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THE DINBURGH ENCYCLOPEDIA;

CONDUCTED DY

DAVID BREWSTER, LL.D. \

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF PARIS, AND OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TRUSSLi; JIEMBER OF THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SCIENCES OF ; OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF GOTTINGEN, AND OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF MODENA; HONORARY ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF LYONS ; ASSOCIATE OF THE SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS; MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF THE AN­ TIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND; OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; OF THE AMERICAN ANTlftUARIAN SOCIETY; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK; OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOClE'i'Y OF li riiECHT; OF THE PimOSOPHIC'.T- SOC1ETY OF CAMBRIDGE; OF THE LITERARY AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PERTH: OF THE NORTHERN INSTITUTION, AND OF THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH ; OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA ; OF THE SOCIETY OF THE FRIENDS OF NATURAL HISTORY OF BERLIN; OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF FRANKFORT; OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY OF LEEDS, OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL, AND OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF YORK.

. WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF

GENTLEMEN. EMINENT IN SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.

IN EIGHTEEN VOLUMES.

VOLUME VII.

EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR WILLIAM BLACKWOOD; AND JOHN WAUGH, EDINBURGH; JOHN MURRAY; BALDWIN & CRADOCK J. M. RICHARDSON, LONDON 5 AND THE OTHER PROPRIETORS. M.DCCC.XXX.- . CRUSADES. 383 vCrusades, ance, on the part of the sufferers, and to that exertion and if their conduct produced advantages to literature Crusades, ~r~v—" and illumination of mind, which terminated in the Pro- and religion, these being diametrically opposite to their •*•"""V"""' Effects of testant reformation. • Kg cru- *"•"* desires, implied as much demerit of intention, as the sades up- We conclude with repeating, that the favourable re- injudicious violence against a victim under torture, on reli- suits which we have attempted to trace to the crusades, which exasperates a sullen tumour into an open ulcer, gion. even should the fairness of the deduction be admitted, and thus accelerates the cure of an evil which it was will by no means exculpate their authors from the expected to increase. See Gibbon's History; Histoire charge of criminal ambition, or enthusiastic folly. In Generate de Voltaire; Histoire des Croisades de Main- manners, policy, and commerce, they had neither wis­ iourg,; Esprit des Croisades. (J. W.) dom to foresee, nor virtue to design any improvement: CRUSTACEOLOGY.

Crusta- C/RUSTACEOLOGY treats of the characters of two classes not only by the difference of most important characters, Crusta. eeology. ceelogy. in Zoology, viz. CRUSTACEA and ARACHNIDES. For­ but also the great facilities which it affords the student merly, both these were arranged by Linne and his fol­ of nature. In the following pages, we shall first treat lowers under the general denomination , (JK- of the CRUSTACEA, and then take into consideration the secta) j but the more extended, and consequently more characters of the class ARACHNIDES, which holds an in­ accurate, observations of modern zoologists, have au­ termediate place in the system of nature between the thorised the separation of the CRUSTACEA and ARACH­ CRUSTACEA and INSECTA, and point out their systema­ NIDES from INSECTA; a division perfectly warranted, tic connection and arrangements.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. Crustacea. 1 HIS name, by which the class is distinguished, derives semblance in their external characters, whilst their in- Crustacea, S"~~Y~*~' its origin from crusta, a crust or shell, because the ternal structure is totally different. This has been con- y-w-y—/ have all a covering of that kind. The animals them­ sidered the case with the classes in question, although selves are known under the familiar appellations of , it appears to us very absurd to have placed together ani­ History. ,, , cenlipedes,millepeds, §c. These mals so very distinct: How ridiculous must it appear were considered by the ancients as a subclass of fishes, even to the most cursory observer, to be told that crabs connecting truefish with thetestaceous vermes (mo&wca); and lobsters are insects! yet such was the opinion of and this opinion prevailed, with very little variation, as Linne, and even at this time (although the continental recently as the time of Linne, who, in the great revolution writers unanimously agree in considering them distinctj which he effected in every part of natural history, sepa­ many collectors, either from accustomed habit, or vene­ rated the CRUSTACEA from fishes and worms, and placed ration for Linne, still consider the Crustacea as a branch them with insects. After Linne, our industrious country­ of Entomology, and as they both agree in having arti­ man Pennant seems to have been the first to separate the culated limbs and antennae, they are admitted by most Crustacea from insects. He has, however, neglected to British collectors into their cabinets as genuine insects; assign any reason for this change, which renders it ra­ their internal structure, economy, and external appear­ ther an innovation than a reform, and deprives him of ance, being disregarded. any claim of priority which he might otherwise Rave We shall now lay before our readers, the observations- deserved. He appears to have been rather influenced of Cuvier, Dumeril, Latreille, and Lamarck, and endea­ by caprice, than by any conviction of the correctness of vour to point out the most obvious distinctive charac­ his principles, (as we infer, from his wantonly re-con­ ters of the Crustacea. It appears, that they agree necting the whales with fishes, and in other instances, with insects, in having in common with them articu­ in which his chief aim appears to have been, to differ lated limbs and antennae, but differ most essentially from his immortal predecessor Linne,) and on these in anatomical structure. The CRUSTACEA breathe by grounds we shall not farther insist on his claims. gills like the , and have generally four : • The illustrious French zoologists Cuvier, Lamarck, or horns, and often six mandibules or jaws; likewise a Latreille, and Dumeril, separated the Crustacea from heart like the Mollusca. They undergo little or no trans­ Insecta, abandoning all the former opinions prevalent formation ; and lastly, they breed more than once. IN­ on the subject. How far they may have been right in SECTA, on the contrary, breathe by tracheae or windpipes, thus rejecting the doctrines sanctioned by so many men have never more than two antenna;, no mandibules, no- of eminence, remains to be examined; and we are much heart, and they all undergo more or less transformation, disposed to think, that the grounds on which they have and perish as soon as the procreation of their is acted, will be found sufficiently firm to warrant the steps effected. they have taken. In such enquiries, we are not to be Such are the most remarkable characters of the two governed by prejudice or veneration for the works of classes, which warrant, upon every principle, their sepa­ older writers, in those points where our own judgment ration from each other. Indeed Linne himself, with may be employed with equal or even greater certain­ that clearness and accuracy which distinguished his ty. The magni nominis umbra has something so impo­ general views in every department of natural history, sing on the minds of those too strongly inclined to wor­ has laid the foundations of these recent changes effect­ ship it, that it cannot be too sedulously guarded against. ed by the foreign zoologists. That great man has Much caution is however, necessary, in the examination taught us to consider the internal organization " a na­ of innovations, and the utmost impartiality is to be tural, certain, and unerring guide in the classification used. It is true, that animals may have a decided re­ of animals." We feel, therefore, fully convinced, that 384 CRUSTACEOLOGY. Crustacea, these changes will meet the views of all those who are the body; the feet simple and unequal in size; tail Crustacea ^"•""Y""""" competent to appreciate the true principles that should sword-shaped; antennae scarcely visible; mouth with """""V""' regulate every philosophical arrangement. mandibules. In the arrangement of the three classes CRUSTACEA, I. LIMULUS. Shell composed of two pieces; ARACHNIDES, and INSECTA, we have adopted certain al­ mandibules double-jointed; tail homy and sword-sha- terations suggested by Mr Leach, of which we shall ped. give some account: He has proposed to take from the class Arachnides, the orders, I. Tetracera, II. Myria- II. PNEUMONURA. poda of Latreille, and add them to the Crustacea; and The clypeus single; feet simple, and unequal in size ; also to take from the same class, the order Parasita of mouth with a rostrum; tail fibrous, or leaf-shaped. the same author, and add it to Insecta, which, by this GENUS II. CALIGUS. NO mandibules; tail with two alteration, will include all those animals having two filaments; the anterior feet terminated by a hook, the antenna and six legs: the Arachnides, by the same rest formed for swimming. improvement, will take in all that have no antenna?; GENUS III. BINOCULUS. NO mandibules; tail with and, lastly, the Crustacea will comprehend the remain­ two lobes; the anterior pair of feet terminated by a der. On this mode of arrangement we shall say no­ nail, the second pair conic, the rest formed for swim. thing, except that it seems well adapted to facilitate the ming. progress of the student, and on this ground appears to deserve attention. FAMILY III. PHYLLOPODA. The following are the characters of the class Crus­ The clypeus single; all the feet furnished with leaf­ tacea : like fins; tail fibrous or filamentous. Anatomical Character. GENUS IV. APUS. Mouth with mandibules; tail with two setae; the feet leaf-shaped. Heart single; branchiae for respiration; no vertebrae; spinal marrow with many knots or ganglia; muscles for TRIBE II. OSTRACODA. moving the feet. SHELL bivalve; EYES most frequently confluent. External Character. FAMILY IV. MONOPHTHALMA. Body with naked jointed feet, formed either for swimming or running; no wings; covering crustace- Eyes confluent, or running together so as to appear ous, horny, or membranaceous, either shield-shaped, or but one. bivalve. Branchiae placed under the shell. * Two eyes. GENUS V. LYNCEUS. Head exserted; antennae ca­ This class is divided into three orders. 1. Entomos- pillary. traca. 2. Malaoostraca; and, 3. . The latter ** One eye. was placed in the class Arachnides, by Latreille; but, GENUS VI. DAPHNIA. Head exserted; antennae as already mentioned, we are inclined to place it with branched. the Crustacea, for several reasons which we shall state GENUS VII. CYPRIS. Head concealed; antennae in their proper place. We now proceed to define the terminated by a brush. Orders, Tribes, Families, and Genera of the class Crus­ GENUS VIII. CYTIIERE. Antennae hairy; head tacea. concealed.

€RDER 1. ENTOMOSTRACA. TRIBE III. GYMNOTA. SHELL without any covering. FEET either branchial, or furnished with leaf-like FAMILY V. PSEUDOPODA. processes. BODY, with a coriaceous or membranaceous covering, whieh is either shield-shaped or bivalve. Head closely united to the thorax; feet obscure or EYES, generally sessile or fixed; in some few peduncu­ obsolete. lated, or placed on a footstalk. PALPI, double. MAN­ GENUS f X. CYCLOPS. One sessile eye implanted in DIBULES, obscure or wanting. the front of the thorax. In this order the antennae are sometimes wanting, in some they are very obseure, in others pencil-shapetl, or FAMILY VI. CEPHALOTA. branched. The eyes are generally two in number, in Head'large, and evidently distinct from the thorax. some distinct, in others united, so as to appear as one; * Eyes sessile. the moulh, furnished either with jaws or a proboscis. GENUS X. POLYPHEMUS. One eye; two branched The mandibules without palpi. Maxilla! or jams, four feet extending horizontally. or six. Feet, generally ten in number, formed for swim­ GENUS XL ZOE. Two eyes; rostrum longer than ming. Tail, furnished with lamellae or setae, and the thorax, and perpendicularly placed. sometimes with a sword-like process. ** Eyes pedunculated. Observation. Some of the animals of this order un­ GENUS XII. BRANCHIOPODA, Body filiform. dergo changes during their growth ; these peculiarities y.'illbe noticed when the individual species are described. ORDER II. MALAOOSTRACA.

TRIBE I. THECATA. FEET either formed for swimming or running, the TARSUS being furnished with a horny tail. BODY, with SHELL, dueld-shaped. a calcareous covering; two moveable and pedunculated eyes, (in the third Family the eyes are fixed.) AN- FAMILY I. XIPHOSURA. TENNJE in all the genera four, four double. PALPI at­ The clypeus or shield double, completely covering tached to the MANDIBULES. CRUSTA i GEOLOGY. 385 In tills-order'the covering is always calcareous, and GENUS XXIV. MAJA. Eyes distant from one an­ is generally shield-shaped. Antenna always four in other, and not small. The joints of the internal foot­ number; the interior pair often divided. Eyes gene­ stalk of the external double palpi with two broad joints. rally pedunculated, or placed on a footstalk ; in some Hinder feet not spurious. they are immersed in a socket. Mouth armed with GENUS XXV. MACROPODIA. Eyes distant from one jaws. The mandibules two in number, bearing palpi. another. External double palpi porrected. The second Maxillm six in number, placed in a longitudinal line, joint of the footstalk elongated. Hinder feet not spu­ one above the other. Four double palpi situated un­ rious. der the maxillae. Feet ten, in some fourteen, formed GENUS XXVI. LITHODES. Eyes near each other at for swimming or walking; the tarsus terminated by a their base. Hinder feet minute and spurious. horny nail. Tail simple, or armed either with lamellae GENUS XXVII. CORYSTES. External antennae por­ or styles. rected as long as the body. The second joint of the Observation. The animals of this order undergo no internal peduncle of the external double palpi length­ transformation; they are for the -most part produced ened, and gradually narrowing towards the apex. from eggs. In the last Family, the females carry about GENUS XXVIII. MICTYRIS. The first joint of the their young, until they are large and strong enough to internal footstalk of the external palpi very large. provide for themselves. GENUS XXIX. DORYPPE. The four posterior feet placed on the back. TRIBE I. BRACHYURI. II. The posterior feet compressed. * All the feet inserted in the same horizontal line. TAIL shorter than the body, having no caudal fin. GENUS XXX. ORYTHIA. The two posterior feet ter­ FAMILY VII. CANCERIDES. minated with a swimming joint. GENUS XXXI. MATUTA. All the feet, except the Shell transverse, or heart-shaped in some ; round or anterior pair, terminated by a swimming joint. square in others. The longitudinal very rarely exceed­ ** The four posterior feet placed over the others. ing the transverse diameter. Antenna? inserted into GENUS XXXII. RANINA. All the feet, except the excavation on the middle of the clypeus. anterior pair, formed for swimming. I. Anterior part of the shell rounded; posterior mar­ gin straight. TRIBE II. MACROURI. * Hinder feet formed for swimming, the last joint being much compressed. TAIL longer than the body; the apex furnished with GENUSXIII. FODOPHTHALMUS. Peduncle of the eyes moveable lamella?, which are termed fins. Feet ten reaching the external anterior margins of the shell. or fourteen. GENUS XIV. PORTUNUS. Peduncle of the eyes much shorter than the external anterior margins of the FAMILY IX. PAGURII. shell. The caudal, lamellae, or fins, placed at a distance from ** Hinder feet, as well as all the rest, formed for the middle lamellae, and not forming with it a fan-sha­ running, the last joint being conic. ped fin. GENUS XV. DROMIA. Hinder feet placed on the 1. Some of the feet formed for swimming, the last back. Shell very convex. joint being compressed. GENUS XVI. CALAPPA. Posterior angles of the shell * Hands with one finger. arched, so as to receive the hinder feet when contract­ GENUS XXXIII. ALBUNEA. Posterior feet small ed. Hands crested. and filiform. The three anterior pair compressed, and GENUS XVII. HEPATUS. The second joint of the armed with a hook. peduncle of the external double palpi triangular. GENUS XXXIV. REMIPES. Arms shorter than the GENUS XVIII. . The second joint of the second pair of feet; the rest formed for swimming. peduncle of the external double palpi quadrangular. ** Hands simple. II. Shell more or less square. GENUS XXXV. HIPPA. GENUS XIX. OCYPODE. Eyes with an elongated 2. Hands with a finger and thumb. Feet not form- footstalk inserted into the middle of the anterior mar­ ed for swimming. gin of the shell. GENUS XXXVI. PAGURUS. Tail armed with hook­ GENUS XX. GRAPSUS. Eyes with a short peduncle ed processes. inserted in the anterior angles of the shell. Interior antennae concealed by the inflexed clypeus. FAMILY X. PALINUIUI. GENUS XXI. PLAGUSIA. Eyes with a short pedun­ The lateral lamellae meeting the middle process, and cle inserted at the anterior angles of the shell. Inte- forming with it a fan-shaped fin. Peduncle of the an­ tior antennae inserted into two little foveolae on the up­ tennae very long, armed at the apex with a jointed per part of the clypeus. seta. GENUS XXII. PINNOTHERES, Shell roundish-square. i. All the feet '(arms included) terminated by a co­ The internal footstalk of the exterior double pabri one- nic tarsus. jointed. GENUS XXXVII. SCYLLARUS. Exterior antennas short and broad. Eyes distant. FAMILY VIII. OXYUHYNCHI. GENUS XXXVIII. PALINURUS. Exterior antennae Shell somewhat oval or triangular. The longitudi­ very long and setaceous. Eyes placed on a common nal exceeding the transverse diameter. The anterior peduncle. antenna generally exserted. II. The two anterior feet, or arms, with a compound I All the tarsi conic. hand. Posterior feet spurious. GENUS XXIII. LEUCOSIA. Eyes and antennae mi- GENUS XXXIX. PORCELLANA. Shell roundish- mtte. The footstalks of the external double palpi equal. square. VOL. VII. PART II. 3 c 386 CRUSTAC EOLOGY. GENUS XL. GALATHBA. Shell oblong-oval. a finger and thumb, the second pair with a moveable Crustaw*. thumb. """"V"""' FAMILY XL ASTACINI, FAMILY XV. COROPHIONIT. The lateral caudal lamellae meeting the middle pro­ cess, and forming with it a fan-shaped fin. The inte­ Body elongated; tail with four bifid styles ; feet four­ rior antennae with a short peduncle, armed with joint­ teen, anterior pair with a moveable thumb. The under ed setae. antenna? as long as the body, (feet-like.) I. Feet ten. Hands didactyle. GENUS LIX. COROPIIIUM. * Interior antennas with two setae. FAMILY XVI. CAPRELLINI. A. Antenna? placed in the same horizontal line. GENUS XLI. . Six anterior feet compound. Body six-jointed ; all the articulations except the se­ GENUS XLII. THALASINA. Four anterior feet com­ cond and third bearing feet. Two oars on each side, pound. placed on the sides of the second and third joint. GENUS XLIII. UPOGEBIA. Two anterior feet com­ GENUS LX. . Body linear; oars globu­ pound lar. GENUS XLIV. CALLIANASSA. The four anterior feet GENUS LXI. CYAMUS. Body depressed; oars elon« compound*; third pair monodactyle. gated. B. Exterior antennae inserted below the interior ones, FAMILY XVII. APSEUDII. with a large squama at their base. GENUS XLV. ALPHJSUS. The four anterior feet Body six-jointed; tail also six-jointed; the end arm­ compound. ed with appendices. Feet fourteen; the anterior pair GENUS XLVI. PEN^EUS. The six anterior feet com­ armed with a finger and thumb; second pair compres­ pound. sed and denticulated. Inferior antenna? bifurcated. ** Interior antennae with three setae. GENUS LXII. APSEUDES. GENUS XLVII. PAL^EMON. The four anterior feet compound. ORDER III. MYRIAPODA. II. Hands monodactyle, or with a moveable hook. GENUS XLVIII. CRANGON. BODY, with seven or more feet-bearing articulation*. III. Feet more than ten. Hands simple. ANTENNJS, filiform, two or four in number. PALPI, GENUS XLIX. PRAUNUS. single. EYES, immoveable. The animals which compose this order were placed FAMILY XII. SQUII/LAMI. in the class Arachnides b,r Lamarck and Latreille * Eyes pedunculated. The first joint in the body the but, from the characters we have given in the intro­ largest. duction to this article, it is more correctly referable to GENUS L. SQUILLA. Interior antennae with three Crustacea. articulated seta?. Observation. The animals of this order undergo no GENUS LI. MYSIS. Interior antennas with two ar­ transformation; it has been stated, however, that some ticulated setae. of the Scolopendrides increase the number of their feet during their growth: this Mr Leach denies, for, in hi» TRIBE III. GASTERURI. cabinet, most of the indigenous species may be seen, from the smallest size to the mature state, agreeing in EYES sessile. The joint of the body which receives all points with full grown specimens. the head, of the same size with the rest.

