Digital Journalism
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al-Farabi Kazakh National University S.Barlybayeva, G.Mukanova Digital journalism Monograph Almaty – 2018 S.Barlybaeva, G.Mukanova Reviewers: Doctor of Economics, Professor, Academician of the NAS of the RK A.Koshanov Doctor of philological sciences, Professor K.Khamzin Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Turan University N.Kenzhegulova Digital journalism Monograph In the monograph "Digital Journalism", Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor S.Kh. Barlybaeva and Ph.D., Associate Professor G.K.Mukanova (al- Farabi KazNU) presented modern approaches and technological breakthrough projects in the world and domestic, Kazakhstan multimedia journalism. The book also provides statistics, historical facts, biographies of recognized masters of the television broadcast. The publication is based on the scientific developments of foreign researchers and domestic content. The monograph is intended for students and young scientists of English-language departments, journalism faculties, universities. Almaty - 2018 Content Introduction……………………………………………………….…4 Chapter 1. Information revolution of the 20th and 21st centuries……….…5 Chapter 2. Current trends in electronic media……………………………..14 Chapter 3. The process of globalization of broadcasting…………….……27 Chapter 4. Convergence of the media……………………………………..32 Chapter 5. Digital broadcasting in Europe and America…………………..37 Chapter 6. Internationalization of broadcasting: mission, tools…….……..48 6.1. Tools for expanding the broadcasting of Kazakhstan………………...48 6.2 From the history of internationalization of Turkestan Media in Europe, ХХ century......................................................................51 6.3. From the history of television journalism in Kazakhstan: the 20th century (M. Barmankulov, S. Ashimbayev)..................................61 Chapter 7. Security in the Sphere of Digital Journalism…………….…….66 Chapter 8. Cable and satellite broadcasting in Kazakhstan………………..79 Chapter 9. Digital broadcasting in Kazakhstan…………………..………106 Conclusion……………...…………………………………………122 Dedicated to Marat Karibaevich Barmankulov Introduction G.Mukanova, S.Barlybaeva The current stage of media development - in the world and in Kazakhstan - reflects active processes in the economy and information technologies. The world today is not divided into isolated local regions. Globalization allowed instant information, reaching any part of the Earth. The urgency of the digitalization method is emphasized by the Head of State Nursultan Nazarbayev. The digital method is used in multimedia media. For example, Kazakhstani people could watch the Winter Olympics in 2018 in South Korea live. News stories in the "live" mode are broadcasted by the television channels "Qazaqstan", "Qazsport" and others. Round-the-clock broadcasting of TV channels and radio stations, production of programs, films and serials, is only a small part of the complex technical processes that occur daily due to professional journalists. Active players of the domestic media market: Khabar (Khabar, 24 Khabar, Kazakh TY), Qazaqstan (Qazaqstan and Balapan channels), as well as Kazakh Radio, Astana radio, Shalkar radio, "The first channel", «Eurasia», etc. The Kazakhstani media-space seeks unity, integration. These and other facts influenced the authors' desire to write a book about what processes take place in the world and the Kazakhstani sphere of media communications. About how it was not easy to break stereotypes in the minds of citizens, overcoming the "iron curtain" of the secrecy of the post-Soviet republics and pushing forward audio and visual journalism. There were professionals and leaders in journalism in Kazakhstan, training qualified personnel. Teachers of the Faculty of Journalism of the country's oldest university, Al- Farabi KazNU, will tell you what you need to know in order to master an interesting and multifaceted profession, a multimedia journalist. The profession of a journalist requires encyclopedic knowledge, diligence, lightning-fast reaction and resourcefulness, respect for national values and ethics. Chapter 1. Information revolution of the 20th and 21st centuries. S.Barlybayeva The history of the development of communications shows that already in the 1950s scientists drew attention to the influence of information technology on the development of the media. A special role in this process is given to electronic media and, in particular, to television. Canadian theorist Marshall McLuhan in his famous work "Comprehending the media. The expansion of man "(1964) showed the growing role of TV, which won the mass market, overcoming space and time, and the whole world turned into a" global village ". He also talked about computers that gradually entered the everyday life of many people: "We live today in the era of information and communication, because electronic media instantly and constantly create a common sphere of intertwining events in which all people participate" (1). Scientists identify four "innovation waves" that have succeeded each other over the past 200 years: - The first, from 1780 to 1840-ies - was an industrial revolution in England, based on the use of steam energy. - The second wave, 1850 - 1890's - the era of railways. - The third wave, the first half of the twentieth century - was based on the growing use of electricity and mass production of cars. - The fourth wave is characterized by: the growth of nuclear energy, the dominance of new IT and related technologies (2). The value of the fourth wave is that the process of innovation has become accelerated. The presence of ICT accelerates the innovation process, allowing faster, cheaper processing of information, reducing the time to create and distribute products and services. Some researchers note that the history of the development of communication passed three information revolutions: - invention of writing, - manufacture of printing press, - Introduction of electronic media. Other scientists believe: The first stage, a historic milestone, was the invention in the 15th century of a printing press and the release of Gutenberg's first printed edition - the Bible. Some researchers note that even in China, the first printing press was invented in the 1 st century. The second stage is the phone, which allowed to create a new communication technology. The third stage is radio, which served as a prototype of satellite communications. The fourth stage of the information revolution is the emergence of personal computers. The fifth stage is the stage of computer communications, the Internet and the world information infrastructure. There are several points of view on the development of information technology (IT) using computers, which are determined by different signs of division. Common to supporters of this approach is that with the advent of a personal computer, a new stage in the development of IT began. Discussions of scientists on the role of information processes in the history of civilization continue. One version suggests that the modern revolution is the fourth in a row. - The first revolution refers to a time when a person learned to speak, which gave rise to oral culture. - The second occurred when the letter was invented, which gave rise to a written culture. - The third began with the invention of Gutenberg. Book printing and mass printing contributed to the spread of literacy, the development of mass education. - The fourth revolution is a digital electronic revolution that is currently taking place. Researcher S.A. Dyatlov singles out seven evolutionary-information stages of the development of human civilization, conditioned by the corresponding types of information technology: 1. The first - oral-speech IT, associated with the emergence of speech and language as a common means of communicative communication between people in society. 2. The second - written, associated with the emergence of writing and grammar rules. 3. The third is book printing, associated with the emergence of book printing. 4. The fourth - radio-telegraph - is associated with the emergence of various (electromagnetic) technologies for the transmission and reproduction of information. 5. The fifth - computer, associated with the emergence of a computer, a computer technology transfer and reproduction of appropriate information. 6. The sixth - computer real-network - is associated with the emergence and dissemination of computer, telecommunications and space communications networks and information transfer. 7. The seventh - global bio-quantum-field or computer-personalized- network - is associated with the emergence of immaterial (digital) quantum field technologies for the transmission and reproduction of information (3). As S.Dyatlov points out, it is at the seventh stage that one can speak of the completion of the transition of human civilization to the "mature" stage of its information development - the stage of the information society, which can be called a digital age. The digital technology of processing and transferring diverse data (texts, images, speech, etc.) became the basis of network technologies and opened new opportunities for the formation of global information networks. Different communication researchers differently define periods: someone marks four information revolutions, others - five or seven stages of its development, starting its first stage with the appearance of human speech, then writing, and then go to the stage of the printing press, then - to the electronic, computer revolution. Other researchers put forward the following