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A Morphological Study on the Venom Apparatus of Spider

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A Morphological Study on the Venom Apparatus of Spider TurkJZool 29(2005)351-356 ©TÜB‹TAK AMorphologicalStudyontheVenomApparatusofSpider LarinioidesCornutus(Araneae,Araneidae) Külti¤inÇAVUfiO⁄LU,AbdullahBAYRAM,MeltemMARAfi K›r›kkaleUniversity,FacultyofScienceandArts,DepartmentofBiology,71450Yahflihan,K›r›kkale-TURKEY TalipKIRINDI K›r›kkaleUniversity,FacultyofScienceandArts,DepartmentofPhysics,71450Yahflihan,K›r›kkale-TURKEY KürflatÇAVUfiO⁄LU SüleymanDemirelUniversity,FacultyofScienceandArts,DepartmentofBiology,32260Çünür,Isparta-TURKEY Received:31.08.2004 Abstract: Themorphologicalstructureofthevenomapparatusof Larinioidescornutus wasstudiedusingascanningelectron microscope(SEM).TheVenomglandsaresituatedintheanteriorcephalicpartoftheprosoma,andeachglandconsistsofalong cylindricalpartandanadjoiningduct,whichterminatesatthetipofthecheliceralfang.Eachcheliceraconsistsof2parts: astout basalpartcoveredbyhair,andamovablefang.Thereareparallelgroovesonthedorsalsurfaceofthefang.Theventralsurfa ce hashollowslikesawteeth.Avenomporeissituatedonthesubterminalpartofthefang.Belowthefang,thereisacheliceralgroove betweentheteeth.Eachsideofthegrooveisarmedwithcuticularteeth.Venomglandsaresmallandsimilartoanaurberginei n shape.Eachglandissurroundedbycompletelystriatedmuscularfibers.Thevenomproducedinthevenomglandsisejectedintothe fangthroughtheductbycontractionofthesemuscularfibers. KeyWords: Larinioidescornutus,venomgland,,morphology,chelicerae,scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM) LarinioidesCornutus(Araneae,Araneidae) Örümce¤inin ZehirAyg›t›ÜzerineMorfolojikBirÇal›flma Özet: Buçal›flmada, Larinioidescornutus ’unzehirayg›t›n›nmorfolojikyap›s›taramal›electronmikroskobu(SEM)kullan›larak çal›fl›lm›flt›r.Zehirbezleri,prosomadabafl›nönk›sm›ndayerleflmifltirveherbirbez,silindrikk›s›mvebirkeliseraldiflinu cunda sonlananbitiflikbirkanaldanibarettir.Herbirkeliserk›llarlakapl›kal›nbirbazalk›s›mvehareketlibirzehirdifliolmak üzereiki k›s›mdanoluflur.Keliseraldiflindorsalyüzeyindeparalleloyuklaryeral›r.Ventralyüzeytesteredifligibioyuklarasahiptir. Zehir diflininaltk›sm›ndabirzehiraç›kl›¤›yerleflmifltir.Zehirdiflininhemenaltk›sm›ndakeliserdifllerininaras›ndabirkelisera lboflluk vard›r.Bofllu¤unherbirkenar›kutikulardifllerleçevrilidir.Zehirbezleriküçükveflekilbak›m›ndanpatl›can›and›rmaktad›r. Herbir zehir,tamamançizgilikaslifleriyleçevrelenmifltir.Zehirbezlerindeüretilenzehir,bukasliflerininkas›lmas›ylabirkanal vas›tas›yla zehirdiflinesal›nmaktad›r. AnahtarSözcükler: Larinioidescornutus,zehirbezi,morfoloji,keliser,taramal›electronmikroskobu(SEM) Introduction (Burcherrl,1969:SchenoneandSuarez,1978; Spidersarethelargestgroupofvenomousanimals, WassermanandAnderson,1984).Asaresult,especially representedbyabout4,.000speciesthroughoutthe ontheirvenomsandvenomapparatus,haveincreased world.Thirtyspiderspeciesareknowtobeharmfulto recently(Foelix,1982;Lucas,1985). humans(Schimidt,1973;Foelix,1982).Manyspiders Thevenomapparatusissituatedintheprosomaof aresynanthropic.Human-spiderencountersarenot spiders,andconsistsofapairofvenomglandsand infrequent,andbitesoccasionallyocur(Futrell,1992;Ori chelicerae.Venomisproducedinapairofvenomglands