FAMILY XIII. GNATHONO. TRIBE I. TETRACERA. Mandibules two, prominent. Antenna? nearly equal. ANTENNAE, four or two in number. FEET, fovirteen. Feet ten, all armed with a fixed nail. Tail with two The anal segment of the body without feet, being some­ moveable plates on each side, forming, with a middle times armed either with lamella? or styles. process, a swimming tail. GENUS LII. GNATHIA. FAMILY XVIII. ASELLIDES. Antennae generaljj- very distinct, sometimes obscure ; FAMILY XIV. GAMMARINI. the internal or middle as long as the peduncle of the Tail armed at its extremity with several styles. Feet external ones. The last segment of the body generally fourteen. Tail not distinct from the body. largest. * Superior antenna? shorter than the peduncle of the I, The four antenna? very distinct. inferior. * The foliaceous appendices of the tail very large, GENUS LIII. TALITRUS. Anterior pair of feet largest. each one formed of a double scale ; the two scales par­ GENUS LIV. ORCHESTIA. Anterior pair of feet allel and meeting together. smallest. GENUS LXI1I. ASELLUS. Tail formed of one seg­ ** Inferior antennae shortest. ment, with two bifid styles; the four antenna? seta­ GENUS LV. GAMMARUS. The four anterior feet ceous, the outermost division being formed of a vast equal, furnished with a moveable nail. Superior an­ number of little joints. tennae with a seta on the third joint of the peduncle. GENUS LXIV. IDOTEA. Tail formed of two or GENUS LVI. MAEHA. Anterior feet with a move­ three segments, without styles; superior antenna? fili­ able nail, the second pair with a compressed hand and form, having four great divisions, the outermost com­ moveable thumb. posed of a great many smaller joints. GENUS LVII. MELITA. Anterior feet with a com­ * * Foliaceous appendices of the tail formed of one pressed hand furnished with a moveable thumb. or two processes, placed on a common peduncle situ­ GBNUS LVIII, . Anterior pair of feet with ated on each side of the taiL CRUSTACEOLOGY. 387 Crustacea. A. Two processes on each side of the tail. * Feet forty-two. Crustac«a. '*—~y—-' GENUS LXV. ANTHOURA. Tail with two broad GENUS LXXXI. . Eyes eight, ' lamellae on each side, and a middle process; antennae GENUS LXXXI1. CRYPTOPS. Eyes obscure. short, the upper pair longest. Anterior pair of feet ** Feet thirty. furnished with a moveable hook. GENUS LXXXIII. LITHOBIUS. Eyes granular. GENUS LXVI. CYMOTHOA. Tail composed of ma­ B. Antennae filiform. ny segments; the body not rolling into a ball; the feet GENUS LXXXIV. GEOPHILUS. armed with strong nails. GENUS LXVII. SPH.«ROMA. Tail composed of twa segments; body capable of rolling into a ball; the tar­ sal nail of a moderate size. ORDER I. ENTOMOSTRACA. B. One process on each side of the tail. TRASA. GENUS LXVIII. NES

3 Brustacea. Cancer maja of Scopoli. Cancer spinosus, Oliv. Encycl. GENUS XXVIII. MICTYBIS. Shell nearly oval, ele- Crustacea, Method. Hist. Nat. torn. vi. p. 173. JMa/a squinado of vated, and truncated behind. Antennae short. The basi- s——/—-' Latreille. lary joint of the internal footstalk of the external dou- 28. MICTY. Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. ble palpi very large. Arms at the base of the wrist Bls- To this division belong Cancer asper, Dorsettensis> and jointed. Tetraodon of Pennant's British Zoology. Sp. 1. Longicarpus. Body nearly oval, thick, rather Longicar- ** Second pair of feet very slender, and three times narrower in front, truncated behind, soft, and of a pale Pus- the length of the body. yellow colour. Length about nine lines. Shell with Sagittaria. Sp. 7. Sagitiaria. Rostrum very long, and surround­ two longitudinal impressed lines ; the anterior margin ed by spines; feet spiny, arms elongate. inflexed and rounded, and lateral external angles (as Maja sagitiaria of Latreille. Inachus Sagittarius of in some of the Ocypodes) produced into a, tooth be­ Fabricius. hind the eyes; the posterior margin ciliated with short Inhabits the island of Guadaloupe. black hairs. Eyes globular, with a short peduncle, Plia'an- Sp. 8. Phalavgium. Rostrum long and bifid, con­ placed under the anterior margin of the shell, (as in gium. tracted at its base. Shell somewhat hairy, with three the Ocypodes.) Arms exserted forwards and down­ acute spines in the anterior part, obtuse tubercles be­ wards ; the base of the second joint internally with a hind : snout bifid. strong spine ; the next joint triangular, the apex be­ Inhabits the northern seas, and is very abundant on low being armed with three little processes. The wrist many of our coasts, being frequently taken by the oyster lengthened, somewhat arched, and hairy on the in­ dredgers, who imagine it to be the young of araneus. side. Hand short, much compressed, with elevated PLATE Cancer of Pennant. Leptopodia phalan- lines. Fingers elegantly lengthened. Thumb with a ccxxr. gium, Leach's MSS. See Plate CCXX1. Fig. 4. and strong single tooth. The other feet twice as long as Fig. 4. Appendix. the body, and much compressed; the tarsi furrowed 25. Ma- GENUS XXV. MACROPODIA. Shell nearly triangular and compressed ; the second and first pair the largest, CROPODIA. (unequal and rostrated in front;) external double palpi and nearly of an equal size. narrow and porrected : the second joint of the internal Inhabits the East Indies. This rare and curious ani­ peduncle pretty long. Eyes distant: feet alike, the mal was first described by the French author Latreille, hinder ones neither spurious nor minute. (whose system we are nearly following,) from a speci­ Longiros. Sp. 1. Longirostris. Shell hairy, with three erect men in the Parisian Museum of natural curiosities. Our tris. spines on the front; the hinder part with obtuse tu­ description is made from his, and the MSS. of Mr Leach, bercles ; rostrum bifid. who described it from a specimen in the collection of Cancer dodecos of Linne ? the Royal College of Surgeons, London ; and who had Inachus longirostris of Fabricius. Macropus longi- not seen Latreille's work at the time he drew up his rostris of Latreille. Macropodia longirostris, Leach's description. MSS. _ l * GENUS XXIX. DORIPPE. Shell somewhat oval, de- 3S- Do- S6. LlTHO' GENUS XXVI. LITHODES. Shell nearly triangular pressed, narrow before, and truncated. The four pos- RIPPE- DBS. and unequal, the anterior part rostrated. The external terior feet dorsal; the last joints shortest. double palpi with narrow cylindrical footstalks. Eyes Sp. 1. Quadridens. Middle of the clypeus with four Quadn- near each other at their base, but diverging above the teeth ; those placed externally shortest. Sides of the s' shell. Hinder feet minute and spurious. shell with one tooth; the four anterior thighs some­ Maja. Sp. 1. Maja. Claws, feet, and shell spiny; rostrum what notched. spiny, with the apex bifurcate: flesh-coloured when Cancer lanatus of Linne ; Dorippe quadridens of La­ alive. treille and Fabricius. Inhabits the northern and British seas. It is very rare Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea, and figured by Plancus. in this country, being found only on the rocky coasts of *** Some of the feet formed for swimming, the last Yorkshire and Scotland. It has been mistaken by Pen­ joint being compressed and foliated. nant for Cancer horridus of Linne, which we have al­ GENUS XXX. ORITHYIA. The two hinder feet 30. o*i- ready shown to belong to a distinct genus. Vid. Gen. alone formed for swimming. TIIYH. 24. Maia horrida. £/>.!._ Mamillaris. _ _ Mamillary Cancer maja of Linne. Inachus maja of Fabricius. Orylhia mamillaris of Fabricius and Latreille, on • Lithodes arctica of Latreille. Cancer horridus of Pen­ whose authority we have inserted it here. They refer nant. to a figure in Herbst, tab. 18. fig. 101, Mus. Donovan, Montagu, Neill, Leach, Fleming, Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Sowerby. GENUS XXXI. MATUTA. All the feet, with the ex- si. MATU- 27. CORY- GENUS XXVII. CORYSTES. Shell somewhat oval. ception of the brachia, inserted in the same horizontal TA. STES. External antenna? porrected, as long as the body. The line, and furnished for swimming. second joint of the internal peduncle of the external Sp. 1. Victor. Shell punctured on all sides, but not Victor, double palpi lengthened, and gradually narrowing to­ striated behind. wards the apex. Arms of the male three times the Matuta victor of Fabricius and Latreille. tength of the body. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Cassivelau- nus. Sp. 1. Cassive/aunus. Thorax rugulose, with four Sp. % Herbstii, Shell with impressed dots; deeply Herbstii. teeth on each side. Wrists with two or three spines. striated behind. Cancer cassivelaunus of Pennant. Matnta Herbstii, Leach's MSS. Inhabits all the sandy shores of our island, where it A new species, described in the manuscripts of Mr is frequently cast ashore, after a brisk gale of wind. , from a specimen in the British Between the second and third spine, there is a small Museum, and named by him, after the celebrated crus- projecting process. Colour, when alive, flesh red. taceologist Herbst, author of a large work in the Ger­ Obs. Coristes longimanus of Latreille is merely the man language, entitled Von Krabben, illustrated with male of this species. correct plates. 396 CRUSTACEOLOGY. Crunacea. GENUS XXXII. RANINA. All the feet, except the secures itself to the shell which it makes choice of. It Crustacea. -—"Y""""' brachia or arms, formed for swimming, two pair being is really astonishing with what facility these animals *—"-/-«—' 52. RANINA. placed above the others. Hand without the thumb ; move, bearing at the same time the shell, which serves the finger much bent or arched ; hands from the base them as a covering, on their back, All the species are to their extremities, gradually broader and much com­ termed indiscriminately Soldier-crabs and Hermit-crabs, pressed. from the idea of their living in a tent^ or retiring to a Serrata. Sp. 1. Serrata. Arms very spiny 5 anterior margin cell. of the shell with toothed lobes. Sp. 1. Bernhardus. Arms hairy and rough, the right Bernhar- Cancer raninus of Linne and Fabricius; Ranina ser­ (generally) largest; hands somewhat heart-shaped; dus. rata of Latreille. fingers broad. The appendix of the exterior antenna Inhabits the Indian Ocean. somewhat produced. Dorsipe?. Sp. 2. Dorsipes. Anterior margin of the shell with Cancer bernhardus of Linne and Pennant. Pagurus seven teeth ; the hands with a few tooth-like processes. bernhardus of Fabricius and Latreille. Cancer dordnes of Inline; Albunea dorsipes of Fabri­ The common soldier-crab of our seas. It was not un­ cius ; Ranina dorsipes of Latreille. known to the ancients; Aristotle has very accurately described it under the name x«jx»io». FAMILY IX. PAGURII. A variety with equal claws sometimes occurs. It is * Peduncle of the anterior antennas much shorter considered by the vulgar as the young of the common than the two articulated setse. Hands with one finger ; it rarely exceeds six inches in length, from the or none. Some of the feet formed for swimming, the tip of the claw to the tail. last joint being compressed and leaf-shaped. Sp. 2. Araneifonnis. Resembling the foregoing spe- Araneifor- 53. ALBU- GENUS XXXIII. ALBUNEA. Hands with one fin- cies, but only one fourth its size. mis- N EA. ger_ Hinder feet minute, filiform, and spurious ; the Inhabits the shells of smaller univalve testacea. It is last joint of the other feet compressed and hooked. not uncommon in the Frith of Forth, where it was first Symnista. Sp. 1. Symnista. Anterior part of the shell smooth. observed by Charles Stewart, Esq. and described by Cancer symnista, Linne ; Albunea symnista of Fabri­ him in a work entitled Elements of Natural History, cius and Latreille. under the name Cancer araneifonnis. It differs from the 34. REMI- GENUS XXXIV. REMIPES. Arms shorter than the foregoing species merely in size; and is considered by TE$. second pair of feet; last joint hooked. The upper Mr Leach, who found several of them in spawn (at part rather convex. The feet, with the exception of Porto-Bello near Edinburgh, after a hard easterly wind, those mentioned, formed for swimming. and now has them in his collection) as the young of Tcstudins- Sp. 1. Tesiudinarius. Shell about an inch in length, Bernhardus; most of the Crustacea having the power of riu3- rather oval, of a reddish yellow colour, finely wrink­ producing young before they attain their full growth. led; the anterior part with five teeth, the middle be­ Sp. H. Latro. Shell at the suture four-cleft; tail Latre. ing shortest. Eyes placed on a very slender cylindri­ simple and ventricose beneath. cal peduncle, and inserted under the lateral teeth of Cancer latro of Linne. the anterior margin. The middle antennae somewhat Inhabits the East Indies, living in holes and cavities bent backwards, ciliated with fine hair, and furnished of rocks, from whence it wanders abroad in the night, with a thick peduncle. The exterior antennas bent in­ and is said to climb cocoa-nut trees, in order to procure wards under the others, with its peduncle flattened and the fruit, which it throws down, and then descending jointed, having an elongated hairy footstalk. tears them open with the two fore claws. The flesh is Remipes testudinarius, Latreille; Hippa adactyla of eaten by the natives after the entrails are removed, Fabricius ? which they think poisonous. Probably referable to ano­ Inhabits New Holland. ther genus. SS. HIPPA. GENUS XXXV. HIPPA. Hands compressed, ova!, Sp. 4. Diogenes. Hands rough and pubescent; left Dio renes. and simple. The tarsus of the second and third pair hand largest. of feet lunated; of the fourth triangular (rarely sub- Pagurus diogenes of Fabricius. Cancer diogenes of quadrate) ; the posterior feet minute, spurious, and fi­ Gmelin. liform. Inhabits the Indian seas, and is called by the natives Emeritus. Sp. 1. Emeritus. Tail inflexed; the last joint oval. Garni na alKoona. The general colour when alive is Cancer emeritus of Linne ? Hippa emeritus of Fabri- pale-testaceous, or yellow-brown. eius and Latreille " It is very diverting to observe this animal when Inhabits the Indian Seas. about to change its shell, at which time it is seen busily ** Peduncle of the interior antennae longer than the parading the shore along that line of pebbles and shells two articulated setse. Feet formed for walking. The which is formed by the extremest wave; still, however, tarsi conic. Hands compound, furnished with a finger dragging its own incommodious habitation at its tail, and thumb. unwilling to part with one shell, even though a trouble­ 36. PAOU- GENUS XXXVI. PAGURUS. This being the only some appendage, till it can find another more conve­ 'm'». genus of the division hitherto discovered, no generic nient. It is seen stopping at one shell, turning it and character is necessary. All the species are parasitical,. passing it by; going on to another, contemplating that inhabiting the empty cavities of turbinated shells, the for a while, and then slipping its tail from its old habi­ animals of which they are supposed to attack and devour, tation to try on the new ; this also is found inconve­ to gain possession of their shell. They change their ha­ nient, and it quickly returns to its old shell again. In bitation with their growth, first occupying the shells of this manner it frequently changes, till at last it finds the common periwinkle or trochus, then perhaps a ne- one light, roomy, and commodious ; to this it adheres, rite as large as a walnut, and after that a whelk. The though the shell be sometimes so large as to hide the tail is naked and slender, being covered only with a skin body of the animal, claws and all. Yet it is not till of very delicate texture; but it is furnished at the ex­ after many trials and many combats also, that the sol­ tremity with one or more hooks, by means of which it dier is thus completely equipped: far there is oftea a CRUSTACEOLOGY. 39- Crustacea, contest between two of them for some well-looking fa- followed him in giving the above name, and adopted j > T""""' vourite shell for whicli they are rivals. They endea­ as a distinct species. -rustace vour both to take possession; they strike with their Sp. 2. Australis. Plates of the antennae roundls"* claws, they bite each other till the weakest is obliged and smooth. ^ ^-"strafe. to give up the object in dispute. It is then the victor Discovered in the South Seas by Sir Joseph Banlts immediately takes possession, and parades in his new from whose collection Fabricius drew the above vao-^j^ conquest three or four times back and forward upon the description; and as the plates of the antennae were ta^ strand before his envious antagonist." ken away by Fabricius, we cannot pronounce, with th-^*. When taken, it is said to utter a feeble cry, endea­ degree of certainty we could wish, this to be really sufx, vouring to seize the enemy with its nippers; which, if ficiently distinct from Scyllarus latus. it fastens upon, it will sooner die than quit the grasp. Sp. 3. Arctus. Plates of the antennae aculeated and They frequent those parts of the sea-shore which are hairy; the anterior part of the shell in front, with five Afi etu;. covered with shrubs and trees, producing various wild spines. fruits, on which they subsist; though they will also feed Cancer arctus of Linne. Astacus arctus of Pennant on garbage of all kinds when much in want of food. Scyllarus arctus of Fabricius and Latreille. When roasted in the shell they are esteemed delicate Inhabits the European ocean. It is rather larger thar* food. Astacus marinus (the common lobster). The shells are Custos. Sp. 5. Custos. Left claw largest; hand smooth ; legs tuberculated, of a brown colour, spotted with yellow • with very long smooth claws. legs spotted; thighs spinous.—It is veiy rare in En-*-^ Pagurus custos of Fabricius, described by him from a land, if ever found on the coast, which we doubt. specimen in the museum of DaldorfF; much akin to the Sp. 4. Tridentatus. Shell dentated above; the squa­ Tride following species, but distinct. miform of the external antennae with three strong teeth tus. Inhabits the East Indies. Its habitat is unknown. The above description was Miles. Sp. 6. Miles. Left hand largest; hand rough and tu- copied from the manuscripts of Mr William Elfortal,\ Oculatus. Sp. 9- Oculatus. Hands equal and rough; peduncles the East Indies." of the eyes as long as the thorax, with a small tooth at GENUS XXXVIII. PALINURUS. External antennae the base. Arms with a blood red spot on each. very long and setaceous. Peduncle of the eye trans- 3Sl Pagurus oculatus of Fabricius. versely broad. Inhabits the empty shell of brandaris, and is Sp. 1. Vulgaris. Spines placed over the eyes, which Vol. about six inches in length when full grown. spines are dentated below; the segments of the abdo­ Alatus. Sp. 10. Alalus. Hands smooth, with three wing­ men with a transverse impressed line, which is inter­ like processes ; right hand largest. rupted in the middle. Pagurus alatus of Fabricius. Palinurus quadricornis of Fabricius. Palanuris vuL This species was discovered in by Dr Kbenig. garis of Latreille. It is rather smaller than Pagurus bernhardus; under side Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea. of the wrist rugose. Sp. 2. . Thorax prickly on the anterior part, with two spines in front; base of the antennas Homa: Cinalicula. Sp. 11. Canaliculars. Hands and wrists grooved, tUSe with elevated serrated margins; legs with hairy tufts. spinous. Cancer canaliculars of Herbst. Cancer Homarus of Linne. Astacus homarus of Fa­ The habitat of this species is very doubtful. bricius. Inhabits our rocky coasts, is taken for food, and com­ FAMILY X. PALINORINI. monly sold in London under the name of Thorny Lob­ * The two anterior feet simple, with conic tarsi, ra­ ster. ther larger than the others, but of the same form. Hand, Astacus homarus of Pennant. without the finger. Exterior antenna; not inserted be­ ** Two anterior feet different from the rest, being hind the eyes. furnished with a finger and thumb; hand compressed; S7. SCVL. GENUS XXXVII. SCYLLARUS. Exterior antenna; hinder feet minute. Exterior antennae inserted behind with broad squamiform joints, resembling a crest. Eyes the eyes. The middle lamella of the tail either divided distant. into two by a longitudinal groove, or the posterior mar­ Latus. Sp. 1. Latus. Shell granulated; squamiform joint gin notched. of the external antennae entire. GENUS XXXIX. PORCELLANA. Shell of a roundish 39 „ 0|> Scyllarus latus of Latreille, who supposes it to be dis­ square form. The internal side of the basilary joint of ci'u ' tinct from Scyllarus anstralis of Fabricius; and as this the internal footstalk of the external double palpi, dilated. ''' is the opinion of the London collectors also, we have Sp. 1. Hexapus.- The anterior margin of the shell Heu,,,., 398 CRUSTACEOLOGY. Crmtacea. with three wrinkled processes; the middle tooth being " Inhabits the sea round Patagonia, where it occurs Crustacea. ^—~~f—' deeply notched. Arms smooth. in such vast shoals that the sea appears perfectly red ; >—-v—' Cancer hexapns of Linne and Fabricius. Porcellana that being the prevailing colour of them when alive : it hcxapus of Latreille. has a brown spot on the back; hand claws rough. Do­ Inhabits the European Ocean ; is very coimnon'on our novan. coasts, being frequently thrown ashore after a storm, " Sp. 5. Ainpleclens. Thorax smooth; rostrum very Amplcc- adhering- to the roots of Fucus digitutus. short and notched; middle pair of legs very long. The tens. J.onijicnr. Sp. 2. Longicornis. Clypeus with three wrinkled body is small, whitish, and transparent, dotted with red. n:s. teeth, the middle tooth being entire. Arms striated. Thorax smooth, roundish behind, and broad, narrowing Cancer longicornis. Linne. towards the front; four cetaceous antenna;, which are Inhabits the European Ocean. very long; abdomen of five segments; middle process Platyciu- Sp. 3. Platycheles. Anterior margin of the shell with or lamella of the tail tongue-shaped. I". ' three entire teeth; the arms very large; the internal " This kind is luminous at night; it inhabits the At­ sides of the wrists with teeth; hands externally ciliated. lantic near the coast of Brasil." Fabricius. Cancer platycheles of Pennant, Porcellana platycheles of Latreille. FAMILY II. ASTACINI. Inhabits the European Ocean. Division 1. Hands compound, that is furnished with It was discovered by Mr Pennant in Anglesea and a finger and thumb. the Hebrides, and described by him in his British * Antenna; inserted under the eyes, furnished with Zoology. Some naturalists have supposed it to be Can­ two articulated seta;. cer hexapus of Linne. It is found on the coast of De­ GENUS XLI. ASTACUS. Antenna; insei'ted in nearly 41. ASTA. vonshire at low tide, adhering to the under side of large the same transverse horizontal line; the peduncle of the cu3> stones. exterior either supported by a small lamella or none. •*o. OJF.A- GENUS XL. GALATHEA. Shell oval. The basilary Six anterior feet compound; the anterior ones largest. THE A. j0;1]t 0f tne ;nternal peduncle of the external double The middle table of the swimming tail-fin broader at palpi, neither plain nor dilated on its internal margin. the base than at the apex. Srrigo-a. Sp. 1. Strigosa. Upper part of the hands, wrists, In A. gammarus andjluviatilis the external antennas and arms ciliated with spines on every side : under side are simple, in Norvegicus furnished with a scale at their of the hands as if plaited; hairy between the fingers ; external base: this last is considered as a distinct genus rostrum with seven dents. by Mr Leach, under the name of Nephrops, from the Cancer strigosus of Linne and Pennant. Galathea kidney shaped eye. strigosa of Fabricius and Latreille. Sp. 1. Gammarus. Shell, tail, and feet, smooth, beau- Gammarus. Inhabits the European Ocean; is very common on tifully studded with minute excavated dots. Sides of several of our rocky coasts, being known by the name the rostrum with four or more teeth, a strong tooth of Plaited Lobster. It is very active, and when taken, likewise at the base on each side. Eyes globose, or ra­ flaps its tail against its body with great violence and ther hemispherical. Hands with four, five, or six teeth noise. Upper part when alive, brown inclining to red­ on their internal margin. Tarsi beautifully ornament­ dish brown, with the sutures blue. Length six inches. ed with tufts of hair. Exterior lamella of the tail, at Sqiiarni- Sp. 2. Squamifera. Hands plaited, with their external the junction of the accessory plate, with distinct obtuse ftra. margin spiny; wrists and arms plaited, internal margin spines. Cilia; of the tail testaceous. Colour, when alive, armed with strong spines. Rostrum with seven dents. purplish-black, often inclining to violet, elegantly mot­ Inhabits England. tled, (particularly on the under side,) with white ; Astacus squamifer. Montagu's MSS. cream white and reddish. One claw always larger than A new species discovered by Montagu on the south the other; the fingers of one armed internally with mi­ coast of Devon, where it is by no means uncommon. nute teeth, of the other with tubercles. The above characters will point out their specific cha­ Cancer gammarus of Linne. Astacus gammarus of racters with sufficient accuracy. It has probably been Pennant. As'acvs marinus of Fabricius and Latreille. confounded with Galathea strigosa, from which it is The middle lamella of the tail, in the male with the however very distinct. Length five inches. apex nearly straight, in the female rounded. •Bamfii. Sp. 3. Bamfia. Thorax anteriorly wrinkled and Inhabits the European Ocean; is the common lobster spiny; rostrum with three teeth : amis very long and of our markets. It is found in great abundance on the slender. north coast of Scotland, particularly amongst the Ork­ Galathea rvgosa of Fabricius, Asiacus lanifius of Pen­ ney Isles; but it is far more frequent on the coast of nant, Cancer ritgosus of Gmelin. , from whence the metropolis is well supplied Inhabits the European Ocean. at most seasons of the year, and these are generally pre­ It was discovered in this country by the Rev. Mr ferred for the table. Cordiner, near Banff, and sent to Mr Pennant; two Little can be said with regard to the natural history others have since occurred on the same coast, which are of the lobster beyond what has already been stated by preserved in the collections of Donovan and Sowerby. Mr Pennant, and his friend Mr Travis of Scarborough. Length of tail and body five inches; arms six inches and We shall Jtherefore avail ourselves of the observations a half. of these gentlemen, and detail at full length all they Observe. Two other species are described under this have remarked, but we cannot vouch for the perfect generic title by Fabricius, but as they have never come accuracy of all their observations. under our inspection, we conceive it better to describe " The habitation of this species is in the clearest them in his words; as they may be referable to some water at the foot of rocks which impend over the sea. other genus. This has given opportunity of examining more closely Gre^am. .< sp. 4. Gregiria. Thorax with ciliated plates; into the natural history of this animal than many others, snout with three teeth; anterior feelers very long. Fa­ who live in an element that prohibits most of the hu­ bricius. Much smaller than the preceding species (i. e. man researches, and limits the inquiries of the most in­ Galathea strigosa and rugosa.) quisitive .- Lobsters are found on most of the shores of CRUST ACEOLOGY. 399 Crustacea. Great Britain. Some-are taken by the hand, but the fishermen say the lobsters pine before casting their Crustare*. ST""—' far greater number in pots, a sort of trap formed of twigs, shell, till the flesh of its large claw is no thicker than >"""-Y"""/ and baited with garbage, (called kreels) formed like a a goose quill, which enables them to draw its parts mouse-trap, so that when the lobster gets in, there is through the joints and narrow passages near the trunk. no return. These are fastened to cords and sunk into The new shell is quite membranaceous at first, but har­ the sea, and their place marked by a buoy. dens by degrees. Lobsters only grow in size whilst their '•' They begin to breed in the spring, and continue shells are in a soft state. They are chosen for the table breeding most part of the summer. They are highly by their being heavy in proportion to their size; and by prolific^ Dr Baster counted 12,444 eggs under the tail the hardness of their shells on the sides, which, when of one female, besides those which remained in the body in perfection, will not yield to moderate pressure. Bar­ unprotruded. They deposit these eggs in the sand, nacles, and other marine animals adhering to them, are where they are very soon hatched." esteemed certain indications of superior goodness. Cock " Lobsters change their crust annually, and previous lobsters are in general better than the hens in winter ; to their putting off their old one, they appear sick, lan­ they are distinguished by their narrow tails, and by guid, and restless. They totally acquire a new coat in having a strong spine upon the centre of each of the a few days; but during the time they remain defence­ transverse processes beneath the tail, which support the less, they seek some very lonely and remote place, lest four middle plates of the tails. The flesh of the lobster's they should be devoured by such of their brethren as claw is more tender and delicate than that of the tail. are not in the same weak situation." Pennant. The Scarborough fishermen do not take them in pots They are exceedingly voracious animals, and feed on or kreels, as is usual in' still and deep waters; they use all sorts of dead bodies, sea-weeds, or garbage. a bag-net, fixed to an iron hoop, about two feet in dia­ Some very interesting particulars were communica­ meter, and suspended by three lines like a scale. The ted to Mr Pennant by Mr Travis, from a variety of ob­ bait is usually fish-guts tied to the bottom and middle servations made by himself on the coast of Scarborough. of the net. They can take none in the day-time except " Lobsters," he observes, " are found in great abun­ when the water is thick: they are most frequently taken dance and very fine on that coast. The larger ones are at night, but even then it is not possible to take any when in general, in their best season, from the middle of Octo­ the sea has a luminous appearance: (This is account­ ber till the beginning of May. Many of the small ones, ed for, by James Macartney, Esq. in a paper given by and some of the larger sort, are good all the summer. him to the Royal Society, and published in the Philo­ They are, in general, from four to four inches and a sophical Transactions for IS 10, p. 2.02.) In summer, half from the tip o'f the head to the extremity of the the lobsters are found near the shore, and thence to back shell. Commonly the pincers of one of the lob­ about six fathoms water; but in winter, they are seldom ster's large claws are furnished with knobs, and those taken in less than twelve or fifteen fathoms. Like in­ of the other serrated; with the former, it keeps firm sects, they are much more active and alert in warm than hold of the stalks of submarine plants, and with the in cold weather. In the water, they can run nimbly other it cuts and minces its food very dexterously. The on their legs or small claws, and if alarmed, can spring knobbed or numb-claw, as the fishermen sometimes call tail foremost, to a surprising distance, as swift as a bird it, is sometimes on the right side, and sometimes on the can fly." (This observation has been confirmed by that left indifferently. It is more dangerous to be seized by indefatigable observer of nature, Patrick Neill, Esq. se­ them with the cutting claw than the other, but in either cretary to the Wernerian and Horticultural Societies of case, the quickest way to get disengaged, is to pluck off Edinburgh, who, in a tour made by him to the Orkney the creature's claw ; a new one will be produced in its Isles, says they skimmed along the surface of the sea place, though it will never attain the size of the former. with amazing rapidity as the boats approached the The female or hen lobster, does not cast her shell the shore.) " The fishermen can see them pass about thirty same year that she deposits her ova, or in the common feet, and by the swiftness of their motions, suppose they phrase, her berry. When the ova first appear under her may go much farther. When frightened, they will spring tail, they ai-e very small, and extremely black, but they from a considerable distance to their hold in the rock; become in succession almost as large as ripe elder ber­ and what is not less surprising than true, they will ries before they are deposited, and turn of a dark brown throw themselves mto their holds in that manner through colour, especially towards the end of her depositing an entrance barely sufficient for their bodies to pass; time. They continue full and depositing the ova in as is frequently seen by the people who endeavour to constant succession as long as the black substance can catch them at Filey Bridge. In frosty weather, if any be found in their body, which, when boiled, turns' of a should happen to be found near the shore, they are beautiful red colour, and is then termed coral. Hen quite torpid and benumbed." lobsters are found in berry all the year. It is a com­ Immense numbers of lobsters are annually sent to Lon­ mon mistake that a berried hen is always in perfection don from the Orkney Isles. Pennant mentions, in his for the table. When her berries appear large and Tour to Scotland in 1772, that 60,000 or 7 0,000 are year­ brownish, she will always be found exhausted, watery, ly sent from Montrose alone. They are said to fear thun­ and poor. Though the ova be cast all the year round, der, and to cast their claws on a great clap; it is said • they seem only to come to life during the summer they will do the same on the firing of a great gun; and months of July and August. Great numbers of them that when men of war meet with a lobster boat, a jo­ may be then found under the appearance of tadpoles cular threat is used, that if the master does not sell swimming about the little pools left by the tide amongst good lobsters, they will salute him. When frightened the rocks, and many also under their proper form, from or irritated, they frequently throw off their claws; the half an inch to four"inches in length. same tiling happens when the poor animals are plunged " In casting their shells, it is hard to conceive how into the boiling pot for dressing. When first caught, the lobsters are able to draw the flesh of their large if only taken by one claw, they will throw it off and claws out, leaving the shell entire and attached to their so effect their escape. body; in which state they are constantly found. The The circumstance of the reproduction of their claws, 400 GRUSTACEOLOGY. Crustacea, though surprising, is nevertheless true ; lobsters as well thumb ; feet compressed, decreasing in size, the anterior Crustasea. s—"~V "—' as crabs will renew their claws, if by accident they being largest. Middle process of the tail nearly qua- """"Y""~' should be torn off, within the space of a few weeks after drate, the apex being scarcely narrower than the base. the mischief has happened. Sp. I. Stellata. Thorax smooth behind, the anterior Steltata, A small lobter, according to Mr Pennant, differing part set with minute spines disposed in longitudinal rows, in nothing but size from the above, is found near Llyn anterior part terminating in a broad and rough rostrum, in Caernarvonshire, where it burrows in the sand; from on each side of which at the base is a strong spiny spire. which last circumstance, we suspect it to be distinct, Under part of the hands hairy, fingers very sharp; and well worth the examination of any naturalist who wrists and arms angulated, and set with hairs beneath may happen to visit that place. and inside. Feet somewhat compressed. Extremity The lobster was well known to the ancients, and is of the middle process of the caudal fin slightly notched ; .- . . . well described by Aristotle, under the name «O-T«X«. moveable processes, widi an elevated ridge, in the mid­ uvia IS. Sp. 2. Fluvialilis. Rostrum toothed. Hands tuber- dle. Length two inches. Colour yellowish white, co­ culated. vered with minute yellow or orange spots. Cancer astacus of Linne. Astacus astacns of Pennant. Cancer stellatus, Montagu; Upogebia stellata, Leach's AstacusJluvialilis of Fabricius and Latreille. MSS. Inhabits the rivers of Europe, especially such as have This animal was discovered by George Montagu, Esq. a clayey bottom. It is the common craw-fish of English and described by him in the ninth volume of the Lin- writers, and is much esteemed as food. They excavate nean Transactions. It is very rare, and inhabits the holes for themselves in the banks of rivers in which subterraneous passages made by the solenes, or rasor they live, only coming abroad at night in search of shells. food, which consists of vegetable as well as animal mat­ GENUS XLIV. CALLIANASSA. Antennce placed in 44. CALLU- ters ; they are taken by means of nets, which are spread nearly the same horizontal line; the peduncle of the ex- N*ss*- across the waters which they frequent, or by the hand. terior with four joints, and a seta three times as long as Colour, when alive, dark brown approaching to black. the peduncle; the footstalk of the interior antennae with Norvcgi. Sp. 3. Norvegicus. Rostrum acute, with many spines three joints, and a jointed seta a little longer than the CU5, on each side; shell somewhat spiny in front; from peduncle. A large scale attached to the base of the in­ which three longitudinal ridges arise. Hands angular, ternal antennae above. Abdomen with six membrana­ the angles tuberculated. Wrists spiny. Eyes kidney- ceous joints. Feet compressed; the two anterior pair shaped. Tarsi hairy. Accessory process of the tail at compound, the third pair with a simple moveable the base acutely spined. Tail elegantly marked with thumb ; hands of the anterior pair jointed ; wrist entire. smooth and short-haired spaces placed alternately. The middle process of the tail triangular, with the point Cancer norivegicus of Linne. Astacus norroegicus of very sharp. Pennant. Nephrops norve. tea, Leach's MSS. Sp. 1. Subterranea. Thorax smooth and membra- Subterra- Inhabits the northern parts of Europe; is found in naceous, the anterior part crustaceous above. Claws nea. the Frith of Forth during the summer months, often unequal; the larger one very smooth, with the margin attaching itself to the lines of the fishermen. Like the and fingers ornamented with tufts of hair; inner side common lobster, it has one claw large, the other small; of the thumb denticulated; wrist triangulated, with the a variety with equal claws sometimes occurs. Colour, margins toothed, armed at the base with a hooked pro­ when alive, flesh red. ^ cess ; arm angulated, denticulated beneath: smaller 42. THA- GENUS XLII. THALASSINA. Antenna; inserted in claw with oblong, oval, and somewhat hairy fingers, the IASSINA. nearly the same horizontal line. The four anterior feet arras and wrists being simple, and not angulated. The compound, the first or front pair largest. second pair of feet with hairy fingers, and an ovate hand; Scabra. Sp. 1. Scabra. Shell oval, sides compressed, and the third with a moveable thumb, very much compres­ spiny. Back with two longitudinal furrows, one on each sed and ciliated; the fourth and fifth simple, with com­ side ; these converge towards the posterior margin, and pressed hairy tarsy. include another very deep groove. Tail cylindrical, a Cancer astacus snbterraneus, Montagu, Lin. Trans. little longer, and much narrower than the shell; com­ Callianassa subterranea of Leach's MSS. posed of six segments (not including the fin) very con­ This singular animal was discovered by Mr Montagu, vex above, with the lateral margin dilated, wrinkled, and whilst digging for Solen vagina in a sand bank in the rounded; the first five with an elevated carina or ridge, estuary of Kingsbridge, on the south coast of Devon, the fin segment with narrow, acute, and sharp appen­ about two feet beneath the surface. He informs us that dices. The feet compressed, with the posterior and an­ they are rare, but that a sufficient "number has been ta­ terior margins denticulated; the four anterior feet ciliated ken, to shew that the larger claw is not constant to one with hairs ; right arm largest; hands oval, and tubercu­ side. The females are very rare. Length about two lated, with teeth above and below ; the thumb compres­ inches. sed and rounded. This genus was instituted by the illus­ Mi/s. Montagu, Sowerby, Leach, Prideaux. trious Latreille, in his work entitled Genera Crustaceo- GENUS XLV. ALPHJSUS. The exterior antennas si- 4S- AL" rum el Inseciorum, who describes the above species from tuated lower than those of the middle, with a large scale PH•E*S• a specimen in the museum of natural history in Paris. attached to the peduncle, (this scale being generally Mr Leach has compared this description with a speci­ notched on the external side of the point.) The four men in the Hunterian museum, and from his manu­ anterior feet compound. Wrists of the second pair- script we have inserted the above account, which dif­ jointed. Middle process of the tail of an oblong-trian­ fers but little from that given by Latreille. gular shape, the apex much narrower than the base. <>:•,. UroGE- GENUS XLI1I. UPOGEBIA. Antenna; inserted in * The anterior larger than the second pair of feet. SIA, nearly the same horizontal line. Eyes pedunculated, Sp. 1. Avar us. Hands unequal and difformed; ros- Avarus. and concealed under the proboscis. Abdomen compo­ tram short and subulated. sed of quadrate crustaceous joints. Anterior feet com­ Alphmus avarus of Fabricius and Latreille. pound, being furnished with a very long moveable ** The second pair of feet larger than the first. 5 C R U S T A C E O L O G Y. 401 Sp. S.Tlavescens. Body entirely yellow. A very common species on the Devonshire and Gla- Cnni-vf.. Alpluens flavescens of Latreille. morgan coasts, where it is taken and sold under the ^-—v—--' Sp. 3. Marmoralus. Body pale rufous, mottled with name of . It may possibly be Astacus squilla of red. Pennant, but the descriptions of that author are so la­ Alphceus marmoratm of Latreille. conic, that we are in great doubt in this as in various This and the foregoing species inhabit the East In­ other instances. Lengtli two inches and a half or three dian ocean, and are described by Latreille, from speci­ inches. mens in the French museum of natural history, and on B. Anterior larger than the second pair of legs. his authority we introduce them here. Sp. 3. Nitcscens. Rostrum without teeth. Nitesces'. GENUS XLVI. PEN^EUS. The exterior lower than Cancer aslacus nitcscens of Montagu. Athanas nitcs­ the internal antennas, with a scale attached to the pe­ cens, Leach's MSS. duncle, (often notched on the external side of the apex). Found on the southern coast of Devonshire by Co!. The six anterior feet compound; the anterior pair short­ Montagu. Length one inch, or rather less. est. Middle process of the tail-fin oblong-triangular, Division II. Hands without the finger, having only the apex much narrower than the base. a moveable thumb. Sp. 1. Monodon. Rostrum porrected, and turning GENUS XLVIII. CRANDON. Anterior pair of feet 48. Cius. upwards; serrated above, armed with three teeth be­ largest, and furnished with a moveable thumb; the GON- low. other four pair unequal and simple. Penasus monodon of Fabricius and LatreSlle. Sp. 1. Vulgaris. Shell smooth, rostrum short, with Vulgarii. Observe. To this section another genus (not hitherto a single groove above. See Plate CCXXI. Fig. 5. PI.ATE defined by any author) seems to belong, which contains Cancer crangon of Linne. Astacus cra/igon of Pen- coxxl. Cancer astacus gibbosus of Montagu. Lin. Trans, vol. ix. nant. Crangon vulgaris of Fabricius and Latreille. rig. 5. pi. 5. fig. 1. But as we have never seen perfect speci­ Inhabits all the sandy shores of the European ocean; mens, we refrain from attempting a generic character, is the common shrimp of the English markets. Its co­ which must necessarily be very defective. We shall lour when alive is cinereous, inclining to transparent, therefore describe the animal in Montagu's own words. beautifully mottled and spotted with brown and black­ " Body slender, incurvated, with six joints. Thorax ish-brown. smooth. Proboscis long, laterally compressed, and ser­ Division III. All the feet simple, having neither rated ; a small spine on each side the proboscis, and finger or thumb. another beneath each eye. Antennae four; upper pair GENUS XLIX. PRAONUS. Legs on each side four- 49. i>mt- shortest and bifid; lower pair single, nearly as long as teen, set in a double series at the sides of the thorax, NUS. the body. Two anterior ciliated plates. Eyes pedun­ Female furnished with a pouch, situated at the base of culated. Arms and legs scarcely definable; the ante­ the abdomen, in which she carries her young after their rior pair is terminated by a quadrifid joint; the second exclusion from the egg. pair is cheliform, the other three pair appear when This genus was instituted by Mr Leach, who has de­ magnified to have a toothed claw. Besides these, there rived the name from the English word . are two very long and slender appendages, which do Sp.l. Flexuosus. Middle process of the tail-fin deep- Fiextlosus. not strictly appear to be legs, but seem to be auxiliary ly notched. to the palpi, though they originate so far from the Cancer Jlexuosus of Miiller. Cancer multipes of Mon­ mouth, for they are alwa}'S placed forwards towards the tagu. Lin. Trans, vol. ix. tab. 5. fig. 3. Praunusjlexii- mouth ; these are slightly chelate. The caudal fins are osus, Leach's MSS. similar to those of the prawn, with a slight spine near Discovered as an inhabitant of Britain by Mr Henry the end of the exterior pair. Colour, when alive, red. Boys of Sandwich. It has since been observed by Mr Length about an inch. Not unfrequently taken by Montagu on the south coast of Devon, and accurately dredging at Torcross, Devonshire." See Hippolyte in described by him in the ninth vol. of the Linnean Trans- the Index. actions. As he never saw it alive, the following ac­ ** Interior antenna with three seta?. count, extracted from Mr Leach's MSS. may not prove GENUS XLVII. PAL^EMON. Four anterior feet com­ uninteresting. pound. " Colour when alive pellucid-cinereous. Eyes black, A. Anterior pair smaller than the second. red at their base. Laminae of the head with a black Sp. 1. Squilla. The rostrum acute, and turning up­ longitudinal line, and spots. A clouded spot on each wards ; the superior part with seven teeth, longer than side the hinder part of the thorax, and another above the peduncle of the internal antenna. the legs. Every segment of the body above beautiful­ Cancer squilla of Linne. Astacus serrains of Pen­ ly marked with a reddish rust-coloured spot, disposed nant. Palccmon squilla of Fabricius and Latreille. in an arborescent form; tail-fin spotted with the same Inhabits the European ocean, frequenting most of our colour, mixed with black. Pouch of the female with shores, lurking amongst loose stones and alga;, in pools two rows of fuscous-black spots. Under side of the ab­ left by the tide, where it is taken by means of a small domen regularly mottled with rufous-black. It is found net fixed to a hoop. It is the common prawn of our with fry from the middle of June to the middle of Ju­ markets. When alive, cinereous, elegantly banded with ly. Females one-third more abundant than the males." brown; but by boiling, it acquires a fine red colour. Mr Leach observed them in great abundance in pools Pennant says, that it is frequently taken over thirty fa­ left by the tide in the Frith of Forth near Leith. Length thoms depth of water, but we have never observed it an inch and a quarter." in such a situation. Lengtli five inches. Sp. 2. Integer. Middle process of the tail entire and , Sp. 2, Varians. Rostrum straight, a little longer ,. * i 1 ° Iute?er. not notched. a than the peduncle of the middle antenna?, with four Praunus integer, Leach's MSS. teeth in the upper side. This species was discovered by Mr Leach at Loch- Palaemon varians, Leach's MSS. Ranza, Isle of Arran, in brackish pools left by the tide, VOL. vn. PART n. 3 E 402 CRUSTACEOLOGY.

