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Freedom of Expression Number 15 . Fall 2012 STHE JOURNALch OFo THEl OPENa SOCIETYrFor SCHOLARSHIPu PROGRAMSm Freedom of Expression Regional Focus: THE MIDDLE EAST Essays and creative works by Open Society Scholarship Programs’ grantees and alumni Contents ScholarForum The Journal of the Open Society 3 Cover Topic: Freedom of Expression Scholarship Programs 8 Regional Focus: The Middle East 17 Academic Showcase Fall 2012 . Number 15 20 Alumni Updates Editor: Zoë BROGDEN 26 Contribute to the Next Edition Editorial Committee: Julie BOUCHAT, 27 Other Open Society Foundations opportunities Joseph GLICKSBERG, Russell KOFF, Ankita SURI Designer: Samuel BUGGELN ScholarForum is published by the Open Dear Readers, Society Scholarship Programs, an It’s a hard task to compile a selection of essays that reflect an accurate depiction of shift- operational program of the Open Society Foundations. ScholarForum is distributed ing sands, especially when that terrain is the Middle East in 2012. Despite the finality with to current and former scholarship which old regimes toppled throughout the Mediterranean nations of North Africa in 2011, recipients, host institutions, educational the changes that continue to unfold have made writing essays in mid-2012 a definite challenge advising centers, and educational for contributors attempting to chronicle current events. And while the region has undergone professionals. rapid change, certain aspects of Middle Eastern societies also appear to suffer as habits persist. One fellow writes about how the uprisings have dismantled repressive dictatorships, but have OPEN SOCIETY also ushered in new governments that may reinforce existing social structures upon Egypt’s citizens. In Jordan, another fellow describes how the perpetuation of existing roles and the FOUNDATIONS widespread use of violence within the home has made the repression and abuse of women a Chairman: George SOROS social norm. A fellow from Lebanon working in Egypt provides an account of the feelings of disappointment held by those at the center of the revolutions. There is still much to do, and President: Christopher STONE much more to change over the coming years. 224 West 57th Street Intimately bound with the regime changes in the Middle East was the explicit utter- New York, NY 10019 USA ance of an opinion—often an opinion shared by many—and a space to express it. Freedom of Tel: +1-212-548-0600 expression is a powerful, fundamental right and a desire that is intrinsic to individuals across Fax: +1-212-548-4679 regions, nations, societies, and cultures. Freedom of expression is frequently accompanied by www.opensocietyfoundations.org debates about where the limits to this freedom should be drawn, running the gamut from the “anything goes” environment of the internet, to carefully prescribed definitions of hate speech to the freedom of individuals to publicly express their opinions without fear of retribution OPEN SOCIETY or censorship. SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS In the spirit of the Arab Spring’s confirmation of the power of freedom of expression Director: Martha LOERKE and assembly, our contributors have used this edition of Scholar Forum to provide you with a myriad of views on recent events in the Middle East and North Africa. In turn, we welcome NEW YORK OFFICE your informed and articulate reactions to these articles and images. Deputy Director: Phillip WATKINS Best wishes to you all, 1700 Broadway, 17th Floor New York, NY 10019 USA Fax: +1-212-548-4652 Open Society Scholarship Programs [email protected] www.opensocietyfoundations.org/about/ programs/scholarship-programs LONDON OFFICE The Open Society Scholarship Programs fund the from a range of backgrounds to pursue their studies participation of students, scholars, and professionals in alternative academic and cultural environments. Deputy Director: Dr. Audrone UZIELIENE from a wide range of countries in rigorous, The Open Society Foundations work to build vibrant competitive academic programs outside of their and tolerant democracies whose governments are Open Society Foundation–London home countries. The goals of these programs accountable to their citizens. Working with local 7th Floor Millbank Tower, 21-24 Millbank are: to revitalize and reform the teaching of the communities in more than 100 countries, the Open London, SW1P 4QP social sciences and humanities at higher education Society Foundations support justice and human Tel: +44-207-031-0200 institutions; to provide professional training in fields rights, freedom of expression, and access to public Fax: +44-207-031-0201 unavailable or underrepresented at institutions in the health and education. countries served; and to assist outstanding students www.opensocietyfoundations.org cover photo Joel CAMPAGNA COVER