andIkeda,1998).However,bitingeventsareobservedin situatedintheanteriorportionoftheprosoma.Thesize humanpopulationsatahighrate,forinstanceby andshapeofthevenomglandvaryamongdifferent Loxoscelesintermedia becausethisspiderprefers species.Thevenomglandsof Loxoscelesintermedia, residentialareas.Thesespidersinfestclothingandshoes Loxoscelesreclusa,Heteropodavenatoria,Lycosa 351 AMorphologicalStudyontheVenomApparatusofSpider LarinioidesCornutus(Araneae,Araneidae) narbonensis,Lampanacylindrata and Agelenalimbata are withgoldby“Polaron500”sputtercoaterandexamined intheprosoma(Moon.1992;Lachlanetal.,2000; usingascanningelectronmicroscope(Jeol5600)(Hayat, Santosetal.,2000),whilethoseof Hognatarantula and 1981;Karnovsky,1985). Plesiophirctuscollinus areinthechelicerae(Russeletal., 1973;Gertsch,1979). Results Eachcheliceraconsistsof2parts:aswollenbasalpart andamovablevenomfang.Therearematuremusclesin ThevenomapparatusofLarinioidescornusconsistsof thebasalpartandvenomglandsinsomespecies.These apairofvenomglandsintheprosoma.In Larinioides musclesareinvolvedinmovingthefang.Ingeneral,the cornutus, Thevenomglandsarelikeanauberginein fangrestsinagrooveinthebasalsegmentliketheblade shape(Figure1).Thedorsalsurfacesoftheglandsare ofapocketknife.Whenthespiderbites,thefangmoves surroundedbystriatedmuscularfibersspirallyarranged outofitsgrooveandpenetratestheprey.Atthesame (Figure2).Theglandiscomposedofacylindricalstem time,thevenomisinjectedintothepreyfromatiny partandacanalconnectedtoit.Thecanalextendstothe openingatthetipofthefang.Bothsidesofthecheliceral anteriorpartofthechelicerae.Theglandswere groovearearmedwithcuticularteeth.Spidershaving determinedtobeonelobedandeachlobewasdivided teethinthegroovecanmashtheirprey;however,spiders intosmalllobes.Theaveragelengthoftheglandswas withoutteethcanonlysuckouttheirvictimsthroughthe 712mmandwidthwas258mm(Figure1). smallbiteholes(Foelix,1982).Thenumberandsizeof Eachchelicerawasobservedtohave2parts:astout cheliceralteethareimportantasdiagnosticcharacteristics basalpartandamovablevenomfang(Figures3,4).The fortaxonomists.Spidersusetheircheliceraefordefense, basalpartiscoveredbyslighthairs.Aporeforreleasing seizingprey,carryingeggcocoons,diggingsoiland thevenomislocatednearthetipofthefang(Figure5). makingnoise(Foelix,1982).Spidervenomisusedinthe Theuppersurfaceofthefangiscoveredbytinyparallel medicaltreatmentofdiseasessuchascardiacdisturbance glooves(Figure6).Thesubsurfaceishollowedlikeasaw andforproducingnewantibacterialreagents(Haeberliet (Figure7).Eachfangsitsinagrooveattheapicalpartof al.,2000;Bodeetal.,2001).Theaimofthisstudywas thechelicerae.Themarginsofthegroovesaresupported toinvestigatethemorphologicalstructureofthevenom bycheliceralteeth(Figure8).Theseteethareusedfor apparatusofLarinioidescornutus. holdingandcrushingtheprey. MaterialsandMethods DiscussionandConclusion Twenty Larinioidescornutus (Clerck,1757) Kaston(1978)statedthatthevenomglandsof specimenswerecollectedfromtheBarlaavillagein spidersaregenerallyfoundintheprosoma,andrarelyin E¤irdir(Isparta)inJune2003.Theywereanesthetized thechelicerae,exceptforthefamiliesUloboridaeand withetheratthelaboratoryofKırıkkaleUniversity,and Holarchaidae,whichlackvenomglandsentirely.Inthe theirvenomglandsweredissectedfromtheprosoma species