Crustacea. ;n the month of August, in the greatest abundance. cer gammarus saltalor of Montagu. Talitrns loaista of Crustacea. s ---Y~""" The females were with young, and the males were more Latreille. •™~v-«»«< abundant than the females. Like the foregoing species, Inhabits the sandy shores of the European ocean. It it swims with its head uppermost, having a most gro­ has acquired the name Locust a from the form of its tesque appearance. Colour when alive, pellucid, cine­ mouth, which is protruded, and very much resembles reous, spotted with black and reddish-brown, varying that part of a locust. Length three quarters of an inch. much in their position. Mr Leach confesses, that he did Colour, when alive, corneous; when dead, whitish, and not at first conceive it to be distinct from Traumisflexuo- often mottled with reddish. It has never been taken sus, but on examination found that they not only differ­ in the water; it burrows in the sand, and serves as food ed in size, but most essentially in the middle process of to the shore birds, who devour it with avidity. the tail-fin. Length a third of an inch. Sp. 2. Littoralis. Inferior antennae much shorter Lateralis, than the body, the last segment composed of about FAMILY XII. SQUILLARII. twenty-five joints. SO. SOUIL- GENUS L. SQUILLA. Interior antennas with three Talitrus littoralis. Leach's MSS. LA- articulated seta1. Two large arms. Ten feet, with an Inhabits all the sandy shores of Britain. It was first hooked hand; the other six simple. observed by the Eev. J. Fleming, who communicated Mantis. Sp. 1. Mantis. Upper part of the body with several it to Mr Leach, from whose manuscripts it is here in­ elevated longitudinal lines; thumbs with six dents. serted. Length about half an inch. Colour corneous, Inhabits the Mediterranean and Asiatic seas. inclining to reddish on the back. It is so common, that Cancer mantis of Linne. Aslacus mantis of Pen­ a more minute account is unnecessary, it having all the nant ? of Fabricius and Latreille. habits of the preceding species. This species has been introduced into the British GENUS LIV. ORCHESTIA. Two anterior pair fur­ 54. OK- Fauna, but the authority is questionable nished with a moveable thumb, which is capable of be­ CHESTIA. 51. MTSIS. GENUS LI. Mvsis. Interior antenna; with two arti­ ing bent on the edge of the hand ; second pair largest, culated setae. Arms smalL Twelve feet, all armed having a compressed hand. with a claw, and formed for swimming. Sp. 1. Littorea. Hand ovate, the part which meets Littorea. S Saltatorius. P- *• Saltatorius. the thumb slightly toothed or wrinkled. Thigh of the PLATE Cancer pedaius of Otho Fabricius. Mysis sallaiorius posterior pair of legs jointed, and very much compressed.. CCXXI. of Latreille. The female wants the hands. See Plate CCXXI. Fig. 6. Fig. 6.. Inhabits the Sea. Pulex marinus of Baxter; Cancer gammarus littoreus This genus is introduced from the Genera Insecloriim of Montagu; Orchesles littorea, Leach's MSS.; Tali­ el Crustaceorum of Latreille, who owns that he has ne­ trus gammarellus, Latreille ? ver examined the species himself, but has admitted it This species is the only one of the genus hitherto dis­ into his work solely on the authority of Otho Fabricius. covered. It is very common on many of our shores, lurking under the rejectamenta of the sea, having all FAMILY XIII. GNATHIONH. the habits of the preceding genus. Latreille quotes Bax­ S2. GNA­ GENUS LII. GNATHIA. Mouth with two strong por- ter's figure, which renders it highly probable that this THIA. rected mandibules or jaws, concave above, convex be­ may be his Talitrus gmnmarellus ; but as he quotes also low. Antennae setaceous; the upper pair rather longest. the Oniscus gammarellus of Pallas, it still remains in Feet ten, all armed with a nail. Tail jointed, and fur­ some doubt. nished with a swimming tail, as in the family ASTA- 2. Superior antennse longer, or at least as long as the CINI. inferior. Fourteen feet, the third and fourth pair Termitoi­ Sp. 1. Termitoides. Mandibules on the inner side smallest. des. armed with minute teeth; middle process of the tail GENUS LV. GAMMARUS. The four anterior feet 55. Gis. triangular, apex acute. furnished with a moveable nail, which is capable of be­ MAUUS. Cancer maxillaris of Montagu. ing bent inwards on the hand. Abdomen with thirteen Gnathia termitoides, Leach's MSS.. joints. Peduncle of the antennae with three joints. Inhabits the British Ocean, but is not common. Observation. The animals composing this genus in­ Mr Leach suspects, that Oniscus eceruleatus of Mon­ habit ponds and rivulets, also the sea side. The males tagu, Lin. Trans, vol. xi. is the female of this animal. are considerably larger than the females, which they embrace with their claws, often swimming about with FAMILY XIV. GAMMARINI. them, and not unfrequently on their back. The females ]. Superior antenna; shorter than the peduncle of the carry about their young with them after their exclusion. inferior antennae. Feet fourteen. * Fresh water. Pulex,. S3. TALI­ GENUS LIII. TALITRUS. Anterior pair of feet lar­ Sp. 1. Pulex. Eyes ovate, situated on a level with TRUS. ger than the second pair; no hands. the base of the superior antennae; back near the tail Observe. The animals of this genus are familiarly with fasciculi of spines. known under the name of sand/toppers, and cannot have Cancer pulex of Linne and Pennant; Gammarus pulex escaped the observation of the most cursory observer, of Fabricius and Latreille. multitudes being seen, during the summer, on all our This species is utterly incapable of living in the sea, sandy shores, skipping about in all directions in the although we have the authority of Linne and many of evening. Their use in the economy of nature appears his followers to the contrary; the truth is, that Linne to be that of contributing to the dissolution of putrid included the various species of this genus under the animal and vegetable matter. names Cancer loaista and Pulex; this shows the neces­ Locasta. Sp. 1. Locust a. Inferior antennae as long as the bo­ sity and advantage of constituting natural genera, the dy; the last division with between thirty and forty only way by which we can ever hope to attain an ac­ smaller joints. curate knowledge of species. Cancer loaista of Pennant and Gmelin. Oniscus /o- A species which Mr Leach considers as distinct gusla of IViliii. Gammarus loaista of Fabricius ? Can- from pulex, was discovered hi water taken from a CRUSTACEOLOGY. 403 newly sunk well, in the square of St Bartholomew's Inhabits the rocky shores near Plymouth in Devon- Cnist'.i-.-- hospital, London, by Thomas Wheeler, Esq. apothe­ cary to that institution, who sent it to Mr Leach, in Gammarus palmata, Montagu, Linnean Transactions, whose collection it is now preserved. It is very pro­ vol. vii. tab. 6'. Melita palmata, Leach's MSS. bably a young animal; it differs principally from Gam- GENUS LVIII. LEUCOTI-IOE. Anterior feet with JS. I.E marus pulex, in having the upper process of the tail a finger and thumb; the thumb jointed; second pair COTILW much longer. The colour, when alive, was cinereous, with'a moveable thumb but no finger. Peduncle of but so translucent, that the eyes could not be discover­ the antenna; with two joints. Superior antenna; ed ; it stands in Mr Leach's cabinet, under the specific longest. name subterraneus, as it most probably inhabits springs Sp. 1. Arlkidosa. Body smooth and glossy. Eyes Artic.n-. under the earth. garnet-coloured. Wrist of the second pair of feet with *» Marine. a projecting compressed lamella. Internal edge of the Sp. 2. Locusta. Eyes lunated and placed in a line hand slightly toothed. with the superior antennae; back near the tail with fasci­ Cancer articulosus of Montagu. culi of spines. .- Leucolhbe artwulosa. Leach's MSS. Cancer locusta of Linne. Is it Cancer gammarus !o- Inhabits the bottom of the sea. custa of Montagu ? Linn. Trans, vol. ix. Length half an inch. Inhabits pools left by the tide, on all the rocky shores Mas. Montagu, Leach. of Great Britain. Obs. It is probable that Phrohima scdentaria of Length of the male an inch. Latreille, Genera Cruslaceorum et Inscctorum, vol. i. Sp. S. Camylnps. Eyes shaped like the capital let- p. 56. plate 2. fig. 2. forms a distinct family; but as a ler S, extending from the upper part of the superior to specimen has never come under our inspection, we shall the upper part of the base of the inferior antenna?. translate his words in this note.—" Feet ten; the third Back near the tail with fasciculi of spines. pair longest and furnished with compound hands. Discovered on the shore of Arran, by Mr Leach, " Cancer sedentarius Forsk. F. Arab, page 95." who named it, from the flexuous shape of the eyes, G. He observes farther, that it inhabits the Mediterra­ camylops. nean Sea, dwelling in a cell composed of a gelatinous Length of the male half an inch, female somewhat less. matter, (perhaps the dead body of a beroe,) of a bladder, Mas. Leach like appearance, open at both ends. It often changes Sp. 4. Rubricatus. Eyes angulated; situated between its posture, but generally sits within its nest. the superior and inferior antennas. It has lately been discovered in Zetland amongst Cancer gammarus rubricatus of Montagu. Ampilhoe the rejectamenta of the sea, by the Rev. J. Fleming, rubricata, Leach's MSS. one of our most zealous and enlightened naturalists. Length half an inch. Inhabits Britain. FAMILY XV. COROPHINI. Discovered by George Montagu, Esq. and well de­ GENUS LIX. COROPHIUM. Body elongated, compo­ 59. COB- scribed by him in the Transactions of the Linnean So­ sed of ten joints. Tail three jointed, with four bifid PI1IUM. ciety, vol. ix. Colour, when alive, usually reddish, or styles. Feet fourteen, the anterior pair furnished with pale pink, minutely and closely speckled with spots of a moveable thumb. The upper antennas armed with a a darker shade. Eyes crimson. It is a rare species, seta, the under ones as long as the body, very thick, and possibly does not belong to this genus. more resembling feet than antennas. GENUS LVI. MJF.RA. Anterior pair of feet with Sp. 1. Longicornes. The under part of the second Longit a moveable nail; the second pair with a compressed joint of the antennas near the apex, armed with a sharp lies. hand and moveable thumb. Peduncle of the antennas spine. with three joints; the superior antenna; longest. Cancer grossipes of Linne; Oniscus volulator of Pal­ Sp. i. Grossimana. Body smooth, with eleven joints; las; Gammarus longicornis of Fabricius; Astacus li- superior antennas nearly as long as the body. Internal nearis of Pennant; and Corophium longicorne of La­ edge of the palm of the second pair of feet ciliated, treille. having a slight groove to receive the thumb. Inhabits the European Ocean. Length five lines. Length half an inch. Colour, when alive, pale yellow, sometimes mottled FAMILY XVI. CAPRELLINI.* with pink. Cancer gammarus grossimamis of Montagu. Mara GENUS LX. CAPRELLA. Body linear. Eyes situated 60. CA- grossimana. Leach's MSS. behind the antennas. Antennas four jointed, the upper I'll EL LA. Inhabits pools left by the receding tide, on all our ones with the last segment as long as the three others, rocky shores. and composed of several minute articulations; the un­ GENUS LVII. MELITA. Anterior pair of feet very der ones somewhat compressed, half the length of the small; second pair with a compressed hand, and move­ superior. The first pair of feet (palpi of Montagu) si­ able nail which bends on the palm. Superior styles of tuated very near the mouth; the second pair with the the tail very long and large. hand denticulated on the inside. Fins of a membra­ Sp. 1. Palmata. Blackish; the tail above, with a naceous jelly-like substance of a globular form. The few spines. anus with two little appendices.

