial aggregation , 337 CBT, clinical perfectionism , 356, 358 genetic studies , 339 clinical course , 351 neurobiological mechanisms , 339–340 EX/RP treatment , 357 phenomenological overlap , 338 interpersonal circumplex theory , 355 phenotypic characteristics , 337 prevalence , 351 prevalence , 338–339 spectrum model , 353 psychotherapy , 343 symptom severity and decreased CBT vs. SRI medication , 46 functioning , 351 clinical case study , 130–131 treatment impact , 352 cognitive behavior therapy prevalence , 350 dependence of children, caregivers , 129 developmental differences , 129 ERP , 129 P family functioning , 129–130 Panic disorder (PD) , 13–14 parent behavioral training , 129 adults , 24 comorbidity rates , 126–127 empirically supported treatment , 59, 61 complication nature and description , 13–14 developmental considerations , 127–128 transdiagnostic treatments , 312–313 family involvement , 128 Paranoid personality disorder , 224, 227–228 computer-and phone-assisted therapy Parent–child con fl ict , 329 BT Steps system , 380–382 anxiety compulsive hoarding , 380 externalizing symptoms , 328 human–computer interaction , 380 interparental con fl ict , 328 OC-CHECK program , 379–380 relationship quality , 327–328 webcam-delivered CBT program , 382 anxious hesitation and doubting , 327 CY-BOCS ratings , 46–47 exacerbated anxiety symptoms , 327 depression parents’ psychological autonomy , 327 , 247 Pathoplastic model , 353 imipramine , 247 Patient Global Improvement (PGI) , 381 ERP , 59, 61 Patient-therapist mismatch gender distribution , 126 behavioral mismatches , 258–261 immune related (see Pediatric autoimmune coping orientation , 262 neuropsychiatric disorder associated with essential participants , 262 Streptococcus (PANDAS)) ethnic mismatch , 259 randomized controlled trials , 379 gender match , 259–260 remission rate , 62, 63 interpersonal style , 262 remission rates , 47 patient and therapist factors , 258 schizotypal PD patient pace and content , 261–262 clinical presentations , 236 patient-speci fi c preferences , 261 Index 411

perception of problem , 262 cluster C disorders , 25–26 (see also Cluster C psychoeducation , 258 personality disorder) structural mismatches , 258, 259 dependent personality disorder treatment approach fears of autonomy , 350 behavioral mismatches , 270–271 social phobia , 356, 357 CBT framework , 271–272 interpreting fi ndings , 27–28 children and adolescents , 272–273 linear models , 25 clinical presentation , 273–277 OCPD (see Obsessive-compulsive personality ethnic mismatch , 270 disorder (OCPD)) idiographic variability , 269 prognosis of , 26–27 overarching priorities , 271 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , 11–12 patients overall functioning , 271 and borderline personality disorder pediatric psychological treatments , 273 abuse and trauma , 206 vocational interference , 271 axis I dissociative disorders , 205–206 treatment rationale , 262 dialectical behavior therapy (see Dialectical treatment roles , 260–261 behavior therapy (DBT)) Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder emotion dysregulation , 206–207 associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS) exposure-based treatments , 204 clinical characteristics intentional self-injury , 204–205 identical siblings , 194 sequential treatments , 209 vs. OCD and tics , 194, 195 single-diagnosis treatments , 209 clinical evaluation , 196 substance use , 205 clinical history therapist factors , 208 group A streptococcal infections , 193 trauma memory characteristics , 207–208 molecular mimicry , 193–194 treatment noncompliance , 208 neuroimaging , 194 empirically supported treatments , 62 Sydenham’s chorea , 193 humanitarian aid online clinical presentation , 197–198 cognitive reappraisal , 391 clinical symptoms , 193 self-confrontation , 390–391 immune triggers social sharing and farewell ritual , 391–392 infectious agents , 196 internet pharyngitis , 194, 196 evidence-based programs , 386 PITANDS , 196 portability of information , 386 treatment self-help program , 386–387 antibiotic therapy , 197 traumatic events , 385–386 cognitive behavioral therapy , 196–197 web sites , 386 intravenous immunoglobulin , 197 substance use disorders (see Substance use disorders selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , 197 (SUDs)) Pediatric Infection-Triggered Autoimmune web-enhanced therapist-driven interventions Neuropsychiatric Disorders Arabic health-related web sites , 389–390 (PITANDS) , 196 cognitive behavior therapy , 389 Personality disorder (PD) DE-STRESS , 389 avoidant personality disorder (see Avoidant IES , 388 personality disorder (AVPD)) interapy program , 388–389 borderline personality disorder and PTSD writing protocol , 388 abuse and trauma , 206 Preschool age psychiatric assessment instrument axis I dissociative disorders , 205–206 (PAPA) , 111 dialectical behavior therapy (see Dialectical Psychiatric-psychological help system behavior therapy (DBT)) complementary medicine , 375 emotion dysregulation , 206–207 conventional health-care system , 375 exposure-based treatments , 204 internet (see Internet-based therapy) intentional self-injury , 204–205 lack of insurance coverage , 376 sequential treatments , 209 pharmacotherapy , 375 single-diagnosis treatments , 209 self-help books substance use , 205 academic peer-review system , 377 therapist factors , 208 best sellers , 377 trauma memory characteristics , 207–208 bibliotherapy (see Bibliotherapy, OCD) treatment noncompliance , 208 shame and doubt , 376 cluster A personality disorders (see Cluster A treatment cost , 376 personality disorders) Psychoeducation , 313–314 412 Index

