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Radiation Protection 140 EUROPEAN COMMISSION Radiation Protection 140 Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew Compilation of Measured and Calculated Data Final Report of EURADOS WG 5 to the Group of Experts established under Article 31 of the Euratom treaty Directorate-General for Energy and Transport Directorate H — Nuclear Energy Unit H.4 — Radiation Protection 2004 This report was produced by the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) for the European Commission and represents that organisation’s views on the subject matter. These views have not been adopted or in any way approved by the Commission and should not be relied upon as a statement of the Commission’s views. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004 ISBN 92-894-8448-9 © European Communities, 2004 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE BLEACHED PAPER Text completed on 20 May 2004 FOREWORD Already in 1913, the Nobel Prize winner Victor F. Hess discovered and described the ionising radiation of cosmic origin. The technical developments of civil aviation, supersonic flights and space travel, together with more accurate knowledge about cosmic radiation, motivated in 1966 the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP, to consider the biological effects of the varying solar radiation and the relatively constant galactic radiation, and to recommend for aircrew preventive measures in specific cases. The 1990 ICRP Recommendations stated that exposures to cosmic radiation during flight in jet aircraft should be included as part of occupational exposure of aircrew. With the protection of aircrew, a new occupational radiation protection area was opened with many unknown parameters. Therefore, in 1991, the Radiation Protection Unit jointly with scientific experts in this field, the aviation companies, regulatory bodies and the social partners developed a work programme aimed at laying down appropriate European radiation protection legislation and to ensure its uniform conversion into practical radiation protection measures. From the beginning of this work programme, the association of institutes in the European Dosimetry Group, EURADOS, provided considerable expertise and co-ordinated important research projects. The 1996 European Council Directive on the protection of the workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation allows for the 1990 ICRP recommendations. Specific requirements are incorporated into this European radiation protection legislation aimed at establishing a radiological protection system for aircrew. This report, prepared by a specific EURADOS Working Group delivers the successful conclusion of the above mentioned work programme. The European Commission thanks EURADOS for the intensive support and in particular the scientists and experts for their personal efforts. Their strong commitment was essential for the success of the entire work programme. Indispensable for achieving the envisaged objectives was also the constructive dialogue between the group of experts established pursuant to Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty and EURADOS. As a result of this fruitful co-operation, the now presented publication provides guidelines, recommendations and practical solutions for applying radiological protection measures for air crew exposed to cosmic radiation, based on the most recent scientific knowledge. Augustin JANSSENS Head of Unit Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew Compilation of Measured and Calculated Data A Report of EURADOS WG 5 to Group of Experts established under Article 31 of the EURATOM Treaty Edited by L. Lindborg, D. T. Bartlett, P. Beck, I. R. McAulay, K. Schnuer, H. Schraube and F. Spurný European Radiation Dosimetry Group EURADOS Working Group 5 on Aircraft Crew Exposure D.T. Bartlett1, P. Beck2, P. Bilski3, J.-F. Bottollier-Depois4, L. Lindborg5 (Chairman from 2003), H. Schraube6, F. Spurný7 and F. Wissmann8, E. Felsberger9 (resigned in 2002), W. Heinrich10, B. Lewis11, D. O´Sullivan12, G. Reitz13, U. Schrewe14 (Chairman 2000 to 2002), and L. Tommasino15, G. Dietze8 for Article 31, I. McAulay16 for Article 31, J. Siedenburg17 (2004) and A. Ruge (2000 –2003) for JAA, K. Schnuer18 for EC and K. Ulbak19 for Article 31. Contributions were also received from: J.C. Saez-Vergara(20), H. Roos(21), G.A. Taylor(22), R. Grillmaier(23), W. Friedberg(24), K. O’Brien(25), M. Pelliccioni(26), B. Wiegel(8) and their colleagues. (1) National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), Chilton Didcot, UK (2) ARC Seibersdorf Research (ARCS), Seibersdorf, Austria (3) Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland (4) Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) , Paris, France (5) Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI), Stockholm, Sweden (6) Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit (GSF), Institut für Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg, Germany (7) Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Prague (8) Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany (9) IASON Labormedizin GesmbH. & Co KG, Austria (10) Universität, Siegen, Germany (11) Royal Military College of Canada (RMC), Kingston, Ontario, Canada (12) Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), Dublin, Ireland (13) Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Köln, Germany (14) Fachhochschule, Hannover, Germany (15) National Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services (APAT), Rome, Italy (16) Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (17) Central Joint Aviation Authority (JAA), Hoofdorp, The Netherlands (18) European Commission, DG TREN H4, Luxembourg (19) Statens Institut for Straalehygiejne (SIS), Knapholm, Denmark (20) CIEMAT, Dosimetría de Radiaciones, Madrid, Spain (21) Radiobiologisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany (22) National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K. (23) Fachrichtung Biophysik, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany (24) Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration, Oklahoma City, USA (25) Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA (26) INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew: Compilation of Measured and Calculated Data Contents Preface iii Chapter I Introduction I.1 General Introduction 1 I.2 Working Group 5 progress 1 I.3 Legal considerations 2 I.4 Quantities 3 I.5 The collection of material for the report 4 I.6 Content of the report 4 I.7 References 4 Chapter II Cosmic radiation environment at aircraft altitudes and dosimetry II.1 Cosmic radiation 7 II.2 Radiation dose components at aviation altitudes 10 II.3 Measurement requirements 12 II.4 Dose calculations 13 II.5 References 14 Chapter III Measured and calculated ambient dose equivalent rate data at aircraft altitudes III.1 In-flight measurements 16 III.2 Comparison of time differential data 18 III.3 Results 20 III.4 Conclusion 54 III.5 References 54 Chapter IV Comparison of calculated and measured route doses and selected dose rate data for scheduled flights IV.1 Introduction 57 IV.2 Basic conditions 58 IV.3 In-flight measurement results and comparison with calculations 58 IV.4 Calculated doses of scheduled flights 82 IV.5 Solar modulation effects 83 IV.6 Influence of flight altitude and solar modulation to route doses 86 IV.7 Comparison of calculated dose rates with selected experimental findings 88 IV.8 References 95 Chapter V Uncertainties in aircraft crew dose assessments V.1 Introduction 96 V.2 Radiation protection requirements on the estimation of the effective dose 96 V.3 Uncertainties related to measurements and calculations 96 V.3.1 General requirements 96 V.3.2 Reported instrument and detector characteristics 97 V.3.3 Measurement statistical uncertainties (Type A) 97 V.3.4 Measurement Type B uncertainties 99 V.4 Variations of flight profiles 99 V.5 Uncertainties related to calculations 100 V.6 Conclusions 101 V.7 References 101 Chapter VI Summary, conclusions and recommendations VI.1 Summary 103 VI.2 Conclusions 105 VI.3 Recommendations 105 VI.4 Future work 107 VI.5 Acknowledgements 108 VI.6 References 108 Appendix A Descriptions of measurement methods A 1 Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) 109 A 2 National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) 114 A 3 Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) 123 A 4 Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic (NPI) 124 A 5 Swedish Radiation Protection Authority (SSI) 131 A 6 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS) 137 A 7 CIEMAT, Servicio de Protección Radiológica, Madrid 142 A 8 University Kiel and DLR Cologne: DOSTEL 147 A 9 Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) I 151 A 10 ARC Seibersdorf Research (ARCS) 158 A 11 Agenzia Nazionale per la Protezione dell’Ambiente (APAT): ANPA-Stack 169 A 12 Aviation Radiobiological Institute University of Munich 185 A 13 GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Radiation Protection 189 A 14 National Physical
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