* The body of these animals, exclusive of the head, is composed of six joints, ail except the second and third hearing feet. The second and third segments furnished on each side with two processes, which probably serve as fins. Feet ten, all armed with a move­ able nail; the anterior pair very small, and originating from the head. Mouth with two jointed palpi, armed at the point with a little hook. The female is furnished with a pouch, situated between the fins, in which she carries about the eggs and her younj after thsir ex- division, until they are enabled to shift for themselves. 404 CRUST A GEOLOGY. Crustacea. Sp. 1. Linearis. Head with one little tubercle. ORDER III. MYRIAPODA. Crustacea. Hand of the second pair of feet with three teeth on the Linearis. inner edge. FAMILY XVIII. ASELLIDES. Cancer linearis of Linne; Aslacus atomos of Pennant; I. The four antennae very distinct. of Latreille; Oniscus scolopendrioides GENUS LXII1. ASELLUS. Tail composed of one 63. ASEI- of Pallas. piece, with two longitudinal foliaceous double-jointed tus. Inhabits the European Ocean, affixing itself to fuci lamellae, and two bifid styles inserted about the middle and other marine plants. Colour, when alive, brown, of the posterior margin. Antennae setaceous; the last inclining to cinereous, beautifully spotted with rust- segment composed of a great many smaller joints. Colour. Sp.l. Vulgaris. Colour cinereous, often spotted with Vulgaris, Phasma. Sp. 2. Phasma. The first joint of the body with grey or white. two spines; a third spine on the anterior part of the Inhabits ditches and wells very frequent, and is con­ second joint; a fourth spine on the head, all pointing sidered as a proof of the goodness and purity of the forward. Hands of the second pair of feet with one water. strong spine. Colour generally pale olive green. Dis­ Oniscus aquaticus of Linne and Donovan; Idotea aqaa- covered on' the coast of South Devon on fuci, by Mr tica of Fabricius; Entomon hieroglyphicum of Klein; Montagu, and described in vol. vii. of Linnean Transact Asellus vulgaris of Latreille. tions, by him. GENUS LXIV. IDOTEA. Tail with two or three seg- 64. IDOTEA Penantis. Sp. 3. Penantis. Back without spines; anterior ments, and two longitudinal plates as in the genus part of the head produced into a spine; hands of the ASELLUS. The internal or middle antennae composed of second pair of feet with one tooth. four joints, and placed somewhat above the exterior ones. Aslacus atomos of Pennant. Genus STENOSOMA of Leach. Common on the Devonshire coast. * Body linear, external antennae very long. Acanthi Sp. 4. Acanthifera. Back, especially the hinder part, Sp. 1. Hecticus. The segments of the abdomen la- Hecticiis. fera. spiny; inner edge of the second hands lunate-exca­ terally dilated. Colour cinereous brown, or greenish- vated. brown, sometimes bordered with grey or cinereous brown. Caprella acanthifera, Leach's MSS. Inhabits the European Ocean. Discovered in Devonshire, where it is not uncommon. Oniscus linearis of Pallas and Pennant; Oniscus hec­ 61. PA- GENUS LXI. PANOPE. Body depressed. Eyes si­ ticus of Gmelin. Idotea tridentata of Latreille is only tuated on the vertex of the head. Antenna four joint­ a variety of this species. ed; the upper pair, with the basilar joint, largest; the ** Body thickest in the middle. IDOTEA, Leach. second and third equal, but rather shorter than the first; Sp. 2. Entomon. Body of an oblong oval; the seg- Entomon. apical joint very small; inferior pair also composed of ments swelling at the sides ; tail conical and elongated, ptATB four joints, shorter than the first joint of the upper pair. having a tooth on each side of the base. See Plate ccxxr. Feet compressed and armed with strong nails; the an­ CCXXI. Fig. 7. Fig- 7- terior pair situated on the base of the head, the wrist Inhabits the European Ocean. jointed. Hands of the second pair armed with teeth Oniscus entomon of Linne and Pennant; Cymothoa on their inner edge. Fins of aleathery-membranaceous entomon of Fabricius; Oniscus oestrum, Donovan, in substance, cylindrical and elongated. Anus produced, Rees' Cyclopaedia, article ENTOMOLOGY, plate x. having a few obscure small tubercles on each side and It is very probable that Oniscus marinus of Pennant under. is merely a variety of this species; both are found on The pouch of the female with four valves. all our rocky coasts in the greatest plenty: it differs Ct! Sp. 1. Celi. Base of the fins with a process resem­ merely in having the tail more conical than in entomon, bling the figure 6 ; the hands of the second pair of feet and having no teeth at the base; there are, however, so with two obtuse teeth on the thumb side of the hands. many intermediate varieties, that it cannot with pro­ Anus with three processes. priety be considered as a distinct species. Inhabits the European Ocean, attaching itself to Sp. S. CEsirum. Segments of the abdomen slightly cEstnjm, whales, and, according to Latreille, to fishes of the genus > prominent at the sides. Tail deeply notched, with a Scomber. very small protuberance in the middle of the notch. Oniscus cell of Linne; Pycnogonum celi of Fabricius; Inhabits the European Ocean. Panope celi, Leach's MSS. Oniscus oestrum of Pennant. ' GENUS LXV. ANTHURA. Body linear; tail with 55. AN. FAJULY XVII. APSEUDII. two broad moveable plates on each side, which, when THURA. *->..ArsEu- GENUS LXII. APSEUDES. Body six jointed, tail with the animal is alive, much resemble a five-petaled flower. »K.S. six segments, the last largest, armed at the apex with Antennae short, the interior or upper pair rather longest. appendices. Feet fourteen, the anterior pair with Anterior pair of feet furnished with a moveable hook a finger and thumb ;. the second pair compressed and or thumb. dentated; the third and fourth alike and simple; the Sp. 1. Gracilis. Lateral appendices of the tail ob- Gra-ilis. fifth with a double nail ?; the sixth and seventh spurious. liquely truncated. Colour pale, coloured with rufous. The superior antenna? with a biarticulated peduncle Inhabits the British seas, but is very rare. armed at the apex with a jointed seta; the inferior an­ Oniscus gracilis, Montagu; Anthura gracilis, Leach's tennas bifurcate. MSS. Sp. 1. Talpa, Rostrum acute, with three excavated Observation. Oniscus cylindricus of Montagu, Lin­ '" ' longitudinal grooves. nean Transactions, vol. vii. p. 71. plate 6. fig. 8, seems Cancer gammarus talpa of Montagu; Apseudes talpa, to belong to a genus nearly allied to Anthura ; but as Leach's J.tSS. no specimen has ever occurred to us, we must content, Inhabits the British Ocean ; length four line?; colour ourselves with transcribing the description given by yellowish-white; is very rare. that author. Mus. Montagu, Leach,. '* Oniscus cylindricus, with a smooth, glossy, cylin- CRUSTACEOLOGY. 405 dric, and very convex body, with seven joints inde­ rough, rounded at the apex'; the sides obliquely trunca- Crustacea. pendent of the head, tail, and five narrow segments at ted; the lamellae equal, their points somewhat rounded. s~"Y~*™^ the base of the latter; central caudal fin subovate, with Spkwroma rugicauda, Leach's MSS. two smaller lateral ones on each side, which, when Inhabits the . spread, give it a quinquedentate appearance: antennae It was discovered on the shore of Ulva, one of the four, short, the upper pair not half so long as the other; Western Isles of Scotland, by Mr Leach : he observed legs fourteen; feet of the foremost six broad, serrated that it was more agile than Sphwroma cinerea, from on the inside; all armed with a single claw. which species it is readily distinguished by the rough­ " Length an inch; breadth not quite a quarter. Co­ ness of the anal segment, and the smaller size of the lour pale yellow, clouded with cinereous on the sides." peduncle of the superior antennse. He has since ob­ GENUS LXVL CYMOTHOA. Tail composed of a great served it in very great plenty near the Ware-head, on the many segments, the last at its base bearing a double river Tamer, in Devon, where the water is but brackish ; appendage on each side. Most of the segments bearing a curious contrast with the original habitat in the At­ feet, their lateral margins being thickened. Antennse lantic ! setaceous and many-jointed, inserted one pair above the Colour, when alive, cinereous, very beautifully speck­ other, under the clypeus. Feet with strong, sharp nails. led and streaked with black. Eyes black. Length Sp. 1. Asihis. Head with three protuberances or about one-third of an inch. lobes on the hinder part: the hinder segments (the last GENUS LXVIII. NES^BA. Apex of the tail on each 68. N'ESKA. excepted) arched backwards; the last segment semi- side with a single foliaceous appendage placed on a elliptical. footstalk. Body oblong. Antennse setaceous, and near­ Inhabits the European ocean. ly of an equal length;. the upper pair with a very large Orriscus asilus of Linne and Pallas; Cymothoa asilus double-jointed peduncle, (the basilar joint largest,) of Fabricius and Latreille. which occupies nearly half their length. Space between Sp. 2. CEstrum. Body oblong oval, the last segment the antennae very visible. Body composed of six joints, transverse. the last largest. Inhabits the European Ocean. Sp. 1. Bidentata. Last segment of the body armed Eidentata.. Oniscus oestrum of Linne and Pallas; Cymothoa oes­ with two spines or teeth. trum of Fabricius and Latreille. Oniscus bideniatu, Linnean Transactions. Observation. It is highly probable that Oniscus tes- Ncesea bidentatas, Leach's MSS. iudo of Montagu {Transactions of the Linncan Society Inhabits the British ocean: the living specimens of London, vol. ix. page 102. tab. 5. fig. 5.) is referable we have seen were cinereous, faintly streaked with to a genus akin to this; but as we have never had an red. opportunity of examining this species, we cannot speak GENUS LXIX. CAMPECOPEA. Base of the tail armed gg Cl!.. with certainty on this head, but content ourselves by with a bent foliaceous process on each side. Body com- Pl ro!!ll quoting the- description given by that author. posed of six joints. Antennae setaceous, the upper " Onisais tesludo. Body subovate, composed of eight pair longest, with the peduncle composed of two visible joints, rising to a ridge on the back; the plates elevated joints; the intermediate space between the superior an­ on their edges; the four first fall very low on the sides, tennse very great. and obscure the anterior legs; along each side of the Sp. 1. Hirsuta. Body hirsute. body a row of small tubercles : the front sub-bifid : an­ Oniscus hirsutus, Montagu, Lin. Trans, vol. vii. t. (>. tennse four, very short, the lower pair hid beneath: eyes f. 8. Campecopea hirsuta, Leach's MSS. prominent and black; posterior end obtusely pointed; Colour (according to Montagu) brown, with some­ caudal fins beneath, obscure; legs fourteen, short and times a few faint bluish spots on the posterior joint. strong, the three posterior pairs longest; all furnished Length one-eighth of an inch. with a simple claw. Inhabits the European ocean, but is rather rare. " Length two lines. II. The antennae obscure, or entirely wanting. " Colour dull red, with a white spot on the anterior GENUS LXX. BOPYRUS. Body depressed, of an in- 70. Eo?r part of the back, but as the animal dies this mark is lost. curvate oval form. The under part on each side with p-ts. Rare." four foliaceous marginal appendices. Feet minute, GENUS LXVII. SPHJEIIOMA. Tail composed of two spurious, bent, and placed on the margin. The last segments; the last furnished with a double lateral fo- segment of the tail small. liaceous appendage,- placed on a common footstalk on Sp. 1; Squillarum. Colour pale greenish. Sr-vtlia- -.> each side. Body oval, capable of rolling into a globu­ Monoadus crangorum of Fabricius. Bopyrc des lar form, composed of seven joints. Antennse setaceous cruslaces of Bosc Oniscus sqjullarum of Montagu. and many jointed, inserted by pairs one above the other; Bopyrus squillarum of Latreille. their bases placed very close together ; the upper pair Inhabits the European ocean, dwelling under the with a very large peduncle. thoracic plate of the prawn (Palcemon squilld) or shrimp Sp-1. Serrata. Body smooth; the anal segment of the (Crangon vulgaris), and causing a tumour on the sides- tail rounded, the sides obliquely truncated; the lamellae of the animal. It varies much in shape, taking the equal, elliptical, with their points sharp. form of the shell. It is so common, that it is surpriz­ Oniscus globuior of Pallas; Cymothoa serrata of Fa­ ing it should have escaped the notice of all British r.atu-* bricius ; Spfueroma cincrea of Latreille. ralists until it was described in the ninth volume of th« Inhabits the European Ocean; is very abundant on Linncan Transactions, by George Montagu, Esq. It several of our rocky coasts in pools left by the tide; was first described in the Memoirs of the Academy of when touched, it contracts into a ball. Length nearly Sciences, in the year 1772, page 29, pi. 1. half an inch. Colour, when alive, cinereous, very beau- Observation. Mr Montagu has described an animal tifully speckled with black. as inhabiting the thoracic plate of CALLIANASSA suit- Sp.'Z. li'igwmida, Body smooth; the anal segment termnea; and as we have never seen the specie,. w<; 406 CRXJSTACEOLQGY. •Crustacea, must content ourselves by extracting the description " 3. Ilalica. Antenna; almost as long as the body; Crustacsj. VT~~*"' given by that celebrated zoologist. the last joint composed of seventeen minute articula- ~~~~v~"~/ " Oniscus Ihoracicus. Body oval, inequilateral, with tions; styles of the tail equal, exserted; the footstalks 't