S dependent personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder , 224 interpersonal therapy , 356 Schizotypal personality disorder and OCD medication-free residential CT , 356, 357 clinical presentation , 236 depression and anxiety , 245 elevated schizotypy scores , 226 empirically supported treatments , 58 treatment failure , 225–226 transdiagnostic treatments , 311–312 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) , 39, 99 Speci fi c phobia , 14–15, 312 anxiety children adolescents , 170, 171 cognitive self-control vs. contingency child , 155–156 management , 42–43 and depression , 247–248 one-session treatment , 43–44 PANDAS , 197 predictors of , 44–45 Self-blame , 324–325 intellectual disability , 150 Self-help books Spectrum model , 353 academic peer-review system , 377 Spillover hypothesis , 326 best sellers , 377 Strength and dif fi culties questioinnaire (SDQ) , 112–113 bibliotherapy (see Bibliotherapy, OCD) Substance dependence PTSD therapy (SDPT) , 297 Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) , 16 Substance use disorders (SUDs) behavioral treatment , 104–105 annual cost , 286 CBT treatment , 58, 60 lifetime prevalence rates , 285–286 pharmacological treatment , 104 posttraumatic stress disorder (5-HT) systems , 339–340 client-related factors , 291 Sibling con fl ict clinical complexities , 299 adjustment problems , 329 clinical presentation , 299–300 anxious children , 328 clinical symptoms , 286 factors in fl uencing , 328–329 clinician factors , 292 family stress and peer rejection , 329 cognitive abilities , 290 Social anxiety disorder , 236. See also Social cognitive modi fi cation , 297 phobia behavioral symptoms , 179, 181 concurrent treatment , 298 clinical case study , 186–188 coping skills training , 297 cognitive symptoms , 179, 180 data supporting models , 288–289 socialization emotional dif fi culties , 287 avoidance , 183 exposure-based therapy , 297 behavioral inhibition , 181, 183 future aspects , 300–301 negative expectations , 184 integrated treatment , 297–299 negative peer interactions , 183–184 lack of treatment availability and access , 291–292 peers play , 181, 182 length of sobriety determination , 289–290 social functioning de fi cits , 183 lifetime estimate , 286–287 withdrawal , 181, 183 prolonged exposure , 297 somatic symptoms , 179 relapse prevention strategies , 297 and substance use disorders (see Substance use SDPT treatment protocol , 297 disorders (SUDs)) secondary gain , 290–291 treatment approaches self-medication hypothesis , 296 , 186 sequential treatment , 296 comprehensive cognitive-behavioral interventions , suicidal ideation and attempts , 287 184, 185 transcend , 298 coping strategy , 186 traumatic events , 286 exposure and friendship promotion , and social anxiety disorder 184–185 client-related factors , 291 social skills instruction , 186 clinical presentation , 295–296 Social phobia. See also Social anxiety disorder clinician factors , 292 avoidant personality disorder cognitive abilities , 290 CBT , 352 cognitive-behavioral approaches , 293 clinical course , 351–352 concurrent treatment approach , 293, 294 cognitive therapy , 356 data supporting models , 288–289 interpersonal therapy , 356 epidemiological reports , 286 prevalence of co-occurrence , 351 future aspects , 300–301 spectrum model , 353 integrated treatment model , 293–295 treatment conditions , 356 lack of treatment availability and access , 291–292 cognitive behavioral therapy , 164, 352 length of sobriety determination , 289–290 Index 413

psychiatric comorbidity rates , 286 prevalence of , 136 psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions , 293 quality of life , 137 secondary gain , 290–291 severity and frequency , 137 sequential treatment approach , 293, 294 social hindrances , 137 symptoms , 286 vocal tics , 136 substance abuse , 285 Tics , 193, 195 substance dependence , 285 Tourette syndrome. See Tic disorders and Tourette treatment syndrome cognitive-behavioral therapy , 292–293 Trauma memory, BPD and PTSD combined behavioral intervention , 293 poor quality , 207–208 motivational enhancement therapy , 292 quantity , 207 social support , 292 Triple vulnerability theory , 8–9 Suicidal behavior and NSSI , 204–205 Sydenham’s chorea (SA) , 193 W Webcam-delivered CBT program (W-CBT) , 382 T Work/Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) , 381 Therapeutic alliance alliance-building behaviors , 265 alliance rupture and exposure procedure , 266–267 Y fl exible therapist , 265–266 Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) , positive therapeutic alliance , 263 249, 381 teamwork-oriented collaborative stance , 265 Young children therapist-parent alliance CGAS score , 116–117 anxiety-provoking situations , 264 clinical case study , 117–119 CBT , 263 cognitive behavioral treatment approach , 114 emotional connection , 264 cultural impact on , 113 therapist interpersonal skills , 265 diagnosis of therapist rapport-building behaviors , 265 behaviorally inhibited , 111 treatment approach , 266 DSM criteria , 110–111 youth treatment participation , 263 MDD , 111 Tic disorders and Tourette syndrome preschool mental health , 111 academic functioning , 137 emotional and cognitive responses , 112 comorbidity of , 139–140 emotion socialization practices , 120 clinical decision-making , 140–141 obsessive-compulsive disorder functional impairment , 140 age appropriate vs. potentially disordered primary symptoms of , 139 behavior , 125–126 hyperkinetic movement disorders , 136 clinical presentation , 130–131 impaired family functioning , 137 cognitive behavior therapy , motor tics , 136 129–130 OCD comorbidity rates , 126–127 academic performance , 142 developmental considerations , in adults , 138–139 127–128 axis I disorder , 138 family involvement , 128 cognitive training , 142–143 gender distribution , 126 contamination-related symptoms , 144–145 symptom expression , 127 CY-BOCS checklist , 141–142 parental counseling , 114 DSM-IV fi eld trial , 138 SDQ , 112–113 prevalence of , 138 temperamental pro fi le , 120 psychoeducation , 142 threats , 112