TOPIC Freedom of Expression Armenian Nationalism and the Struggle against Intolerance Rights Watch, also pointed out in its 2012 World Report that free- Yelena OSIPOVA, Armenia dom of expression continues to be restricted. Global Supplementary Grants Program, 2011 One should note, however, that freedom of expression is more than merely freedom of speech and freedom of the press. It also Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right, as out- includes other rights, such as the right to publicly display one’s lined in key international legal instruments, such as the Universal identity—including one’s gender identity—without fear of violence, Declaration of Human Rights, and is incorporated into most con- intimidation, or persecution. Yet, in Armenia, discussion of sex and stitutions and legal codes around the world. It is essential, however, gender identity issues is very limited. As far as women’s rights are to recognize that the idea of freedom connotes distinct yet comple- concerned, discrimination and domestic violence are widespread, mentary notions. The first notion is freedom from oppression or and there is no legislation in Armenia specifically criminalizing persecution, and the second, perhaps even more important notion, domestic violence against women or addressing marital rape and is a positive and empowering one: it is the freedom to achieve indi- incest. Armenian public discourse has neither addressed these issues, vidual dignity, prosperity, and happiness. nor the discrimination against the LGBTQI community, which has As a member of the United Nations, Armenia is legally been increasingly ostracized, persecuted, and subjected to violence. bound, inter alia, by the International Covenant on Civil and A recent example can be seen in an attack on an openly LGBTQI- Political Rights and the European Convention on Human friendly bar in Yerevan, which was set on fire in the early morning of Rights. Article 14 of the Armenian Constitution clearly out- May 8, 2012, by homophobic and nationalistic young men. lines a commitment to human dignity, equality of human rights, Although it was the first incident of this kind and one which and non-discrimination. Despite these articles and 20 years of can be seen as an open act of “terrorism” against the establishment independence, the lack of freedom—especially freedom of expres- of “alternative community,” it set off a chain of events that further sion—is a major issue in Armenia. emphasized a growing wave of open and widespread homophobia, In 2011, Freedom House classified Armenia as “partly free,” racism, male chauvinism, and dangerous nationalism. The inevita- giving it an average score of 5 (with 1 being most free, and 7 being ble result of these intolerant attitudes and philosophies is curtailed least free). The 2011 reports—Freedom of the Press and Nations in Transit—note that the status of the press in Armenia is “not free,” above: A diversity march in Yerevan, Armenia was overtaken by a while democratization, in all its various facets, has deteriorated over homophobic and nationalistic crowd convinced it was a gay parade the past decade. Another non-governmental organization, Human photo Yelena OSIPOVA ScholarForum 3 freedom to express one’s identity, be it gender, ethnic or religious. In short, the problem with freedom of expression is much The roots of the problem are numerous. First and foremost, wider than mere media censorship, self-censorship, or even prima Armenia’s ruling Republican Party aggressively promotes nation- facie gender issues. It is about a monolithic and pervasive national alism and religion, most prominently through the Armenian conviction, a pan-national “norm,” the correction of which would Apostolic Church and a distortion of the teachings of an Armenian require a much more holistic approach by all those fighting for national hero and Aryanist, Garegin Nzhdeh. The Republican freedom, whether within or outside the country. Party has openly adopted this ideology, the core concept of which is ethnocentric racism and ultranationalism, along with an unques- tioning allegiance to the Armenian Church. This political stance, “A gradual slide to neo- together with the strong social conservatism already present in Armenian society, has given way to movements such as Mek Azg Nazism is dangerously close” (One Nation) and Hayots Artzivner (Armenian Eagles), which mobilize economically and politically-disgruntled youth around Steps in combatting such deep-rooted discrimination, however, the rhetoric of a nationalist discourse rooted in supremacist and need to be well-planned and thoroughly thought through. The anti-Western values. Under such circumstances, a gradual slide to introduction of any hate speech laws, for example, would defeat neo-Nazism is dangerously
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