* We have now most sincerely to lament the premature death of this gentleman, who, had he survived, would have proved one of the greatest ornaments in the department of Zoology including the animals without vertebra; that lias ever appeared in this country. His industry and accaairernents were truly astonishing, and his zaalous ardour remuiaed to his !a*t moments. 408 CRUSTACEOLOGY. Crustacea, the segments laterally produced, bearing little spines; dibus utrinque 20, oculis octo," Linn. Syst. Nat. 1G6$. Crustacea. back with one longitudinal groove; each segment with Fab. Ent. Syst. 2—390. In this character the last feet two slight tubercles on the sides of the groove. are not enumerated. In the works of De Geer and Juhis polydesmoides, Montagu's MSS. Latreille, we find the last pair (which are much larger Inhabits Devonshire, >ften occurring under stones. than the rest, but organised in the same manner) com­ 7S. POLY- GENUS LXXVIII. POLYDESMUS. Antennae insert­ puted as feet, and the character " posterioribus spino- BE3Ml'S. ed on the superior margin of the head, the last joint sis," particularly noted in the specific character: this exserted : body linear; the segments laterally compres­ last, as we have mentioned in the generic character, is sed and marginated ; eyes obsolete. The seventh seg­ common to all the species, as is also the Linnean " eyes ment from the head bearing but one -pair of feet in t/ie eight." We shall now point one such species as have male. The anterior joints of the body, in both sexes, come under our notice; and we have no doubt that generally having but one pair of feet. many more remain to be discovered, which hitherto Complana- Sp. 1. Complanatus. Back tuberculated; body de­ have been confounded under the title of S. morsitans. tus. pressed ; the last joint pointed; feet and belly light * The segments transversely quadrate. yellowish white; upper part light reddish-brown. Sp. 1. Spintpes. The segments rusty-brown; the Spinipes, Julus complanatus of Linne and Fabricius ; Jule opia­ angles rounded; the antennae, palpi, galeae, posterior te of De Geer, Polydesmus complanatus of Latreille. margins of the segments, and feet, yellowish ; all the Inhabits moist woods and hedges under moss and feet (excepting the anterior pair) with small spines on stones; is very frequent about Edinburgh and London. their joints. 79. POL- GENUS LXXIX. POLLYXENUS. Antenna; inserted Scolopendra Spintpes. Leach's MSS. LYXENUS. under the margin of the head, very short and cylindri­ Habitat unknown. cal. Body elongated and depressed, the last segment Described from a specimen preserved in the College armed with a pencil. Museum of Edinburgh. Length about 11 inches. Lagurus. Sp. 1. Lagurus. Body brownish. The lip and base of the mandibulae ferrugineous. The Scolopendra lagura of Linne and Fabricius, Pollyx­ whole body, when examined with a lens, punctulated. enus lagurus of Latreille. The nails, heels, and apex of mandibular, pitchy black. Inhabits Europe. Not yet observed in Britain. Sp. 2. Inermis. Segments brown, with the poste­ Inermis. rior margins and feet pale; feet not spiny; hinder feet, FAMILY XXI. SCOLOPENDRIDES. as in the generic character, spiny at their base. I. Every segment of the body bearing two pair of Mus. Dr Barclay. feet. Scolopendra inermis. Leach's MSS. SO. SCUTE- GENUS LXXX. SCUTEGERA. Each joint bearing Habitat unknown. GERA. two pair of feet. ** Segments oblong-square. Colcop- Sp. 1. Coleoptrata. Feet thirty; body reddish-yel­ Sp. 3. Morsitans. Joints rust-brown coloured; feet JIorsitaBl. trata. low, with longitudinal lines, and bands on the feet of a pale. blue-black colour. Habitat unknown. Genus CERMATIA of Illiger. Mus. Dr Barclay. Julus araneoides of Pallas, Scaligera araneoides of Scolopendra morsitans. Leach's MSS. Latreille. *** Segments alternately oblong and transversely Inhabits houses in the southern parts of Europe ; quadrate. In Mr Leach's museum are specimens of a very large Sp. 4. Inasqualis. Segments rusty-brown; feet pale. Inasquali: size from Madeira. Habitat unknown. II. Every segment of the body bearing one pair of ^•Scolopendra inasqualis. Leach's MSS. feet. GENUS LXXXII. CRYPTOPS. Antennae conico-se- 82. CRYP­ The insects composing this division, have been con­ taceous, with 17 globular sub-conical joints. Anterior TOPS. sidered, by all authors who have illustrated this depart­ margin of the lip not denticulated, and scarcely notch­ ment with their writings, as forming one genus, which ed. The basilar joint of the posterior feet not spiny; theynamed SCOLOPENDRA. The specific characters were legs forty-two; eyes not discernible. taken from the number of feet: thus all the species Sp. 1. Horlensis. Body testaceous, inclining to rusty- Horiensis. having forty-two feet, were considered as one species, brown ; the back darker in colour; antenna; and feet under the name SCOLOPENDRA morsitans; and other hairy. species (as we shall point out below) were confounded Cryptops hortensis. Leach's MSS. Scolopendra hor- with one another in the same manner. In the follow­ tensis, Donovan's British Insects, vol. xv. where it ing arrangements, we shall adopt genera divided from was first figured and described, from specimens sent by Scolopendra by Mr W. E. Leach, which we have copied Mr Leach, under that name, to Mr Donovan. from his manuscripts. Inhabits gardens in and near Exeter in Devonshire, 81. SCOLO- GENUS LXXXI. SCOLOPENDRA. Antennas conico- discovered by Mr Leach. TENDRA. setaceous, composed of many articulations, which are GENUS LXXXIII. LITHOBIUS. Antennas with many 83. Lime- nearly conical. The inferior lip somewhat narrow­ BIUS. PLATE joints, (about 45) the two basilar ones largest, of a co­ CCXXI. er before than behind; the anterior margin denticula­ nical-filiform shape each, joints nearly conical. Eyes Fi?. 10. ted, and divided by a deep fissure. Feet forty-two in granulated. Inferior lip anteriorly notched, the mar­ number, the hinder pair spinous at their base. The gin much denticulated. Feet thirty. segments of the body somewhat marginated. The an­ To this genus SCOLOPENDRA coleoptrata of Panzer is terior pair of feet minute. Eyes eight in number, four referable. Leach's MSS. translated. on each side placed in a rhomboidal form. See Plate Sp. 1. Forficatus. The whole under lip deeply punc­ Forficatus, CCXXI. Fig. 10. tulated, the dots impressed; feet testaceous-yellow. Obs. All the species of this genus have been consi­ Scolopendra forficata of Linne, Fabricius, and La­ dered as one by all authors, their characters being " Pe» treille; of Leach's MSS,

4 CRUST ACE CLOG Y. 409 (Jrustacea. Inhabits Europe; is not very uncommon in many this country, but their natural history is so imperfectly Crmtar parts of England and Ireland, but has not yet occurred understood, that we cannot at this time venture a de- s—"-V— in Scotland or Wales. s scription, lest we fall into error; much remains to be Variega- Sp. 2. Variegatus. The whole under lip slightly done, but should any species be accurately defined, we tUii punctulated with impressed dots; feet pale-testaceous- shall insert it under its proper head, together with all yellow, spotted with blackish-brown, or fuscous. new discoveries in this and other classes, in the article LITIIOBIUS variegutus. Leach's MSS. ZOOLOGY. Discovered in Devonshire by Mr Leach, who was rather doubtful whether it is more than a variety of Directions for preserving Crustacea for Cabinets, LITHOBIVS forficatus, but is now confident of its being distinct. Those species which inhabit the sea, should be suf­ I.gcvila- Sp. 3. Lavilabrum. Under lip very smooth, with fered to remain for some hours in cold fresh water to lirum. lightly impressed obscure dots on the anterior part; extract the salt, which would soon destroy them by feet testaceous yellow. attracting moisture; they are then to be placed in a LITIIOBIUS Imvilabrum, Leach's MSS. crawling posture, and the parts of the mouth are to be Common in Scotland in rocky places, living under displayed by means of pins, until dry: they will then stones, in fissures of rocks, and under moss. remain in that position. The more minute species S4. GEO- GENUS LXXXIV. GEOPHILUS. Antennae filiform, must be dried, and afterwards stuck on paper with PIIJLU3. composed of fourteen nearly equal joints. gum water, in different positions. Those of the last Electricus. Sp.l. Electricus. Body linear and yellowish; feet order, Miriapoda, axe to be killed by immersion in spi­ about 140, (144 Latreille.) rits, and afterwards stuck with a pin on the right side. SCOLOPENDRA electrica, Linne, Fabricius, Latreille; CRUSTACEA are kept in a cabinet lined with cork, to GEOPHILUS electricus, Leach's MSS. which they are affixed by pins; or in boxes loose: the Inhabits Europe. former method is best, as they can then be moved from This curious animal is found on decayed trees: it one place to another without trouble or risk. For a emits a dim phosphoric light as it moves along,-often more particular account, we must refer to the article leaving behind it a shining track. ENTOMOLOGY, where cabinets, modes of preparation, &c, Observation. Besides the species of this family which will be found accurately detailed at full length. have been here described, are many more inhabiting

CLASS II. ARACHNIDES. Arachni- Jf aoM «£«£»), a spider, and siJa?, resemblance; a class therefore be unnecessary to take up the time of the Araci; .J/3' °f animals proposed as a distinct class by the celebrated reader, by saying any more on the subject at present ; de-;. Lamarck, Professor of Zoology in Paris, and establish­ we shall therefore proceed to give the characters of the ed as such by Latreille and other eminent naturalists. class ARACHNIDES, with those of its Tribes, Families, As we mentioned in our introduction to this article, and Genera, after which the individual Species, with the animals composing this class were placed among their structure and economy. Insects (INSECTA) by Linne, Fabricius, De Geer, and others; and in this light they were viewed by Latreille Anatomical Character. in his work on the genera of insects and Crustacea; and he seems to have admitted them as a distinct class in No vertebra?"; heart single; tracheae t for respiration; his last work, rather through the persuasion of others feet for moving the body. than from his own judgment.* External Character. In considering the classes CRUSTACEA and ARACH­ NIDES, we have, at the suggestion of Mr Leach, adopt­ Feet jointed, eight (rarely six) in number. Stigma­ ed an arrangement proposed by him, which contains ta, or external openings of the tracheae, visible. Bodj some essential alterations, which, however, seem suffi­ without wings. No metamorphosis, or scarcely any. ciently warranted, as they tend to the ease of the stu­ No antenna;. dent, and so far may prove much to the advancement of the science. By his arrangements, (which we have fully stated in our general remarks in the introduction ORDER I. PODOSOMA. to this article,) all those animals formerly considered as insects, without wings and antennas, are placed in the BODY composed of segments, each segment being a class ARACHNIDES; consequently, the orders, 1. Tetra- continuation of the feet (at least apparently so.) HEAD cera, 2. Myriapcda, 3. Thysanoum, and 4. Parasita distinct. THORAX not distinct from the body. FEET of Latreille, are rejected from this class : The two first eight in number, each segment bearing one on each are placed with the CRUSTACEA, and are considered as side. one order, to which the name Myriapoda is applied ; the two latter he arranges with Insects, and places TRIBE I. GNATHONIA. them in an order called by Linne Aptera. Of this we shall have occasion to speak more fully when consider­ Eyes four in number, placed on a tubercle on the ante­ ing the class INSECTA, under the article ENTOMOLOGY, rior'part of the body. Ovifera one on each side. Man- and again comparatively in the article ZOOLOGY; it will dibulcs.

* See the Introduction to his ConbiJerutionx ginerahs SUT t'Ortlre naturcl des Crustacea, del Arachnides, et des Instetes, f Visible from the external openings. VOL. VII. PART II. S P 410 CRUSTAC.EOLOGY. I. EYES distinct. BODY very sofi and thick; the Arachni. FAMILY I. NYMPHONIDES. dorsal SKIN not coriaceous. des. Palpi two in number. * Palpi obscure, not projecting. GENUS I. NYMPHON. Mandibules armed with a for­ GENUS X. SARCOPTES. ceps. ** Palpi more or less distinct. GENUS XI. BDELLA. Palpi slender, filiform, long, FAMILY II. PHOXICHILIDES. and elbowed, the extremity armed with hairs. No palpi. Eyes four. GENUS II. PHOXICHILUS. Mandibules terminated by Posterior feet very long. a simple bent nail. GENUS XII. SMARIS. Palpi slender, straight, and filiform, a little longer than the rostrum, without any TRIBE II. AGNATHONIA. setae at the extremity. Eyes two. Eyes two in number. Ovifera none? Mandibules Anterior feet very long. none. GENUS XIII. CHEYLETUS. Palpi very thick, resem­ bling arms. FAMILY III. PYCNOGONUMIDES. II. EYES indistinct: BODY with a covering, 'partly NO mandibules. No ovifera ? membranaceous, partly coriaceous. GENUS III. PYCNOGONUM. Mouth furnished with a * Palpi and rostrum obscure. simple tube. GENUS XIV. UROPODA. Feet very short; anus with a filament, by which it attaches itself to insects. ** Palpi and rostrum distinct. ORDER II. ELEUTEROSOMA. GENUS XV. ARGAS. Palpi short, conic, and free, not covering the rostrum. HEAD connected with the thorax, which is generally GENUS XVI. IXODES. Palpi short and depressed^ distinct from the abdomen. THORAX feet bearing. embracing the rostrum, and sheathing it. FEET six or eight in number.

FAMILY VII. ACARIDES. TRIBE I. HEXAPODA.* Feet not formed for swimming; with mandibules. Feet six in number.. I. PALPI very short, and not projecting. GENUS XVII_ ACARUS. Body very soft. Mouth FAMILY IV. ASTOMIDES. naked. Feet six in number. GENUS XVIII. ORIBITA. Body covered wirh one A. Palpi and rostrum very conspicuous. coriaceous plate. The rostrum covering the parts of GENUS IV. CARIS. Body consisting of one coria­ the mouth. ceous piece, which is much depressed, and nearly or­ II. PALPI projecting. bicular. * No hook or moveable appendage at the extremity of GENUS V. LEPTUS. Body soft and eval. the palpi. J?. Palpi and rostrum obscure. GENUS XIX. GAMASUS. GENUS VI. ASTOMA. Feet very short. ** An hook or moveable appendage at the apex of the palpi. TRIBE II. OCTOPODA. GENUS XX. ERYTHR^US. Body not divided. Eyes sessile. Feet eight in number. GENUS XXI. . Body divided into two A. Abdomen sessile, without any appearance of rings; parts; the anterior division bearing the eyes, the mouth, Mouth generally produced into a rostrum or haustel- and two first pairs of feet. lum. Eyes pedunculated. B. ABDOMEN fixed or sessile, sometimes ringed. FAMILY V. HYDRACHNIDES. MOUTH not prolonged into an haustellum or rostrum; Feet formed for swimming. GENUS. VII. LIMNOCHARES. Rostrum scarcely pro­ FAMILY VIII. PHALANGIDES. jecting. Palpi without appendages. Mandibules armed at their points with forceps; abdo­ Body depressed. men generally sessile; anus without tubercles of nipples. Mandibules none. I. EYES not placed on a peduncle or tubercle. GENUS VIII. HYDRACHNA. Mandibules none. GENUS XXII. SIRO. Mouth naked : Mandibules ve- Rostrum conic, projecting, the points sharp. ry long. Palpi projecting, the apex with a moveable appen­ GENUS XXIII. TROGULUS. Mouth situated in a ca­ dage. vity, under the anterior part ef the thorax; mandibules GENUS IX. ELAIS. Mandibules depressed, the points short. armed with a nail. II. Eyes placed on a common tubercle. GENUS XXIV. PHALANGIUM. Eyes two. Palpi ter­ FAMILY VI. RICINIDES. minated by a hook. Body orbicular. Feet not formed for swimming; no mandibules; GENUS XXV. GALEODES. Eyes four; palpi with no rostrum shaped like a bird's beak, or hunter's horn. hook; body elongated.

* In the Appendix we have added two other genera to this tribe, vis, Nveteridia. which katreiHe ptaMS with the Insccta^ and ?- new genus, named by Dr Leach Ocypete. CRUSTACEOLOGY. 411 ArachnU * Maxillce straightened towards their extremities, not Arachm- des. FAMILY IX. ABANEIDES. dilated.

