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Supplementary Material for Skeletal Completeness of the Non-Avian Theropod Fossil Record Daniel D

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Supplementary Material for Skeletal Completeness of the Non-Avian Theropod Fossil Record Daniel D Supplementary Material for Skeletal completeness of the non-avian theropod fossil record Daniel D. Cashmore*, Richard J. Butler *Corresponding authors: [email protected] This PDF includes: FIG. S1. Theropod phylogenetic relationships followed in this study TABLE S1. Comparative 2D and 3D skeletal body proportions for Tyrannosaurus rex TABLE S2. Results of tests for temporal trends in different time series FIG. S2. Distribution of theropod SCM2 scores between the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous FIG. S3. Distribution of theropod SCM2 scores between non-Lagerstätten and Lagerstätten FIG. S4. Changes in theropod sampling proxies through time TABLE S3. Results of model-fitting analyses testing the best explanations of theropod SCM2 TABLE S4. Results of pairwise comparisons between raw theropod diversity and sampling proxy time series TABLE S5. Results of comparisons of the distribution of SCM2 values between different theropod subgroups FIG. S5. Changes in mean SCM2 and raw taxonomic richness through time for each theropod subgroup TABLE S6. Results of pairwise comparisons between subgroup theropod time series FIG. S6. Distribution of theropod SCM2 scores between different hemispheres TABLE S7. Results of comparisons of the distribution of theropod SCM2 values for different continents FIG. S7. Changes in mean theropod SCM2 and raw taxonomic richness through time for each continent TABLE S8. Results of pairwise comparisons between continental theropod time series FIG. S8. Distribution of theropod SCM2 scores between siliclastic and carbonaceous depositional settings FIG. S9. Distribution of theropod SCM2 scores between terrestrial, coastal and marine depositional settings TABLE S9. Results of comparisons of the distribution of theropod SCM2 values for different depositional settings FIG. S10. Changes in mean theropod SCM2 and raw taxonomic richness through time for each depositional setting TABLE S10. Results of pairwise comparisons between depositional setting and specific theropod time series TABLE S11. Taxonomic occurrences of each theropod subgroup per Lagerstätte and depositional environment. Good’s u R function Justification for preferred theropod subgroups Scoring specimen completeness FIG. S1. Theropod phylogenetic relationships followed in this study, with representative skeletal diagrams used in the calculation of mean 2D body proportions. From Top to Bottom: Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Coelophysis bauri, Majungasaurus crenatissimus, Allosaurus fragilis, Tyrannosaurus rex, Gallimimus bullatus, Nothronychus graffami, composite alvarezsaur (based on Mononykus olecranus and Shuvuuia deserti), Khaan mckennai, and Velociraptor mongoliensis. TABLE S1. Comparative skeletal body proportions for Tyrannosaurus rex calculated by two-dimensional surface area, and three-dimensional shape- volume methods (see Supplementary data: ‘Datasheet’). Abbreviations: SH, Scott Hartmann. T. rex 2D surface area (%) T. rex 3D volume (%) Skeletal region (SH skeletal diagram) (Brochu et al . 2003) Skull and mandible 16.27 16.33 Skull 10.31 10.9 Mandible 5.96 5.43 Vertebrae, chevrons 34.02 34.24 Cervical vertebrae 3.1 2.8 Dorsal vertebrae 8.6 10.1 Sacral vertebrae 4.82 7.42 Caudal vertebrae 12 11.92 Chevrons 5.5 2 Ribs, gastralia 13.43 10.74 Cervical ribs 1.73 0.54 Dorsal ribs and gastralia 11.7 10.2 Pectoral girdle and forelimbs 4.3 2.28 Pectoral Girdle 3.4 2.1 Forelimbs 0.9 0.18 Pelvic girdle and hindlimbs 31.1 36.51 Pelvic girdle 17.6 16.81 Hindlimbs 13.5 19.7 TABLE S2. Results of tests for temporal trends in different time series using GLS. Statistically significant results indicated in bold. Comparison Slope t-value p-value R2 SCM2 ~ Stage mid-points 0.075368 1.610064 0.1205 0.11945231 non-conservation Lagerstätten SCM2 ~ Stage mid-points 0.083431 3.135847 0.0045 0.25880199 background SCM2 ~ Stage mid-points 0.097078 2.997134 0.0062 0.24919675 diversity ~ Stage mid-points -0.36585 -3.10086 0.0049 0.44397363 non-conservation Lagerstätten diversity ~ Stage mid-points -0.34881 -3.057935 0.0054 0.46703975 background diversity ~ Stage mid-points -0.32453 -3.117001 0.0047 0.48343348 DBFs ~ Stage mid-points -1.00126 -2.762489 0.0108 0.73582621 DBCs ~ Stage mid-points -11.6612 -2.198482 0.0378 0.5913766 Good’s u coverage ~ Stage mid-points -0.11647 -0.7327789 0.4708 0.13419717 specimen number ~ Stage mid-points -1.7965 -2.589194 0.0161 0.29964354 PBDB species occurrences ~ Stage mid-points -2.3579 -2.304103 0.0302 0.58854967 sea level ~ Stage mid-points -316.05 -4.769932 1.00E-04 0.88822335 FIG. S2. Distribution of theropod SCM2 scores between the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. FIG. S3. Distribution of theropod SCM2 scores between non-Lagerstätten deposits, concentration Lagerstätten and conservation Lagerstätten. Abbreviations: