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Learning from the History.Pdf LEARNING FROM THE HISTORY Mubarak Ali Reproduced by Sani H. Panhwar Learning from the History Mubarak Ali Reproduced by Sani H. Panhwar CONTENTS History: The Big Picture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Black Mirror .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Looking Back .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Politicisation of the Past .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Historical Monuments .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Obscure and Confused .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 History without Historians .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Paucity of History .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 Peddling History .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Terms of Reference .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 By the Textbook .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 History they wrote .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 History and Morality .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 Once Upon a Time..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 History and Religion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 Revisiting the Past .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 Dimensions of History .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 Revisiting Heroes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 On Record .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 Hometown Heritage .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 Challenging Tradition .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 Change for the Better .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 Deconstructing History .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 Flattery and its Victims .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 Flattery to Power .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 Heroes of Flattery .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 Europe: Church and Society .. .. .. .. .. .. 58 The Courage to Say No .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60 European Reform Movements .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 Church and State .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 65 Intellectuals Of Intellectual .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 67 Dissident Intellectuals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 69 The Task of Intellectuals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71 The intellectual Voice .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 Shared Culture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76 A Culture of Corruption .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 78 Back to Machiavelli .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 80 The Fragile State .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 Demystifying Despots .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84 General: Conflict and Change .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 Lords of the Land .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88 Being a Nation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 The Politics of Identity .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 93 Distortion Factor .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 95 All about Conservatism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97 When Power Corrupts .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 Designing Democracy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 Changing Patrons .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 104 Born Free .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 106 Change for the Better .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 108 At Liberty .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 Churchill Said .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112 Evolution of Hinduism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 114 Fall of Nations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 117 In Quest of Truth .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 The Rise of the Middle Class .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 121 In the Middle .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 123 Knowledge is Power .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 125 Lessons Learnt & Not Learnt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127 Mughals and the Religious Movements .. .. .. .. .. 130 Power of the Mob .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 133 Puritan and Popular Religion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 135 Resentment in Response .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 137 Survival of the Fittest .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 140 The Inside Story .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 142 The Means and the End .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 144 The Pirates' Legacy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 147 The Pros and Cons of Technology .. .. .. .. .. .. 149 The Real Revolution .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 151 Two Faces of Greece .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 153 When History Fails .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 156 A Lesson from China .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 159 Ceding Power Piecemeal .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 161 Decline and Rise of the Gentry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 163 The Victors and the Vanquished .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 165 Harsh Lessons .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 167 Divided we Stand .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 170 Knowledge Transformation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 173 Struggle for Independence .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 175 Company Bahadur .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 177 Response of Change .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 179 Religious States .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 181 Broadening Horizons .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 184 Reason vs Faith .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 186 The Persian Prowess .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 188 Citadels of Culture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 190 The Slave Story .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 192 About Face .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 194 The Lonely Crowd .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 196 Religion vs State .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 198 History The Big Picture As knowledge unfolds the mysteries of this universe, history also extends its domain to include different aspects. After investigation, it unifies them in order to create a comprehensive knowledge of the universe. David Christian, professor of history, introduced a concept of history known as Big History, based on the idea that the academic study of the past can no longer be carried out from a nationalist perspective. He argues that the discipline will progress only once it charts human activity with a global scope. It is the technique which the historian Braudel described as ‘Longue dur‚e' or long duration. According to him, historians can detect major changes when history is studied on a broader scale of time. Along with astronomers, geologists, biologists, anthropologists, archaeologists, historians, David Christian used the technique to study history, social and natural sciences. According to him, the history of nature and human beings is closely integrated and falls under the same sphere of knowledge. History records change, without which there would be no history. History begins with the creation of the universe, the stars, the solar system, and the appearance of earth. Life emerged on earth and as a result of an evolutionary process; the Homo habilis appeared, followed by the Homo erectus, and finally the homo sapien. With this began the incredible journey of the homo sapien from Africa to the other parts of the world, which has been carefully documented by archaeologists. The Prehistoric era spans the time from about 2,000,000BC to roughly 2000BC, when the Classical Age began with the rise of the Greek and Roman empires. Archaeologists term the pre-historic period as the time before written history began, so it encompasses the Stone Age (Paleolithic and Neolithic ages), the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. The Palaeolithic Age had duration of 10,000 years while the duration of the Neolithic age is 5,000 years. The duration of the modern period so far is 2,000 years and it still continues. Both the Palaeolithic and Neolithic ages marked important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies. It was a period of exploration where man learned about trees, plants, animals and different sources of food. He hunted for about three hours, and the rest of the time was devoted to discovering, learning and rest. During this period, man developed some important characteristics which helped him to survive in the changing environment. For his survival, man needed to be Learning from the History; Copyright © www.sanipanhwar.com 1 innovative and constantly improved tools made of stone and bones. He acquired adaptability to changing climate. He shared knowledge with other fellows and communicated it to the next generation. This was followed by the early agriculture period when man settled in fertile land and started farming. Life of a farmer was difficult compared to a hunter's. He had to clear forest land and develop it for irrigation. In absence of developed tools, he had to work hard to look after his crop. Gradually he learnt farming. In the Bronze Age, tools and weapons were invented. With the increase of production and growth of population, the social structure of communities transformed. In the early period, the concept of power was from below because to protect itself and its produce against invasions, communities would hand over power to a group of people who could guard against invaders. Nomadic tribes living outside settlements raided them to loot and plunder agricultural produce. This led to the building of walls around settlements for protection. Later, in the agricultural period, the guardians assumed power to protect their community which created the concept of power from above. It was during this period that the institution of state emerged along with kingship, army, bureaucracy and social hierarchy developed. During this era emerged great empires, absolute monarchy with divine power, bloody battles for expansion of empires, building of great monuments such as temples, palaces, tombs and forts as expressions of power and grandeur. The state began to extract surplus from people to sustain its expenses. The discovery of iron led to technological development. The invention of writing documented political, social, artistic and literary activities of societies. As some scripts were deciphered, immense knowledge and material were provided to historians to reconstruct the ancient past. To David Christian, the 17th century is the beginning of the modern period. The Industrial Revolution in England which later spread to other European countries, radically transformed the world. It led to capitalism, while technological and scientific inventions not only increased knowledge of the world but also changed the lifestyle of human beings. The speed of change is so rapid today that it has become impossible to assimilate it in different aspects of life. Big History traces the history of the universe which encompasses 13 billion years. It is a fascinating journey to understand
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