* All the animals of this order are marine, and for the most part inhabit deep water or rocky shores : they frequently occur also iii pools left by the receding tide. The females of the first tribe are furnished with long jointed ovifera, which Latreille has impro­ perly named spurious feet, the use of which are to carry about their eggs. The same parts are said to be found in the second tribe in Pi/cnogonum BalcenoMiin; but we have never been fortunate enough to detect them in any specimens we have hitherto examined. See Linn., Trans, vol. ix. p. 101. where this is noticed by our celebrated zooiogist Montagu. CRUSTACEOLOCY. '413 ^racKai® the Scottish eoast> in a living state/were of a blood-ied Sp. I. llulo*eiLeu. Body ovale, rough and soft, with det. colour, and are possibly distinct. two black eyes. des. Acarus aquaticus. Linn6. FAMILY III. PYCNOGONIDES. Trombidium aqiialicum. Fabricius. Holoae- 3. PYCJJO. GENUS III. PYCNOGONUM. Brunnich, _Muller. ' Limnochares holosericea. Latreille. SONUM. Oik. Fabr. Joan Fabr. Oliv. Lam. Latr. PHALAN- Inhabits the waters of Europe; is very common in GIUM. Pennant; Gmelin. mandibules none. our ponds during the svimmer months. It varies ia BaL-cna- Sp. 1. Balmnarum. Body rufous or dusky. colour, but is most frequently found bright red and ruin. Pycnogonum baleenarum. Fabr. Latr. greyish red, with all the intermediate varieties of shade. Phalangium balainarum. Pennant,- Gmelin. Fabricius says it deposits eggs of a red colour, or nepa?, Inhabits the rocky shores of the European Ocean, (water scorpions.) * getting under stones, or running on the rocks at low GENUS VIII. HYDRACHNA. Mull Oliv. Lair. ACA­ 8. Hr. water. It is sometimes also taken by the dredge, in RUS. Linn. Geoff. De Geer. TROMBIDIUM. Fabr. DRACHMA. deep water, on many parts of our coasts, but is not com­ Palpi somewhat cylindrical, porrected, consisting of mon. Mr Sowerby has observed them amongst the four jeints, the last sharp, and armed with a moveable PLATE oysters in the London shops occasionally. See Plate appendage. CCXXT. CCXXI. Fig. 11. Mouth produced into a porrect, conic rostrum. Fig. 11. Maxillee two, lengthened, setaceous, and sharp, capa­ ble of being concealed by the lip. ORDER II. ELEUTEROSOMA. Body globular. Feet placed at an equal distance from one another, Eleuteroso- FAMILY IV. ASTOMIDES. ma. fimbriated with hair. A. Palpi and Rostrum very conspicuous. Sp. 1. Geographica. Body black, with points and Geograph 4. CARI6. GENUS IV. CARIS. Latreille. ACARUS. Geoff". spots of red. ca- Nostrum conic and porrected from the maxillse. Hydrachna geographica. Mull. Latr. Palpi somewhat conic, four-jointed, porrected, and Trombidium geographicum. Fabr." as long as the rostrum. Inhabits slowly flowing waters and ponds. Ths Body coriaceous, somewhat orbicular and depressed. largest species hitherto discovered. Vespertili- Sp. 1. Vespertilionis. Body brown. ouis. Sp. 2. Cruenta. Body blood red; feet equal Cruenta. Caris Vespertilionis. Latreille. ^Hydrachna cruenta of Miiller and Latreille. Inhabits bats. Trombidium globator. Fabricius. $. LEPTUS. GENUS V. LEPTUS. Latr. PEDICULUS. Scopoli. Inhabits the European waters. ACARUS. Shan, Fabricius. TROMBIDIUM. Hermann. B. With Mandibulce. Mouth furnished with a porrected rostrum. GENUS IX. ELYAIS. Latr. Lam. HYDRACHNA. 9. ELYA Palpi short and somewhat conic. Mull. Oliv. TROMBIDIUM. Fabr. Body soft and generally oval. Mandibules depressed, armed with a nail at their Phalangii. Sp. 1. Phalangii. Body oval, bright red, with an points, and received within the lip. elevation in front, and two black eyes; rostrum some­ Palpi oblong-conic, bent, sharp, and consisting of what conic; base of the palpi much thickened; feet three or four joints. nearly equal in length. Eyes four. Pediculus coccineus. Scopoli. Sp. 1. Extendens. Body round, shining, smooth^ Extend Acarus Phalangii. Fabricius. and red without spots; posterior feet very smooth. Leptus Phalangii. Latreille. Hydrachna extendens. Miill. Inhabits several insects, especially Phalangium Opi- Trombidium extendens. Fabricius. lio. Elyais Extendens. Lamarck, Latreille. Obs. To this genus, according to Latreille, all the Inhabits stagnant waters throughout Europe. trnmbidia hexapoda (six-legged trombidia) of Hermann, Obs. Latreille, in his Genera Crustaceorum et Insce- and the acarus autumnalis of Shaw's Naturalist's Mis­ torum, says, he suspects the following HYDRACHNA of cellany, are referable. Miiller, viz. undulata, fuscala, maculala, umbrata, to B. No rostrum ; the parts of the mouth very obscure. belong to the genus ELYAIS. This future observers C. ASTO­ GENUS VI. ASTOMA. Latreille. must decide. Mouth nearly obsolete. Body soft and oval. FAMILY VI. RICINIDES. Feel very short. I. Eyes distinct. Body very soft and thickish, the Parasiti- Sp. 1. Parasilicum. Body bright red, somewhat dorsal skin not coreaccous. cum. contracted in the middle. A. Palpi obscure. Astoma parasiiicum. Latreille. GENUS X. SARCOPTES. Latr. ACARUS of authors. Inhabits mosses and insects. 10. Sin- Sp. 1. Passerinus. Third feet very thick. COPTES. Acarus passerinus. Linn. Fabr. Herm. Pa,-seriut;< II. Eight Feet. Pulex Sturni. Redi {Opuscul, torn. 1. tab. 2. Jig. 4.) Sarcoptes passerinus. Latr. FAMILY V. HYDRACHNIBES^ Inhabits birds. A. No mandibular. Sp. 2. Scabiei. Body somewhat round; feet short, Scabiei '7. 1.IMNO- GENUS VII. LIMNOCIIARES, Latreille. ACARUS, reddish ; the four posterior ones bearing a very long CHARES. Linn. Geoff'. Do Geer. TROMBIDIUM. Fabr. seta; the anterior four terminated by a club. Palpi bent inward, without appendices. Acarus scabiei. Fabricius. Jtoslrum scarcely prominent. Sarcoptes scabiei. Latreille. Body depressed, and tomentose. Inhabits ulcers in the itch. A good figure is givea Feel short, the four posterior ones distant. by Latreille, in his work entitled Hist, natural des Cms- 414 CRUSTACEOLOGY. taces et des Insectes, torn. 7. pi. 66. fig. 8. under the shield-formed, the middle gradually convex; the un- Araclmi- name sarcopte de la gale. der part smooth. The anus fixed to coleopterous in- des- Obs. To this genus the following species seem to be­ sects by a long filiform peduncle. "~-v—•* long, Acarus exulcerans, Linne; Acarus destructor of Sp. 1. Vegetans. Body brown, very smooth and Vegetans, Schrank, (Enmneralio Insectorum Austria, No. 1057.) shining. and Acarus torosus of Hermann. Acarus vegitans, De Geer, Shaw. B. Palpi apparent. Acarus coleoptratorum, jun. Donovan. II. BDED GENUS XI. BDELLA. Latr. Lam. ACARUS. Linn. Uropoda vegitans, Latreille. J. a. Fahr. SCIRUS. Her. Inhabits sphaeridea, histeres, scarabaei, and apho- Palpi elongate and generally geniculated, the last dii. joint with two distinct long setae or hairs. This curious animal is found on most of the dung- Month with an elongate, depressed, conic rostrum; feeding coleopterous insects. Donovan has figured this defended by three valves, or nearly equal lanceolate species for the young of Gamasus coleoptraltrum. setae. B. Rostrum and palpi distinct. Body ovate, transversely divided into two parts. GENUS XV. ARGAS, Latr. RHYNCHOPRION, Herman, is. ARGAI Eyes four. ACARUS, Fair. Feet posterior, longer than the rest. Palpi conic, short, incurved, consisting of four joints. Rubra. Sp. 1. Rubra. Antennae geniculated, the second and Body oval, membranaceous, the skin not more corea- third joints very short; the first and last elongate; ros­ ceous before than behind. trum longer than the thorax, subulated; body blood Feet arising from nearly the middle of the vertex, red; feet pale. with two nails at their extremities, inserted and elon­ Bdella rubra, Lamarck. gated, the joints rounded at their base. longicornis, Linn. ? Sp. 1. Reflexus. Pale yellowish, or flesh-coloured Eeflexus. Inhabits Europe, under stones. inclined to violet; body marginated, the squamulse Observe. Scirus longirostris of Hermann, appears very short, the sanguiferous vessels branched. to be not very distinct from the above species; p. 62. Acarus marginatus, Fabr. Coquebert. tab. 6. fig. 12. He mentions twe other species, viz. Argas reflexus, Latr. Latirostris, and Setirosiris; the Jirst is distinguished Inhabits houses, sucking the blood of pigeons. by its rostrum being shorter than the thorax; the an­ Observe. Latreille thinks it highly probable that tennae three-jointed, the last joint shortest: the second, Acarus niger of De Geer, (torn. 7- pi. 37. fig. 9.), and by its subulate rostrum, antennae with two joints, the Rhyncoprion americanum of Hermann, (p. 71.) form an apex with one seta. They both inhabit mosses, and intermediate genus between Argas and the following are of a red colour. genus Ixodes. Should this be found correct, it might be named Rhychoprion, which would prevent any use­ 12. SMA- GENUS XII. SMABIS. Latr. ACARUS SchranL TROM- SIS. BIDIUM, Hermann. less confusion arising from synonyms. Mouth with an elongate, somewhat cylindrical por­ GENUS XVI. IXODES, Latr. ACARUS, Lin. Fab. Oliv. 16. IXODES. rected rostrum, with the apex gradually becoming CYNORHESTES, Herm. narrower. Palpi terminal, porrect, very short, coriaceous, plain, Palpi nearly parallel, straight, subcylindrical, and depressed, longer than broad, nearly of an equal breadth, porrected, consisting of four joints, the last with no the apex rounded or obtuse, inserted at the base of the elongate setae; they are a little longer than the ros­ haustellum on a common peduncle, sheathing the haus­ trum. tellum and rostrum. Body oval and scaly. Rostrum oblong-quadrate, depressed, obtuse, three- Eyes two. jointed ; the basilar joint very small; the others nearly Feet, anterior ones longer; the four hinder distant. equal; the internal edge hollow. Sambuci. Sp. 1. Sambuci. Body red. Haustellum horny, with three lamellae. Acarus sambuci. Schrank. Body ovate-orbicular, membranaceous before, and Trombidium sambuci, Hermann. notched for the insertion of the restrain; the anterior Smarts sambuci, Latr. part of the back coriaceous, somewhat resembling a Inhabits trees, especially the elder. thorax. 13. CHEY­ GENUS XIII. CHEYLETUS. Lair. ACARUS, Schrank. Feet inserted at the lateral margins, the joints thick; LETUS. Palpi very thick, resembling arms. the last, with two nails, inserted on a vesicle; the ve­ Eruditus. Sp. 1. Eruditus. Body brownish. sicle pedunculated. Acarus eruditus, Schrank. Sp. 1. Ricinus. The rostrum, thoracic mark on the Ricinus. Cheyletus eruditus, Latr. dorsum, and feet blackish red; the abdomen light red, Inhabits books and musaea. with a few scattered villi, the sides marginatis; the II. EYES indistinct. BODY with a covering, partly palpi free, or scarcely sheathing the haustellum. membranaceous, partly coriaceous. The haustellum Acarus ricinus, Linn. Fabr. with three horny laminae toothed on the side; (these Ixodes ricinus, Latr. animals suck the blood of mammalia, birds, and rep­ Inhabits the woods and groves of Europe, attaching tiles.) itself to oxen and dogs, and adhering firmly by their A. Rostrum and palpi obscure. rostrum and feet. Is very common in Britain; is known 14. UROPO­ GENUS XIV. UROPODA, Latr. ACARUS, De Geer, by the names , or dog-tick, or tique. DA. Donovan, Schaio. Sp. 2. Sanguineus. Blood red, and punctated or Sang Hi- Feel very short (when at rest pressed and contracted dotted, with three impressed lines behind; the dorsum neus- against the under part of the body), the fourth long­ without any distinct mark on the anterior part. est, then the third; the first very short, received into Inhabits France, and is here given on the authority a cavity on the anterior part of the body beneath. of that celebrated entomologist Latreille, who says it Body oval, inclining to orbicular; back horny and is ratker smaller than the preceding species. CRUSTACEOLOGY. 415 Sp. 3. Reliculatus. Bright blood red beneath, above Acarus coleoptratus. Linn, whitish, variegated, with brownish blood colour; the Oribita alata. Latr. dorsal marks obscurely marginated; the sides of the Notaspis alata. Herm. abdomen marginated, punctated, and striated; palpi Inhabits mosses. somewhat oval. Sp. 5. Humeralis. Abdomen blackish-brown-red, Humeralis. Acarus reticulatus, Fabr. and very smooth; the sides produced into a straight Acarus reduvius, Schrank. angular membranaceous process. Ixodes reliculatus, Latr. Notaspis Humeralis. Herm. Inhabits various plants; is very common in Genist«; Oribita Humeralis. Latr. it fixes itself to oxen. When its abdomen is distended, *** Abdomen somewhat quadrate, neither angulated it is nearly five lines in length, and is then of an ash nor winged. or pale yellow colour. Sp. o. Tegeocrana. Abdomen oblong; the anterior Tegeocra- margin with four white setae; the head covered by a na. triangular scutum; the lateral squamula pellucid. FAMILY VII. ACARSDES. Notaspis tegeocrana. Herm. I. Palpi very short, not exserted. Oribita tegeocrana. Latr. 17. ACA­ GENUS XVII. ACARUS, Linn. Geoff". Be Geer. Fair. Inhabits mosses. RUS. Oliv. Hermann. Sp. 7. Horrida. Body rough; abdomen with two Horrida, Body soft; parts of the mouth naked. teeth behind, and four hooked processes. Tarsi with a pedunculated vesical at the apex. Notaspis horrida. Hermann. Siro. Sp. 1. Siro. Whitish, with two brown spots; body Oribita horrida. Latreille. oval, contracted in the middle, with very long hairs; Inhabits mosses. In this country it appears to be feet equal in length. very rare, having been found but once in a wood in Nor­ Acarus siro, Linn. Fabr. folk, near Cossey, by Mr Leach. Ciron du frontage, Geoff. I. Palpi exerted and prominent. Acarus domesticus, Latr. A. No moveable appendage at the extremity of the Inhabits cheese and flour too long kept. Is called palpi. cheese-mite, and much esteemed by most people, who GENUS XIX. GAMASUS, Latr. ACARUS, Linn. Fabr. i& GAHA- say it heightens and improves the flavour of cheese. Oliv. Herm. TROMBIDIUM, Herm. s«s. Latreille supposes Acarus dimidialus of Hermann may Pulvilli vesicular at the apex of the tarsi. be this species. * Body depressed ; the whole, or part of the skin Farinas, Sp. 2. Farina;. Oblong and white; head reddish; of the back, coriaceous. feet conical, thicker, and of an equal length. Sp. 1. Coleoptratorum. The anterior part of the coleoptm- Acarus farina, Schrank, Latreille. back, and a triangular spot behind, coriaceous and fus- torum. Acarus favorum, Hermann ? cous; the anterior and posterior pair of feet rather Observe. Are Acarus lactus and Dysenteries, of longer than the rest. Linne and Fabricius, distinct from Acarus farina of Acarus coleoptratormn. Linn. Fabr. Donovan. Herm, Latreille? They are probably merely the young of Gamasus coleoptratorum. Latr. that species. Inhabits the dung of oxen and horses, attaching it­ 18. ORIBI. GENUS XVIII. OUIBITA, Lair. ACARUS, Linn. Fair. self to such coleopterous insects as come there to feed TA, Oliv. Geqf. NOTASPIS, Her. or deposit their eggs. We have frequently seen GEO- Body with a coriaceous covering, (back generally TRUPES slercorarius, (the common clock, or dor ,) shielded,) rostrated before; the rostrum including the and NECROPHORUS vespilo and humator, (grave-digging parts of the mouth. ,) nearly covered by hundreds of these animals. Tarsi, generally with three nails at their extremi­ Sp. 2. Marginatus. Oval, brown, and hairy; cori- Mar°ina* ties. aceous above and below; the sides of the abdomen be- tus, * Abdomen somewhat globose, neither angulated in ing alone membranaceous and white; the anterior feet front, nor furnished with icing-like processes. nearly twice as long as the rest. Gen' Sp. 1. Geniadata. Brownish red, shining and hairy; Acarus marginatus. Hermann. lata. * feet pale-brown; thighs rather clubbed. Gamosus marginatus. Latreille. Acarus geniculatus. Linn. Inhabits dung and putrescent plants, where it fre­ Oribita geniculata. Latreille. quently occurs. Latreille supposes acarus cellaris of Inhabits trees and stones in various parts of Europe. Dr Hermann is the same insect; it differs, however, in Theleproc- Sp. 2. Theleproctus* Black; back clypeated; the having very unequal feet, and an immarginate body; tus. shield divided and striated by concentric circles. if his figure therefore be correct, it is a distinct species. Notaspis theleproctus. Hermann. Sp. 3. Crassipes, Second pair of feet very thick and Crashes. Oribita theleproctus. Latreille. toothed. Inhabits France and Scotland. Its form is that of a Acarus crassipes. Hermann. shield, its motion very slow. Gammasus crassipes. Leach's MSS. Cassidea. Sp. 3. Cassidea. Brownish-red; scutum depressed Obs. To this family, acarus testudinariuso? Hermann, and transparent; anterior feet antennse-like. (tab. 9. fig. 1.) and acarus longipes, (tab. 1. fig. 8.) of Notaspis cassidea. Herm. the same author appear to belong; but as we have Oribita cassidea. Latr. never seen the animals, we cannot be too cautious in Inhabits mosses. Is found in France and Britain; giving our opinion. in the latter country it is very common. ** Body with a soft skin, back not coriaceous. ** Abdomen somewhat globose; the anterior margin Obs. We are unacquainted with all the members com­ produced into an angle, or wing-like process. posing this family ; and shall therefore give Latreille's Sp. 4. Alata. Abdomen very smooth; obscurely ideas on the species which he supposes to belong to it. Alata. brownish red; thesides with wing-like processes. " Some few of the TBOMBIDIA and of Hermann. 416 C'RUSTACEOL'OGY. Arachni- and Fabricius may be referred to this family. I have des- not examined the species with sufficient attention, the FAMILY VIII. PHALAKOIDES. *""~""^i following list I therefore give with doubt, viz. Trom­ I. EYES not placed on a common peduncle, but it bidium. 1. Trimaculatum. 2. Miniatum. 3. Parieti- some distance from each other.