Lager., Lagerstätten. FIG. S4. Changes in theropod sampling proxies through time. A, DBFs; B, DBCs; C, specimen number; D, PBDB occurrences; E, Good’s u coverage; Mean theropod SCM2 (red line) in background for comparison. TABLE S3. Results of model-fitting analyses testing the best explanations of theropod SCM2. The three models receiving the highest AIC weights are highlighted in bold, but coefficients in all three are non-significant. Abbreviations: DBCs, dinosaur-bearing collections; DBFs, dinosaur-bearing formations. Comparison R2 AIC weight SCM2 ~ diversity + DBCs + DBFs + sea level + time bin length 0.3059662 0.00365127 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBCs + DBFs + sea level 0.24415882 0.01007664 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBCs + DBFs + time bin length 0.27360307 0.01689083 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBCs + sea level + time bin length 0.29588794 0.02532619 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBFs + sea level + time bin length 0.30520641 0.03011533 SCM2 ~ DBCs + DBFs + sea level + time bin length 0.10017642 0.0010444 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBCs + DBFs 0.20138146 0.03295448 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBCs + sea level 0.22949148 0.0525073 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBCs + time bin length 0.19743874 0.03091078 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBFs + sea level 0.24169432 0.06461755 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBFs + time bin length 0.26920958 0.10447672 SCM2 ~ diversity + sea level + time bin length 0.23903995 0.06174793 SCM2 ~ DBCs + DBFs + sea level 0.06269514 0.00411032 SCM2 ~ DBCs + DBFs + time bin length 0.09231157 0.00623948 SCM2 ~ DBCs + sea level + time bin length 0.09718118 0.00669143 SCM2 ~ DBFs + sea level + time bin length 0.09607689 0.00658593 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBCs 0.09163148 0.03418154 SCM2 ~ diversity + DBFs 0.16609726 0.10391984 SCM2 ~ diversity + sea level 0.21151145 0.21520809 SCM2 ~ diversity + time bin length 0.10395867 0.04082574 SCM2 ~ DBCs + DBFs 0.0501708 0.01913405 SCM2 ~ DBCs + sea level 0.05667722 0.02092254 SCM2 ~ DBCs + time bin length 0.06855077 0.02466773 SCM2 ~ DBFs + sea level 0.04767159 0.01849145 SCM2 ~ DBFs + time bin length 0.0784205 0.02833167 SCM2 ~ sea level + time bin length 0.09595893 0.03637077 TABLE S4. Results of pairwise comparisons between raw theropod diversity and sampling proxy time series using GLS. Statistically significant results indicated in bold. Comparison Slope t-value p-value R2 diversity ~ background diversity 0.9928629 15.648196 <0.00001 0.9377634 diversity ~ non-conservation Lagerstätten diversity 1.0521869 24.952043 <0.0001 0.9740413 diversity ~ concentration Lagerstätten diversity 0.5898083 3.437195 0.0026 0.6252264 diversity ~ conservation Lagerstätten diversity 0.362598 5.98282 0.0019 0.8570393 background diversity ~ concentration Lagerstätten diversity 0.5655796 3.007105 0.007 0.6039452 background diversity ~ conservation Lagerstätten diversity 0.2031351 2.179183 0.0812 0.6547771 diversity ~ time bin length 0.2500325 0.871255 0.3922 0.3254386 diversity ~ DBCs 0.9153822 3.920037 0.0006 0.5636925 diversity ~ DBFs 1.406682 4.093491 0.0004 0.5705903 diversity ~ specimen number 0.509456 7.633065 <0.00001 0.7967368 diversity ~ PBDB species occurrence 0.8283545 10.749578 <0.00001 0.8751722 diversity ~ Good’s u coverage 0.2214601 3.256892 0.0033 0.5173324 TABLE S5. Results of comparisons of the population median and distribution of completeness values between different theropod subgroups, using Mann-Whitney- Wilcoxon tests. Statistically significant results indicated in bold. Abbreviations: Paraves, non-deinonychosaurian Paraves. p-value following Dataset 1 Dataset 2 Test statistic (W) p-value FDR corrections basal Theropoda basal Neotheropoda 181 0.71593922 0.839377016 basal Theropoda Ceratosauria 399 0.136787222 0.310051036 basal Theropoda basal Tetanurae 57 0.871759819 0.940947106 basal Theropoda Megalosauroidea 182 0.428611634 0.656071908 basal Theropoda Allosauroidea 258 0.601751759 0.787610713 basal Theropoda Megaraptora 95 0.197808115 0.4076046 basal Theropoda basal Coelurosauria 94 0.405904275 0.642543358 basal Theropoda Tyrannosauroidea 229 0.991060988 0.99840218 basal Theropoda Compsognathidae 22 0.011152934 0.058077597 basal Theropoda Ornithomimosauria 152 0.651718129 0.819165852 basal Theropoda Therizinosauria 118 0.888881004 0.944436067 basal Theropoda Alvarezsauroidea 147 0.606315062 0.787610713 basal Theropoda Oviraptorosauria 230 0.444364065 0.664104537 basal Theropoda Dromaeosauridae 278 0.948145346 0.997129224 basal Theropoda Troodontidae 202 0.678771007 0.828053929 basal Theropoda Paraves 57 0.113825008 0.276432162 basal Neotheropoda Ceratosauria 945 0.028971399 0.115795194 basal Neotheropoda basal Tetanurae 122 0.567653311 0.764364855 basal Neotheropoda Megalosauroidea 396 0.588388192 0.78451759 basal Neotheropoda Allosauroidea 572 0.745803943 0.857907245 basal Neotheropoda Megaraptora 223 0.108448799 0.269467216
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