Loxoscelesintermedia,Lycosaindagastrix, underastereomicroscope(nıkonSMZ10A).Thevenom Heteropodavenatoria , Loxoscelesreclusa , Cuppiennius glandsandcheliceraewerewashedwith0.2Msodium salai, Dolomedestenebrosus,Agelenalimbata , phosphatebuffer(pH7.2);thenthevenomglandswere Latrodectusmactans andLycosanarbonensis (Foiletal., fixedin3%gluteraldehydebufferat4 0Cfor2h.After 1979;RidlingandPhanuel,1986;Moon,1992; rinsinginsodiumphosphate(pH7.2)buffer3timesfor Gümüflo¤lu,2000;Santosetal.,2000)itwasreported 10minute,eachwasfixedin1%osmiumtetroxidewith 0 thatthevenomglandsareintheprosoma,andin thesamebufferat4 Cfor1h.Sampleswereleftinthe sodiumphosphatebuffertoremovetheosmium Plesiophirctuscallinus and Hognatarantula (Russellet tetroxide;thentheyweredehydratedinthefollowing al.,1973;Kaston,1978;Malietal.,2000)theyareinthe alcoholseriesfor10min:50%,60%,70%,80%,90%, chelicerae.Inthisstudy,thevenomglandof Larinioides 95%and99%.Afterthedehydrationstages,thesamples cornutus speciesissituatedintheprosomaandextends weretransferredtopetridishesanddriedinanovenat throughthecheliceraeviaapairofcanals. 400C.Driedsampleswereplacedonstubs,thencoated Differencesintheshapeandpositionoftheglandin 352 K.ÇAVUfiO⁄LU,A.BAYRAM,M.MARAfi,T.KIRINDI,K.ÇAVUfiO⁄LU Figure1.Thegeneralappearanceofthevenomgland(vg). Figure2. Theappearanceofnumerousstriatedmuscularfibers(m) surroundingthevenomglands. Figure3.Thegeneralappearanceofthechelicerae(c). Figure4.Theappearanceofthebasalpartandfang(vf). differentspeciesofspidershavebeendescribedby Loxoscelesreclusa (Foiletal.,1979)and Loxosceles Berkau(1891).Forexample,inthegenus Atypus the intermedia arebulbous(Santosetal.,2000);in glandsarecomposite(Berkay,1891),inFilistatatheyare Heteropodavenatoria (RidlingandPhanuel,1986), , multilobularand in Scytodes theyarebilobular(Kavoor Latrodectusmactans (SmithandRussell,1967)and andMunoz,2000;Santos,2000).Thevenomglandsof Lycosaindagastrix (RidlingandPhanuel,1986)theyare 353 AMorphologicalStudyontheVenomApparatusofSpider LarinioidesCornutus(Araneae,Araneidae) Figure5.Theappearanceofthepore(p)throughwhichvenomis Figure6.Theappearanceofgrooves(g)situatedonthesurfaceofthe releasedtotheoutside. fang. Figure7.Theappearanceofsaw-likegrooves(sg)situatedatthe Figure8.Theappearanceofthecheliceraeteeth(ct). subsurfaceofthefangandteethinthecheliceraegroove. cylindrical;in Ctnedusmedius theyarepurse-like(Brazil observedinLoxoscelesintermedia(Santos,2000),Lycosa andVellard,1925);in Plesiophirctuscollinus theyare indagastrix (RidlingandPhanuel,1986) ,Heteropoda carrot-like;andin Agelenalabyrinthica theyare venatoria (RidlingandPhanuel,1986),Loxoscelesreclusa aubergine-likeinshape(Çavuflo¤luetal.,2003).The (Foiletal.,1979), Cuppienniussalai , Dolomedes venomglandsofLarinioidescornutus areonelobeasalso tenebrosus,Agelenalimbata (Moon,1992), Latrodectus 354 K.ÇAVUfiO⁄LU,A.BAYRAM,M.MARAfi,T.KIRINDI,K.ÇAVUfiO⁄LU mactansand Lycosa narbonensis (Gümüflo¤lu,2000),and fangofLarinioidescornutus investigatedinthisstudywas theyarelikeaubergineinshape. observedthatitisnotsmallerthanbasalpart. Thesizeofthevenomglandisnotnecessarilyrelated Collatz(1982)reportedthatalthoughsomespiders tothesizeofthespider.Forexample,largetheraphosid havechelicerateeth,othersdonot.Forexample,inthe spidersandtarantulashaveverysmallglands,whereas
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