mm, [Acarus baccanim, Linn. ?) 4. Congenericitm. GENUS XXII. SIRO, Latreille. tt. siM, 5. Lapidum. 6. Telarium. 7. Socials of Hermann. Mouth naked, with two mandibules, which are dou­ Trombidium trimaculatum is figured by Rossi. Acarus ble-jointed, cylindrical, and compressed, with their Hirundinis, and Vespertilionis seem to form a distinct points armed with forceps placecl between two long genus." narrow maxilla?, which are marginated on their inner B. A moveable • appendage at the extremity of the edge. palpi. Palpi two, composed of five elongate joints, the se­ 20. EllYTH- GENUS XX. ERYTHR.EUS, Lair, ACARUS, De Geer. cond the longest. RjCUi. TROMBIDIUM, Herm. Body oval. Eyes two, sessile. Eyes two in number, situated on the sides of the Palpi elongate and conic; the tinder part of the last thorax, on an erect tubercle, at a distance from one an­ joint armed with a chelate moveable appendage. other. Body entire; the division between the two anterior Abdomen annulated above and below. pair, and posterior pair, not very remarkable. Feet elongate and filiform; the tibiae and tarsi con­ Phaluigi- Sp. 1. Phalangioides. Feet very long, the last joint sisting of two joints; the last larger and clavate, being ouk'?B broad and compressed; the hinder, and then the ante­ armed with a bent nail. rior, longest; body obscurely red, with a yellowish Sp.l. Rubens. Pale red; feet lighter coloured. Rubens. orange band. Siro rubens, Latreille. Trombidium phalangioides. Hermann. Inhabits France, harbouring under moss at the roots Erythrwus phalangioides. Latreille. of trees. Length about a line. ,-'."' Inhabits the ground, running with rapidity; is found GENUS XXIII. T UOGULUS, Zafr. PHALANGIUM, Linn. 23. TBOO» throughout the greater part of Europe; found by Mr Fabr. . , 'io;;nc Sp. 3. Fubgivosum. Body elongate-quadrate, of an Inhabits France and Germany, lurking under stones. sum. immaculate obscure red colour, and tomentose; the It has not hitherto occurred in this country. down short, with bearded hairs. II. Eyes placed on a common peduncle, very close to­ 'Trombidiumjuligiiiosnm, Hermann, Latreille. ed her. CRUSTACEOLOGY. 417 GENUS XXIV. PHALANOIUM, Linn. Fair. Latr. of the mandibles transversely and longitudinally fixed Arachr.s Herm. Don. ; OPILIO, Herhst. to the preceding; and palpi as long as the body. These ^es' Mouth consists of a labriform rostellum; two mandi­ sexual distinctions (which most probably apply to the '"""" bular and palpi; six parts which appear to be maxillae; whole genus) were observed by that celebrated obser­ a labium and sexual vagina. ver of nature Geoffroy. Rostellum labriform, horny, short, conic, and insert­ Observation I. Latreiile says, that he has observed a ed under the mandibules, above the maxillae, in the species much allied to Phalangium opilio, differing, how­ middle of the origin of the palpi; the apex acuminated. ever, by having the anterior feet nearly cylindrical, and Mandibular porrect, horny, somewhat cylindrical, not distinctly angulated, and the third and fourth compressed, elongate, double-jointed, inflexed_ at the joints of the palpi, especially the former, produced at second joint, inserted under the middle of the interior the apex internally into a horn or branch, as in Pha­ margin, being longitudinally contiguous; the apex langium ttneato of Hermann, (Mem. Apter. page IOC, armed with a forceps; the chelae conic and equal; the plate 8, fig. 5,); the second joint of the same colour thumb or external chela moveable. with the rest; the upper part of the body somewhat Palpi inserted at the base of the first maxillae, under nut-coloured, with paler spots; the back not black in the origin of the mandibular; they are composed of five the middle; the thighs less spiny. It appears to be joints, which are nearly filiform, the third being ex­ nearly allied to Hermann's species above alluded to ; cepted, which is cylindrical; the first very short, the the individual mentioned by Latreiile was a female. second and last longer, the third shorter and nearly Observation 2. Opilio longipes, Herbst. (Naturg. opil. conic. tab. 2. fig. 2.) is distinguished from Phalangium opilio Maxillae (organs resembling them in form) placed in a by its pale nut-colour without the black dorsal mark; double order, closing the aperture of the mouth by meet­ by the shorter spines of the eye-bearing tubercle; the ing transversely; they are very short and membrana­ eyes more approximated, reddish, with a black spot in­ ceous ; the four upper ones vesicular and intumescent, terposed ; the space before them abruptly elevated; the with the base somewhat cylindrical and thickened; second joint of the palpi of the same colour with the the apex rounded and hairy; a small, erect, conic, rest; the anterior tibiae cylindrical and somewhat spi­ needle-like process at the base of the upper pair; the nous. This is supposed to be a mere variety of Pha­ lowest pair narrow, elongate, lanceolate, and slightly langium opilio by Hermann. connected together, arising from the origin of the se­ Observation 3. Phalangium cornigerum of Hermann, cond pair of feet, and resting on the apex of the sexual is readily distinguished from the male of Phalangium vagina. opilio, by its spiny palpi, the internal apex of the third Labium concealed by the maxillae; on dissection it is and fourth joints prominent; the second joint of the quadrate and membranaceous, the apex being rounded, mandibules before the apex near the chelae elevated in­ with the middle notched. to a horn above. Latreiile thinks this may be the male Vagina sexual, including the sexual organ of the of Phalangium uncatum. male and oviduct of the female, is placed under the Sp. 2. Rotundum. The eye-bearing tubercle smooth Rotun- maxillae, causing a prominence on the middle of the and black ; body orbicular-oval, above testaceous, the dum. pectus, resembling a sternum. dorsum testaceous, that of the female with a black spot Body somewhat orbicular or oval, covered by a soft of a quadrate form, spotted with pale colour; base of semicoriaceous skin, the breadth rather exceeding the mandibules with two teeth on the upper part; feet height. very slender and black, the extremities of the joints of Thorax semicircular, with a tubercle on the middle the thighs and tibiae generally whitish. towards the hinder margin, on which the eyes are pla­ Phalangium rotundxim, Hermann, Latreiile. ced, one on each side. Inhabits France, is common in a wood called St Ger­ Abdomen folded or wrinkled beneath. main, and at Petit-Gentiliy. It has once occurred in Feet eight, very long and narrow; the second pair Scotland, in Eaveiston woood , 1C*Hr jCnF.dinhiirt o it IS longest, then the fourth, next the third and first. The probably rare in Britain. conae composed of three, the tibia? of two joints ; the ** Second pair of feet three, four, or more times as tarsi of several, the basilar or first one longest; nail long as the body; tarsi with the fourth, fifth, and small, horny, and bent, placed at the extreme apex. following joints a little elongated, twice as broad * The second pair of feet about six times longer than as long. the body ; all the tarsi hair-like ; the inferior joints Sp. S. Histrix. The eye-bearing tubercle a little Histrix, elongate, four times as broad as long. elevated, obscurely crowned with granulations; body Opilio. Sp. 1. Opilio. The eye-bearing tubercle with a quadrate-oval, the back cinereous or yellowish-grey ; double crown of little spines; body oval; thighs dis­ the coxae and sides of the thorax spiny; the middle of tinctly bearing spines disposed in many longitudinal the anterior margin itself, with three porrect close-set series; back cinereous or testaceous,, the middle of the spines; feet pale yellowish, with obscure spots; the abdomen blackish; the spines of the eye-bearing tu­ tibiae angular; tarsi with thirty joints or more. bercle very conspicuous; eyes rather distant; the space Phalangium histrix of Hermann and Latreiile. of the thorax passing them not abruptly elevated; an­ Inhabits France and Britain; it is a common species, terior tibiae angulated (of the female with a groove); frequently occurring under stones, on walls, &c. The second joint of the palpi generally with a blackish or female has a quadrate black spot on its back. Phalan­ obscure spot. gium cristatum of Olivier (Encyclop. Methodique), and Male, Phalangium cornutum, Lin. Fab. Hermann. Opilio hispidus of Herbst. (tab. 3. fig. 1, 2.), belong to Female, Phalangium opilio, Linn. Fab. Hermann. this division. Inhabits Europe, is frequent on walls or amongst Sp. 4. Qiiadridentatum. The eye-bearing tubercle Quadrid; grass. The male has the second joint before the apex and base of the palpi and feet spiny; body oval, de- tatum. VOL. VII. PART II. 3G 418 CRUSTACEOLOGY. Afachm- pressed, obscurely cinereous; the anterior middle of palpi and feet bearing elongated hairs resembling spines, Arach&i. de3, the anterior margin of the thorax with a strong eleva- taking their origin from a glandular elevation. La- des> "•" ~ ted spine; the abdomen with a quadruple row or se­ treille says this genus is called Phax by Hermann. ""—"v ' ries of tubercles; the apex armed with four teeth; the Sp. 1. Aruneoides. Body pale yellow, mixed with Araneoi- tarsi of the second pair of feet with about seventeen ash-grey. ^es> joints. Phalangium araneoides, Pallas. Phalangium quadrideittatum, Cuvier, Fabricius, La- Solpuga araneoides, Fabr. treille. Sotpuga arachnoides, Herbst. Inhabits the south of France; is found under stones, Galeodes arancioides, Latreille. and, according to Latreille, is rare in the environs of Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; a variety, or more Paris. probably a distinct species, nearly allied to this, occurs Bimacula. Sp. 5. Bimaculalum. Body bluish-black, with two in Russia. turn. white spots; the tarsi somewhat clubbed at their ex­ tremities. FAMILY IX. ARANEIDES. Phalangium bimaculaium, Fabricius, Donovan, Her­ mann. The animals of this family are familiarly known un­ Inhabits Europe. In this country it very frequent­ der the general denomination of , and, as we ly occurs under stones during the whole year; is more have before mentioned, were included by Linne, Fa­ abundant in Scotland than in England. bricius, and other authors, in one genus, which they 23. GALEO- GENUS XXV. GALEODES, Oliv. Lam. Latr.; PHA- called Aranea. As the species are very numerous, they ""• LANGIUM, Pallas; SOLPUGA, Fab. Herbst. were obliged to divide them' into families, which were Mouth provided with two mandibules and maxillae, distinguished by the situation of their eyes, which in with palpi, and an under lip. this family are generally eight (sometimes only six) in Palpi very large, feet-like and porrect, nearly as long number, and are immoveable; they consist of but one as the hinder feet; filiform composed of five joints, in­ lens, which deprives them of the faculty of multiply­ serted on the apex of the maxillae; the first joint very ing objects, as their immobility does that of seeing short; the three following cylindrical, elongated; the them if placed otherwise than exactly before them; so third and second longer, especially the latter; the last that a number of eyes placed on different aspects, is es­ very short, cylindrico-conical; the apex rounded, with­ sential to enable them to look on every side, to avoid out a nail, and somewhat fleshy. danger and to see their prey. Mandibular horny and oval, externally convex, in­ As these animals are more interesting than any others ternally plain, bearing two chelae, which are very bare in this class, we shall give our readers an account of and porrect; the chelae more horny, very strong, and their economy and habits, as given in the works of Dr tooth-shaped, of the length of the mandibules, com­ Lister, Geoffrey, Reaumur,- Dr Hulse, Lyoneret, Dr pressed; the apex very acute, arcuated, the internal Mead, and others. side strongly toothed. Spiders change their skin annually, and their skins Maxillae resembling coxae, short, thick, and cylindri­ are often found in then- webs, being dry and transpa­ cal, contiguous at their base, at which point they di­ rent, having their mandibules attached to them. When verge ; the internal angle at the apex lengthened into about to cast their covering, they suspend themselves a little conic villose tooth. in some corner, and creep out at a crack which takes Labium small, horny, compressed, and exserted be­ place on their back, gradually withdrawing their legs tween the maxillae at the point at which they diverge; from the skin, as if it were a glove. the apex bearing one tooth; the tooth evident, bent The webs of spiders are too well known to need downwards ; the anterior aspect of the lip bearing two much description : the mode of weaving these nets is small laciniae, with two needle-like, moveable, vilose however very interesting. For this purpose, they are processes at their point. provided with five teats or nipples at the extremity of Body elongate, soft, with the skin folded in rings. their body, the apertures of which they can dilate or Thorax having its anterior segment large, resembling contract at pleasure. Through these holes they emit a a head, covered with a hard scutum of a triangular gluey matter, which is contained in a bag communica­ shape, broad before, truncated behind, on which the ting with the teats. They attach the end of their eyes are placed, the lower part bearing the mouth and threads by applying their nipples to any substance, and anterior pair of feet. the threads are lengthened as the animal recedes from Abdomen oblong-oval, with eight or nine folds. it, and are immediately hardened from exposure to the Eyes four, placed on a transverse tubercle in the an­ air. They can stop the spinning by contracting tha terior part of the thorax; two larger, opposite, conti­ nipples, and can ascend the cord they have spun with guous, and circle, with the pupil elevated and some­ wonderful facility. The mode of spinning peculiar to the what granular, the iris radiated; the other two very different species, will be particularly noticed when small, intermediate, below resembling stemmata. treating of the animals themselves. Some species have Feet elongate and filiform (the anterior pair except­ the power of darting long threads to an immense dis­ ed), double or twins being transversely connected at tance, by means of which they can convey themselves their base ; the tibiae consisting of two elongate joints ; across rivers or chasms, which lias given rise to the the tarsi short, formed of two or three joints, the last vulgar notion of the flight of spiders. Dr Lister re­ with two filiform arched fingers, armed at their points lates, that, attending minutely to a spider at work with horny nails; the four anterior feet nearly equal weaving its net, he observed it suddenly desist; and, and small; the third pair somewhat longer than the se­ turning its nipples to the wind, dart out a thread with cond ; the fourth longest. the violence of a water jet: This thread, taken up by Observation. The upper part of the mandibules at the wind, was carried to some fathoms length, still is­ the base of the chela; bearing cirrhi; body villose; the suing from the body of the animal. Some time after CRUSTACEOLOGY. 419 Arachni- the spider leapt into the air, and the thread mounted equal to the diameter of the hair of a man's beard, and, Aracbs ^ des- her up swiftly. He afterwards made the same obser- consequently, if the threads and hair be both round, des- vn,m/ vation on abovit thirty other species of spiders, and ten thousand such threads are not larger than such a v""""v found the air filled with young and old sailing on their hair. And as young spiders (which are not, when first threads, and probably seizing insects in their passage, hatched, altogether as large as a single papilla; of the as he found legs and wings, and other manifest signs mother which produced them,) spin as soon as they of slaughter, on those threads, as well as in the webs quit the egg, he farther calculates, that as four hun­ below. These observations were corroborated by Dr dred young ones are not larger than one full grown, Hulse, who made the like discovery about the same four millions of their threads are not so thick as a hair time. It is Dr Lister's opinion, that this darting of of a man's beard. Some experiments have been made threads was known to Aristotle and Pliny, (vide Aris­ to manufacture the threads of spiders into silk; these totle, Historia Animaliiim, lib. ix. cap. 89. and Plinius, we shall detail when their natural history is concluded. lib. x. cap. 74.); but believes their sailing was first The use of the webs above described, seems to be observed by himself. On these sailing spiders he farther principally for the purpose of taking their prey, and observes, that they will often dart not a single thread defending them from the attacks of birds, some kinds alone, but a whole sheaf at once, consisting of many constructing strong webs for that purpose. Their food, filaments, all of one length, but divided from each other in every stage of their existence, consists of insects; and distinct; and the longer they become, the more nor do they spsire their own species, preying on one they spread, and appear like the numerous rays of a another with the most savage ferocity. These inherent blazing star. He observed, too, that some species qualities create a disgust which even the expansion of seemed to use their legs as oars, sometimes closing, philosophy will not always suppress. Thomson pro­ and again spreading them out, as occasion might re­ bably felt this sympathy of the mind, in his descrip­ quire. When the air is still, it is highly probable they tion of the spider: can direct their course, and perhaps mount or descend at pleasure. In rowing, he observed they always take " To heedless flies the window proves their flight backwards. These threads mount to an al­ A constant death; where gloomily retired, most incredible height, and may always be observed in The villain spider lives, cunning and fierce, Mixture abhorred! amid a mangled heap a fine clear day in autumn, when there is little or no Of carcases, in eager watch he sits, wind. In a letter to Mr Ray, he farther observes, O'er-Iooking all his waving snares around. " that I one day observing the air full of webs, forth­ Near the dire cell, the dreadless wanderer oft with mounted to the top of the highest steeple on the Passes, as oft the ruffian shews his front; minster (at York), >nd could there discern them ex­ The prey at length ensnared, he dreadful darts ceedingly high above me." Thus have we briefly sta­ With rapid glide along the leaning line ; ted the observations of this celebrated naturalist, to And fixing in the wretch his cruel fangs, Strikes backwards grimly pleased; the nutt'ring wing, which we may add his conclusions: They mount their And shriller sound, declare extreme distress, threads upwards, and mount them in a line almost per­ And ask the helping hospitable hand." pendicularly. This is not all; they also project them in a line parallel with the horizon, as may be seen by The weapons with which they seize their prey, is a their threads running from one wall to another in a pair or sharp crooked claws or forceps placed in the house, or from one tree to another in a field or garden. front of the body. These they can open as occasion By what power this is done he does not attempt to may require; when at rest, they lie one over the other. show : It only, as he observes, " magnifies our ideas Leeuwenhoek says, that each of these claws has a small of that Being, who has given to so apparently con­ slit or aperture, through which a poisonous juice is in­ temptible an animal such vast powers for its mainte­ jected into the wound they inflict. Dr Mead, in his nance and pleasure." Essay on Poisons, dissents from this altogether, having The apertures from which the web is produced are, never been able, on repeated examinations, to discover according to Reaumur, very numerous. He says there any such opening, not even in the claws of the largest are, in the compass of a pin's head, enough to yield an species. We have likewise investigated this point, and amazing number of distinct threads. These holes are find that in many species there is a groove; but we are perceived by their effects: Take a garden spider ready very confident it is nothing more, never having been to deposit its eggs, and apply the finger to one of the able to discover any opening in the groove, after re­ papillae or teats, and as you withdraw your finger, a peated examinations. Dr Mead says, that a small pro­ vast many distinct threads will appear. Reaumur has boscis is thrust out of the mouth at the time the spi­ often counted seventy or eighty by the assistance of a der inflicts the wound, and infuses poison into it. Whe­ microscope; and perceived a vast many which he could ther this be correct or not we shall not pretend to say, not distinctly count. He says, that were he to, say never having examined any of the large exotic species each teat has a thousand apertures, he should say too in a recent state; in our own species, nothing of the little. Each nipple is covered with minute promi­ sort has hitherto occurred. nences, and each of these probably has a vast number The part of generation of the male spider resides at of openings; or between its several protuberances are the extremities of the palpi, which open, as it were, holes, which give vent to threads: The use of these pro­ with a spring during the act of copulation; those minences may be to keep the threads asunder, at their of the female are situated under the abdomen. As first exit, before they are hardened by the air; and this these animals prey on each other except during the is rendered very probable, as some spiders are provi­ time of their amours, they dare not come within reach ded with tufts of hair instead, which may serve the of one another but with the utmost caution. Some purpose of keeping the threads at a proper distance species may be observed, stretching out their legs, from one another. Leeuwenhoek has computed, that shaking the web, and tampering with one another by one hundred threads of a tolerably sized spider are not a slight touch with the extremity of their feet; then in 420 CRUSTACEOLOGY. a fright dropping down their thread and returning in Staunton's embassy to Chma, who, when speaking of Arachni- a few minutes to make a fresh trial by feeling. When the Java forests, says, " in some open spots were found des' / both parties are well assured of the sex they have to webs of spiders even with threads of so strong a tex- ^"~V deal with, the approaches of their feet in order to feel ture as not easily to be divided without a cutting in­ are more frequent; confidence takes place, and amo­ strument; they seemed to render feasible the idea of him rous dalliance ensues. " We cannot," says Lyonnet, who, in the southern provinces of Europe, proposed a " but admire how careful they are not to give them­ manufactory of spider's threads, which was so very ri­ selves up blindly to, or venture on, an imprudent step diculous to the eyes of those who have only viewed the •which might become fatal to them." flimsy webs such insects spin in England." As to the employment of spiders threads in place of Having given an account of the animals which com­ silk, Bon of Languedoc, about eighty years ago, made pose this family, as far as relates to their general history a pair of stockings and gloves from the threads of some and economical uses, we shall proceed to define the species of spider; they were of a fine grey colour, and genera, as given in the works of Walckenaer, Lamarck, nearly as strong as those of common silk: on this dis­ and Latreille, the characters being deduced from the covery, he published a dissertation. Eeaumur, who was positions of the eyes, length of the different feet, figure appointed by the Royal Academy to examine into the and structure of the maxillae, &c.; and when describ­ merits and probable advantages which might arise from ing the species, we shall notice any peculiarities in their such a manufacture, urged the following objections form, structure, or economy. and difficulties against it, which are published in the Their use in the economy of nature appears to be Memoirs of the Academy for the year 1710:—The na­ principally that of preventing the two great increase tural fierceness of the spiders renders them unfit to of other insects. be bred and kept together. Four or five thousand I. Feet not formed for leaping. being distributed in cells, fifty in some, one or two GENUS XXVI. MYOALE, Lair. Walck. ARANEA, 26. Mr- hundred in others, the big ones soon killed and eat Lin. Fab. Lam. Oliv. GilE- the smaller ones, so that in a short time there were Labium very small and quadrate, inserted under the scarcely abore one or two left in each cell ,• and to this base of the maxillae. inclination of devouring their own species, he attri­ Palpi attached to the apex of the jaws. butes the scarcity of spiders when compared with the A. The nails of the tarsus with few very obscure 01 vast number of eggs they lay. He affirms also, that no teeth on the under side. the web of the spider is inferior in strength and lustre * Mandibute without any apical rostellum; the un­ to that of the silk worm, and produces less of the ma­ der part of the last joint of the palpi and tarsi with a terial fit for use. The thread of the spider's web, he hairy scopula. says, can only bear a weight of two grains without Sp. 1. Avicularia. Body covered with long and thick Avicularia. breaking; and the bag sustains the weight of thirty- black hair; apex of the tarsi and feet rust coloured; six grains: the thread of a silk worm will beat two tarsi broad; nails not exserted. drams and an half, so that five threads of the spider Aranea avicularia of Linne and Fabrieius. are necessary to form a cord equal to that of a silk Aranea hirtipes, Fabrieius, Ent. Syst. torn. H. p. 420. worm; as it would be impossible to apply these so close­ Mygale avicularia, Latreille, Walckenaer. ly together as to avoid leaving any empty space be­ Inhabits South America, where it is well known un* tween from which the light would not be reflected, and der the names Araignee aviculaire, or bird-catching spi­ consequently would throw out much less lustre: this der. Of its natural history we know nothing; it is was noticed at the time the stockings were presented the largest species discovered, being often found with to the society by M. de la Hire. He further remarks, a body as large, or even larger, than a goose's egg. It that spiders afford less silk than silk worms: the lar­ is said to spread a strong web between the trees in gest bags of the latter weigh four grains, the smaller woods, in which it takes small birds as well as insects. three grains; so that two thousand three hundred and The male's parts of generation are globose. four worms produce a pound of silk. The bags of a Sp. 2. Cancerides. Brown and hairy, the under part Cancerides. spider weigh about one grain; when cleared of the of the abdomen, with the breast, blackish. dust and filth they lose two thirds of that weight. The Mygale cancerides, Latreille. work of twelve spiders, therefore, only equals that of Inhabits the island of St Domingo, where it is called one silk-worm; and a pound of silk will require at araignee-crabe. The genitalia of the male are pro­ least twenty-seven thousand six hundred'and forty- duced into a horny-arched nail, the apex compressed, eight spiders. But as the bags are solely the work of the foot-stalk a little longer than in the foregoing species. the females, who spin them to deposit their eggs in, Sp. 3. Blondii. Covered with rust-coloured hair; Elendii, there must be kept 55,296 spiders to yield' one pound the basilar joint of the tarsi (especially of the posterior of silk ; yet this will apply to the good ones only; feet) with visible black spines. those spiders in gardens most commonly scarcely yield­ Inhabits Cayenne. ing a twelfth part of the silk of the domestic- kinds. Mygale Blondii, Latreille. Two hundred and eighty, it seems, would not produce Mygale de la Blond, Walckenaer. more than one silk-worm; six hundred and sixty-three Described and figured in the genera Crustaceorum el thousand, five hundred and fifty-five of them, would Jnseclorum of Latreille, (vol. i. tab. 5. fig. 1.) and ra scarcely yield a pound. Walckenaer's work, p. 4. The genitalia of the male From the above memoir it seems that the manufac­ are somewhat conic and thick, the apex laterally exca­ ture of silk from the European spiders would be at­ vated. tended with more trouble than profit; yet the webs of Sp. 4. Faseiata. Abdomen with a broad greyish Fssciata. the large species inhabiting the tropics might probably longitudinal band, with the margins notched or sinu- be turned to good account, as we learn from Sir George ated. CRUSTACEOLOGY. 421 Arachni- Mygale faciaia, Latreille. Sp. 1. Cellaria. Brownish-black, obscurely cinere- Arachn> des des. Mygale faciee, Walckenaer, p. 4. ous-silky; mandibules green; the breast and base of v - Said by Seba, who has given a figure of this species, the feet brown. ,7^"^**™*' (torn. i. tab. 69. fig. 1.), to be a native of Ceylon. Aranea Jorentina, Rossi. (Fn. Etrus. torn. ii. p. 133. teuana' ** Apex of the mandibular furnished with a rostel­ tab. 9. fig. 3.) lum ; palpi and tarsi without any scopa. Segestria perfida, Walckenaer, p. 48. Caimenta- Sp. 5. Ccementaria. Rusty brown coloured; mandi- Segestria cellaria, Latreille. na. bules blackish, the border and carina of the thorax Inhabits fissures in old buildings and rocks, spinning paler; each rostellum with five elongate nearly equal a silky tube. The genitalia of the male resemble those teeth. of Mygale avicularia. Mygale ccemenlaria, Latreille. It is not uncommon in France and Italy; but in this Mygale maconne, Walckenaer, p. 5. country it seems to be rare, only one specimen, we Inhabits the South of France. See Linnean Trans­ believe, having been met with, which was taken by a actions, vol. ii. pi. 17- fig.4 . dealer in natural curiosities in a cellar at Flymouth, and Sauvegesii, Sp. 6. Sauvegesii. Obscure brown; each rostellum is now preserved in the collection of Mr Leach. with four short unequal teeth. Sp. 2. Senoculala. Thorax blackish brown; abdo- SenocuU:* Aranea Sauvagesii, Rossi {Fauna Etruscana, torn. ii. men oblong, grey, with a longitudinal band of black tab. 9. fig.11. ) spots; feet light brown, with obscure fasciae. Mygale pionniere, Walckenaer, p. 5. Aranea senoculala, Linn. Fabr. Mygale Sauvegesii, Latreille. Segestrie senomdee, Walckenaer, p. 48; Fovircroy. Inhabits Corsica and Italy. Segestria senoculata, Latreille. B. Nails of the tarsi armed with toothed combs be­ Is found in the same situations as the last species. A low. good figure is given in Lister's work on British spiders, Calpeiana. Sp. 7. Calpeiana. Brownish colour. p. 74. titul. 24. fig. 24. It has been bred from the egg Mygale calpeiene, Walckenaer, p. 5'. by Mr Leach, who observed a very curious fact in the Mygale calpeiana, Latreille. colour- of this animal, viz. the bands on the feet are Inhabits France. much more distinct in the young than in the full grown To this division of the genus belong also Mygale no- animal, so much so, indeed, that had he not known lasinna of Walckenaer. the eggs to have been deposited by this species, would 27. ATY. GENUS XXVII. ATYPUS, Lair. OLETERA, Walck. probably have considered it as a very distinct species ; PUS. ARANEA, Rcem. but having an opportunity of rearing them to the full Lip very small and quadrate, inserted under the base size, all doubts on the subject vanished. of the maxillae. GENUS XXX. DYSDERA, Latreille, Walckenaer. ARA­ SO. Dvs- Palpi inserted at the external base of the maxillae. NEA, Fourcroy. DERA. Sulzeri. Sp. 1. Sulzeri. Black and shining; mandibular very Maxilla! straight, longitudinal, with the base thick­ strong; thorax nearly quadrate; plain behind, abrupt­ ened; externally dilated at the insertion of the palpi; ly elevated before; the two middle eyes placed on an the apex internally obliquely truncated, and thence ex­ eminence; back of the abdomen leathery or coriaceous, ternally acutely terminated. and more shining; the juncture of the joints of the Palpi with the first joint very short and nearly ob­ feet white. solete. Oletere diffbrme, Walckenaer, p. 7. Lip, elongate, quadrate, gradually narrowing to­ Atypus sulzeri, Latreille. (Gener, Crust, et Ins. vol. i. wards the point. tab. 5. fig. 2.) Feet, first pair, then the fourth, afterwards the se­ Inhabits France ; has been once found in England cond, longest; the third pair shortest: a little scopu- by Mr Leach, who still has the specimen in his pos­ la under the tarsal nails. session, although in a very mutilated state.* It was first Sp. 1. Erythrina. Mandibules and thorax blood- Erythrin; described by Latreille in the Nouveau Dictionnaire a" Hist. red; the feet lighter coloured; abdomen very soft, grey­ Nat. torn. xxiv. table page 133. under the name Atype, ish yellow, and silky. which having the right of priority over that given by Aranea erythrina,Fourcroy, Fauna Parisiensis, tom.ii. Walckenaer, we have retained. p. 224. 2

* Two other specimens have been since taken, one by Mr Standitch of Walworth, the other by Mr Tuther, optician, London. 422 CRUSTACEOLOGY. brician aranea rufipes, we cannot but hesitate on giv­ generales sur lordre nalurel des Crustaces, des Arach- ing any thing like a decided opinion. nides et des Insecles." GENUS XXXI. FIMSTATA, Lalreille. Sp. 1. Durandii. Thorax rusty brown, margined Eyes placed on an uneven elevation; the four ante­ with pale yellow; abdomen black, with five red spots, Ourandn. rior ones forming a semicircle opened in front; the arranged 2, 2, 1; feet livid brown. four hinder ones disposed in pairs in nearly the same Inhabits Montpellier, building its web amongst the transverse straight line. stones. Maxilla; much inclined towards the lip, with no sinus Clotho durandii, Latreille. or groove at the insertion of the palpi. GENUS XXXIV. CLUBIONA, Lalreille, Walchenacr. 34. CIUBI- Palpi apparently inserted on the hinder side. ARANEA, Linne, De Geer. ^ osx. Lip much longer than broad. Maxillce straight and longitudinal; the basis a little Feet, the fourth pair longest, and then the first pair. dilated externally; the apex rounded and obliquely Observation. This genus contains one species, Filu- truncated on the inside. tata testacea of Walckenaer's MSS. of which we have Lip elongate, quadrate, gradually narrowing towards no description; it has lately been discovered in the en­ the point. virons of Marseilles. Feet, the first, and then the fourth pair, (or the con­ 32. DRAS. GENUS XXXII. DRASSUS, WalcJe. Latr. ARANEA, trary), longest; then the second pair. sus. Linn. GNAPHOSA, Latr. * The two outermost eyes on either side neither pla­ Palpi inserted under the lateral and external margin ced very close together, nor inserted on a distinct pro­ of the maxilla? towards the middle. minence. The maxilla in all with anincrassatedbase; Maxilla; longitudinal, arcuated, gradually becoming the fourth pair of feet (rarely the first) longest. broader from the base towards the middle, somewhat Sp. 1. Lapidicola. Thorax and mandibules pale Lapidicol concave internally, smooth exteriorly, the middle im­ reddish; feet very light red; abdomen ash-grey co­ pressed, the points bent inwards above the lip, and ob­ loured. liquely truncated within. Clubione lapidicoh, Walckenaer, p. 44. Lip elongate, ovate-quadrate, or rather oval, the base Clubiona lapidicola, Latreille. transversely truncated, enclosing the maxillse. Inhabits France and Britain under stones, construct­ Feet, the fourth, then the first, and afterwards the ing a somewhat globular nest of the size of a common second pair longest. hazel nut, in the centre of which are deposited a vast * Lip somewhat oval; the external side of the max­ number of pale yellowish eggs, agglutinated into a illae much bent or arched. spherical mass. Me'ano- Sp. 1. Melanogaster. Mandibules blackish; thorax The mandibules of the male porrect, and rather more gasur. and feet obscure brown, thighs light reddish brown; than half the length of the thorax; those of the female abdomen cinereous-brown and silky. somewhat vertical. Drassus melanogaster, Latreille. Sp. 2. Tholocericea. Mandibules blackish; thorax pale Tholocei Drasse lucifuge, Walckenaer, p. 45, livid green; abdomen reddish-black, covered with cea. Inhabits the South of France, under stones. mouse-coloured down; feet lighter than the thorax, the ** Lip ovate quadrate. fourth pair longest. Clubione soyeuse, Walckenaer, p. 42. Fuscus. Sp. 2. Fuscus. Obscure reddish-brown, silky, the abdomen blackish mouse coloured. Clubiona holosericea, Latreille. Drassus fuscus, Latreille. Aranea holosericea, Linne. Inhabits the South of France, of the same size with Araignee satinee, De Geer. the other species. Inhabits Europe, getting under the bark of trees. Ater. Sp. 3. Ater. Entirely black, The four anterior feet nearly of the same size. Drassus ater, Latreille. Observation. From the position of the eyes it is pro­ A small species, frequently occuring in the vicinity bable that Cuhiona accentuala of Walckenaer belongs of Paris, under stones, to which it adheres pretty firm­ to this family. From his figure, the anterior, and then ly ; when first hatched they are of a reddish colour. the fourth pair of feet, are longest. Relucens. Sp. 4. Relucens. Red, very smooth, like purple vel­ * * The two external eyes on each side somewhat vet ; abdomen black, with two transverse golden yel­ placed close together. (Maxillae not thickened at their low lines. base; the first and then the second pair of feet long­ Drnsse brillant, Walckenaer, p. 46. est.) Drassus relucens, Latreille. A. Maxillse somewhat thickened at their base, and Common in the south of France; it sometimes oc­ transversely impressed before the middle. curs in the neighbourhood of Paris. Sp. o. Nutrix. Ungulae black; thorax and man- Nutrix. S3. C LO­ GENUS XXXIII. CLOTHO, Walchenaer's MSS.; La­ dibules light red; feet very light red ; abdomen yel­ TUS. treille. lowish green, with an obscure longitudinal band. Maxillce much inclined towards the lip, with no Clubione nourrice, Walckenaer, p. 43. groove at the insertion of the palpi. Clubiona nutrix, Latreille. Lip not much longer than broad. Inhabits the environs of Paris; common in a place Feet, fourth pair, the second, the third longest. called Sevres, building a nest amongst tiie leaves of the Eyes close together, disposed four and four in two Eryugium campestre. The mandibulse of the male lines bent backward in an arched and somewhat con­ stronger than those of the female. centric manner; those in the hinder line disposed in B. Maxillae not at all thickened at their base; front pairs. not transversely impressed. Observation. This genus contains but one species Sp. 4. Atrox. Brown; feet pale; the tibiae with Atrox. described in the manuscripts of Walckenaer, who com­ more obscure or dark spots; the middle of the back of municated the generic character to Latreille, who has the abdomen with a somewhat quadrate black spot mar­ published it in his last work, entitled, " Considerations gined with yellow. B-

CRUSTACEOLOGY. 423 Clubione atroce, Walckenaer. concealed, watching her prey. Between this cell and Arachni. es Araignee atroce, De Geer. the net she has a bridge of threads, which, by comrnu- ° - v v J Clubiona atron, Latreille. nicating with the threads of the large one, both gives ~~ Inhabits old walls and fissures of rocks. Is very- her intelligence when any thing touches the web, and common in Britain and France. A tolerable figure is enables her to pass quickly in order to lay hold of given in the work of Dr Lister, in the British spiders, it. p. 68. fig.21 . GENUS XXXVI. ARGYRONETA, Latreille, Watches. ARSX- ss. ARA. GENUS XXXV. ARANEA. Linn. Geoff. De Geer. ARANEA, Linn. Geoff. Fabr. RONETA. NEA. Fabr. Oltv. Lam. Maxilla; short, straight, and elongate-quadrate, the Maxillae straight and longitudinal; diameters equal; side of nearly equal diameters; face convex before, anterior part convex ; apex rounded, the internal angle apex rounded. truncated. Lip short; shorter than the maxillae, of a narrow Lip nearly quadrate ; diameters nearly equal, towards elongate-triangular or ^ somewhat conic) form; the the superior angles a little narrower. anterior aspect convex, the apex either obtuse or trun­ Feel, the anterior longest and nearly equal, the third cated. shortest. Feet, the first, the fourth, and lastly the second pair * Internal angle of the apex of the maxillse trunca­ longest. ted ; breadth and length of the lip nearly the Obs. The sexual distinctions are the same in this same; the feet of a moderate length. genus as in the Clubionae. Obs. The series of eyes, especially the lower, more Sp. 1. Aquatica. Blackish-brown; the abdomen Aquatica. arched in this than in the second division of the genus. black and velvety, impressed with dorsal punctures. Genus of Walckenaer. Aranea aquatica. Linne, Fabricius. Iiabyrin- Sp. 1. Labyrinthica. Pale grey, inclining to red; Argyranete aqualique. Walckenaer. thica. the thorax on each side with a longitudinal black line; Argyroneta aquatica. Latreille. abdomen black, above and on each side with oblique Araignee aquatique. De Geer. white lines, meeting together by pairs at obtuse angles Inhabits fresh waters, that flow slowly, throughout in front; the spinning papillae conic and lengthened. Europe. It resides in a web most beautifully construct­ Aranea labyrinthica. Linne, Fabricius, Latreille. ed under the water, in which it lives, being surround­ . Walckenaer. ed by air, which shines through the water with a sil­ Agelene labyrinthe. Walckenaer, page 51. very lustre. The eggs are deposited in a globose silky Inhabits Europe ; is very abundant in summer, more bag. In Britain it appears to be of very rare occurrence, so in autumn : it spins a horizontal web in the ground, only having been taken once, if we recollect rightly, in which it watches for its prey, which consist princi­ near Hornsey. This specimen is preserved in the col­ pally of flies and other dipterous insects; the spider lection of our great and illustrious zoologist, Edward itself living in a funnel-shaped cavity, often extending Donovan, Esq. below the surface of the ground. There are good fi­ GENUS XXXVII. SCYTODES. Latreille, Walcke- 37. SCYTS- gures in the works of Lister (page 60. fig. 18.) and in naer. DES. SehaefFer's Icones Insectorum, (tab. 221. fig. 12.; tab. Maxilla; oblique and longitudinal, covering the sides 19. %. 8.) of the lip j the base thickened, the apex internally ** Internal angle of the maxillae at the apex evident­ obliquely truncated. ly truncated. Lip longer than broad. Feet elonga­ Lip somewhat quadrate, the base a little contract­ ted. ed. Genus TEGENEIUA of Walckenaer. Feel, the fourth, then the first, lastly the second pair Domestics. &P- %• Domestica. Livid grey; the thorax of the longest. male immaculate; of the female with a longitudinal Sp. 1. Thoracica. Pale reddish white, spotted with Thoracica. blackish line on each side; abdomen blackish, the black; thorax large and somewhat orbicular, elevated dorsum in the middle with a longitudinal fascia or band, roundly behind; abdomen lighter coloured, and some­ spotted, toothed with two lateral livid lines. what globose. Aranea domestica. Linne, Fabricius, Latreille. Scytode thoraciqne. Walckenaer, page 79. Araignee domestique. De Geer, Latreille. ' Scytodes thoracica. Latreille. Tegeneria domestica. Walckenaer, Inhabits houses in Paris. Is figured in the Genera Tegenaire domestique. Walckenaer, page 49. Crustaceorum el Insectorum of Latreille, (tab. 5. fig. 4.) Inhabits the houses of Europe; spinning its web in GENUS XXXVIII. THERIDION, Latreille. ARANEA, 38. THESI- a place where there is a cavity, such as the corner of a Linn. Geoff. Fabr. BWS. room, that she may have a free passage, on each side, Maxilla; with an oblique direction, covering the sides to make her escape in case of danger. Her mode of of the lip, converging towards the apex, from the in­ constructing her web is curious: having chosen a con­ sertion of the palpi to the apex of an equal breadth and venient spot, she fixes one end of her thread to the plain, the internal apex either obliquely truncated or wall, and passes on to the other side, dragging the obtuse. thread along with her, (or rather the thread follows Lip small, triangular or semicircular, the apex trun­ her as she proceeds,) till she arrives at the other side, cated, or somewhat rounded, or somewhat square. and there fixes the other end of it. Thus she passes Feet elongate, very slender; the first, then the and repasses, till she has made as many parallel threads fourth, then the hinder ones longer. as she thinks necessary for the purpose. After this she * Two of the eyes close together on each side. begins again, and crosses these by other parallel threads. Genus THERIDION of Walckenaer. These are the toils or snares which she prepares for Sp. \. liufum. Abdomen globose, the upper part Knfiur.. entangling flies and other small insects. Besides this radiated with white lines. large web, she weaves a cell for herself, where she lies Theridion Sisiphe. Walckenaer. 424 CRUSTACEOEOGY. Theridion Sisiphum. Latreille. . Latreille. Inhabits Europe, nidificating under the prominences Inhabits the European houses ; its body vibrates af­ of pillars, or projections of walls. ter the manner of TIPULARI-E, or gnats. Is very com­ Sp. 2. Redimitum. Yellowish white; abdomen oval, mon in the west of England. with a rose-coloured dorsal ring. GENUS XL. (JLOEORUS. Latreille. Aranea redimita. Linne. Eyes eight, equal and very minute, placed in two Theridion couronne. Walckenaer. transverse lines, the first nearly straight, and scarcely Theridion redimitum. Latreille. bent backwards; the two middle ones a little nearer Inhabits plants. Abdomen often spotted. Latreille than the others; the posterior line bent forwards. supposes Theridion ovatum of Walckenaer to be no Maxilla; straight, broad, inversely triagonal, -the more than a variety of this species; and that the side broader than the apex. I'araignee ii bande rouge of Geoff'ray, (Hist, des Insect. Lip very small and semicircular. torn. ii. page 648) is referable to the same variety. Feet, first pair much the largest, then the fourth, and ** The two lateral eyes at a distance from each afterwards the second. other. Sp. 1. Walckenaerius. Pale reddish yellow; thorax Waicke- Genus LATRODECTUS of Walckenaer. and abdomen silky; the back white; abdomen oblong, nae"us^ 06s. Walckenaer has examined the eyes, maxilla?, banded with fasciculi of hairs; feet also banded with and lip of the THERIDIONA, with the most minute at­ darker rings. tention. In his last work, Latreille has admitted the Inhabits the pines in Germany and France, where it genus LATRODECTUS as distinct from THERIDION, and constructs a web like that -of Lyniphya triangularis. given the following characters; but as we are not ac­ GENUS XLI. TETRAONATHA, Lair. Walck. ARA- 41. TE- quainted with the genus LATRODECTUS, the reader must NEA. Linn. Fab. Oliv. TR4GNA- judge for himself. Maxilla; straight, elongate and narrow; almost as THi- LATRODECTUS. The first and then the second pair broad as long; the apex externally dilated and round­ of feet longest; eyes disposed, four and four, in two ed. transverse straight parallel lines. Lip semicircular and somewhat notched. THERIDION. The first and then the fourth pair Feet very long and very slender ; the first pair, then of feet longest; the four middle eyes disposed in a the second, and then the fourth longest. square, the lower ones situated on a common promi­ Sp. 1. Extensa. Reddish ; abdomen oblong, golden Extensa, nence ; two others close together, and placed in an emi­ green, with the sides and two lines below yellowish; nence on each side. the middle below longitudinally black. From the above characters it would seem they are Aranea extensa. Linne, Fabricius. very distinct genera, but a letter on the subject we have Tetragnalhe etendue, Walckenaer, p. 6'8. received from a friend, informs us that he is well ac­ Telragnatha extensa. Latreille. quainted with the animal's economy, and that it ought Inhabits moist places in Europe; it spins a vertical to remain where Latreille placed it, in the first instance, web, and remains with its feet extended, the anterior at least for the present, as our knowledge of the sub­ ones porrected. ject is at present too limited for ais to make two mi­ GENUS XLII. ZINYPHIA, Latr. Walck. ARANEA 42. ZINY­ nute divisions; on this ground, therefore, we continue Linn. JDe Geer. PHIA. it under the generic title of THERIDION. Maxilla; nearly straight, inversely—somewhat oval. Tredium- Sp. 3. Tvedium-guttalum. Black; abdomen globose, Lip semicircular. guttatum. with thirteen blood-red spots. Feet elongate and slender; the first, then the second, Aranea Vi-guttata of Rossi and Fabricius. afterwards the fourth pair longest. Latrodecte malmignatte. Walckenaer, page 81. Sp. 1. Triangularis. Pale reddish, inclining to yel­ JL net tuiuit xo~giui.ut.uiri, A-ianciUe yijxen. i^rust. si ins. low; thorax with a black dorsal line, bifid in front; xvi L p. 98. abdomen oval,inclining to globose, with spots and angu- ris. Latrodectus 13-guttalus. Latreille. (Consid. Ord. lated bands of brown and white; feet immaculate. Nat. &c.) Linyphie triangulaire. Walck. page 70. Inhabits Italy, and is common in the plains of that Linypkia triangularis. Latreille. country. Inhabits the European hedges; is common in Au­ 39. PHOL­

CRUSTACEOLOGY. 427 treille, in honour of the celebrated zoologist, Lamarck, triagonal spots, hinder part with bent, transverse, black Arachm- who first instituted the ARACHNIDES as a distinct class. strigte, margined with white; belly of a fine crocus (leg. B. Eyes disposed in a semicircle; the under part of yellow, with a transverse black band; thighs and tibia; the tarsi scarcely hairy ; the third pair of feet longer below reddish-white, with two black spots. than the fourth. Aranea tarentula, Linne, Fabr. Lycose tarentule, Veriato- Sp. 7. Venalorius. Yellowish-red; abdomen yellow- Walck. p. 11. Lycosa tarentula, Latr. rius. grey, clouded with ash-grey; feet spotted with black. Inhabits the South of Europe. Aranea vcnatoria, Linne. Aranea pallens? Fabr. Observations. Lycosa tarentula Narbonensis of Walck­ Thomisus venalorius, Latr. enaer, is much smaller than the preceding species; Inhabits the American islands. and the belly is black, with a crocus-coloured anus. C. Eyes disposed in a circle; tarsi scarcely hairy be­ Sp. 2. Rttricola, greenish-livid-brown, with the mar- Ruricoh. neath ; third pair of feet longer than the fourth. gins and abbreviated dorsal line at the base of the ab­ Levipes. Sp. 8. Levipes. Body grey, spotted with black; domen, with the ridge of the thorax and feet pale abdomen plain, rhomboidal. brown, inclining to livid ; the back of the abdomen on Aranea levipes, Linne, Fabr. Thomise ligre, Walck. each side with a double parallel longitudinal series of p. 34. Thomisus tigrinus, Latr. T-levipes, Leach's MSS. fine, small, livid-brewn spots. Inhabits the European trees, running swiftly. Lycose agretique, Walck. Lycosa ruricola, Latr. 4S. OXYO- GENUS XLVIII. OXYOPES, Latr. SPHASUS, Walck. Inhabits France and Britain, is common early in Maxillae straight, longitudinal, and elongate, of an spring, occurring in marshes and thick woods. equal breadth nearly from base to apex; apex exter­ Sp. 3. Saccala. Body above, smoke-coloured, in- Sacc-iti. nally gradually arcuated or bent, internally obliquely clining to black, clouded with ash-coloured hairs ; the truncated. Lip oblong-quadrate. ridge of the thorax obscure reddish, with an ash-grey Feet long and slender, the first pair longest, then the line; the base of the back of the abdomen with a little tuft fourth and second, which are nearly equal; tarsi short; of hairs; feet livid i*ed, intersected with blackish marks. nails exserted, no brush beneath. Aranea Lyonelti, Scopoli. Lycose a sac, Walck. L'a- Variegatus, Sp. 1. Variegatus. Body hairy and grey, variega­ raignee Loup, GeofFroy. Lycosa Snccata, Latr. ted with red and black; feet pale reddish, spotted Inhabits European gardens and cultivated grounds ; with brown ; the little spines on the tibia; lengthened. is very common. The female carries her bag of eggs Sphase hSterophthalme, Walck. p. 19. Oxyopes varie­ about with her, the external covering of which is ge­ gatus, Latr. nerally a bluish-green, or greenish-blue. The palpi, Inhabits France. The bag containing the eggs round, mandibular, and front of the thorax, livid red in the depressed, and white. female, black in the male. Lineatus. - Sp. 2. Lineatus. Mandibules, thorax, and feet, pale Sp. 4. Velox. Feet grey-reddish, annulated with Velsx. reddish-yellow ; mandibules with a line ; thorax with black ; belly and anus ash-grey; a large red spot at three longitudinal fasciie of a brown colour; abdomen the base of the abdomen, mixed with grey, of.a spear obscurely brown, with longitudinal pale reddish-yel­ shape; middle of the back with a black transverse band, lowish lines; the dorsal line branched or forked before. with two spots, a«d an intermediate splatch of grey. Oxyopes lineatus, Latreille, (Genera Crust, et Insect. Lycosa velox, Walck. Aranea perita {Bullet, de la vol. i. plate 5, fig. 5.) Inhabits France. Soc. Philom. No. 22.) 49. STORE- GENUS XLIX. STORENA, Walckenaer's MSS. Latr. GEN. LII. DOLOMEDES, Latreille, Walck.—ARANEA, 52. L, KA. Eyes forming a nearly equal hexagon, disposed in Linn. De Geer. Fabr. Mf' three transverse lines thus, 2, 4, 2. Maxillae straight, oval-quadrate, the apex externally Maxilla; much longer than the lip, which they cover. rounded, internally obliquely truncated. Lip oval and lengthened. Lip somewhat square, the diameters nearly equal, Observation. Of the species in this and the follow­ the points of the angles rounded. ing genus we can say nothing, as the genera are un­ Feet elongate, the fourth longest, then the second, known to us, and Latreille has not even hinted at the and afterwards the first. The nails of the tarsi ex­ name of a species; notwithstanding this, we conceived serted, with no brushes below. the genera ought to be introduced, as it is not impro­ Sp. 1. Mirabitis. Pale-reddish, covered with grey- Mi bable that some British species will be found referable ish down; thorax heart-shaped, anteriorly abruptly to one or other of them. sloping; with the anterior angles and dorsal line whit­ 5ff. CTI- GENUS L. CTENUS, Walckenaer's MSS. Latreille. ish; abdomen conical, inclining to oval, back darker. NT73. Eyes forming an elongate curved angulated line, Aranea saccata? Linne? Aranea obscura, Fabr. very open behind, disposed in three transverse lines Aranea sisteri, Scopoli. Dolomede admirable, Walck. thus, 2, 4, 2. p. 16. Dolomedes mirahilis, Latr. Maxillae longer than the lip. Lip quadrate. Inhabits Europe, residing in woods. The female is SI. LT69- GENUS LI. LYCOSA, Latreille, Walckenaer; ARA­ often to be seen carrying about her bag of eggs, the NEA, Linne, Fabricius, Lamarck, Olivier. covering or bag being of a greyish dirty yellow colour. Maxillae straight, anteriorly convex, externally to­ Sp. 2. Marginatus. Thorax and upper part of the ab­ wards the side somewhat arcuated, internally slightly domen obscure brown, the sides margined with white; tBS. marginated, gradually narrowing towards the base ; thorax oval, truncated before; abdomen oval; feet green. apex obliquely truncated, almost an inverted triangle. Dolomede horde", Walck. Dolomedes marghatm, Latr. Lip elongate, quadrate. Inhabits most woods and marshes in France, Ger­ Feet strong; the fourth, then the first, after these many, Sweden, and England. the second, longest, the third short. II. Feet formed for leaping. Thorax not carinated. Tateatuli. Sp. 1. Tarentula. Upper part of the body greyish- GEN. LIII. ERESUS, Walck. Latr.—ARANEA, Villers. brown ; mandibules and middle of the palpi ferru- Rossi. Olivier. gineous, the apex of the latter black ; thorax with a Maxilla; straight, longitudinal, and somewhat wedge- grey margin, and radiated dorsal-line of the same co­ shaped ; the apex broader, rounded externally, intsr.-* lour ; anterior part of the dorsum of the abdomen with nally obliquely truncated. 428 CRUST ACEOLOGY. Arathri- Lip nearly an equal sided triangle, the margins some­ gin, in a transverse line ; three on each side, disposed Araclmi- what bent back on the point. in a triangle. des, Feet strong and short; the fourth, the first, then the Sp. 1. Lunata. Palpi nearly three times as long as Lunata. second, longest; the third rather shorter than the se­ the body; the apex of the third joint alone spiny; cond pair. spines four in number, the two upper ones strongest. Cinneber Sj>. 1. Cinneberinus. Black; abdomen cinnabar-red Phalangium reniforme, Linne. Phalangium hinatum, « us. above, with four or six black spots, disposed in a dou­ Pallas. Tarantula lunata,Yabx. Phrynus lunatus, Latr. ble longitudinal line; joints of the feet white ; the hin­ Inhabits the East Indies. der sides of the thorax, the thighs, with the first joint Sp. 2. Media. Palpi nearly six times as long as the Media, of the tibife of the four posterior feet, pale red. body ; the inside spiny from one end to the other; the Aranea moniligera, Villers. Aranea 4-gitttala, Rossi. spines at the point very numerous. E'resus cinnabrriius, Latreille, Walekenaer, p. 21. Phrynus medius. Herbst. Inhabits South America? Inhabits France, Italy, and Germany. Sp. ?>. Reniformis. Palpi length of the body, the se- Kenifor- 54. SALTI- GEN. LIV. SALTICUS, Latr.—ARANEA, Linn. Fab. cond and third joints compressed, and spiny on the mi5. cos. Oliv.—ATTUS, Walck. inside ; the last joint internally dilated, and armed with Maxillae straight, longitudinal, and of a somewhat five or six strong spines. rhomboidal or inverse wedge-shaped oval. Phalangium reniformis, Pallas. Canceltus aranoides, Lip elongate, somewhat oval, apex obtuse. Petiver. Tarantula reniformis, F.abr. Phrynus reni­ Feet generally strong, especially the anterior pair, formis, Latreille. which are short, and formed for leaping; the fourth Inhabits South America; is common in Jamaica, St and first longest, and "nearly equal; then the second Domingo, and other islands. and third, which are nearly equal in size also. GENUS LVI. TIIELYPHRONUS, Latreille. PHALAN­ 56. THELY- * Feet thick and short; palpi clubbed; thorax GIUM, Linn. Pall. TARANTULA, Fabricius. PHRONUS. truncate-oval, or parallelogrammic. Palpi short and thick, terminated by a forceps, or Scenicus. Sp. 1. Scenicus. Black; circumference of the tho­ finger and thumb. rax with a white hairy margin ; abdomen short, oval, Maxil/iB nearly triangular, and large, meeting within. upper part with a greyish-red down, and three trans­ ,, Body elongate, and cylindrical ; thorax oval; abdo­ verse undulating bands, and the anus white; the first, men terminated by a tail. or that band nearest the base, unbroken, the others in­ Eyes as in the preceding genus. terrupted in the middle. Sp. 1. Proscorpio. Palpi spinous or branched. Proscor­ Aranea scenica, Linne, Fabr. Sallicus Scenicus, Latr. Phalangium caudalum, Linne, Pallas? Tarantula pio. Atte Pare, Walekenaer. caudala, Fabricius ? Tiielyphronus proscorpio, Latr. Inhabits walls and palings; is found in most parts FAMILY II. SCORPIONIDES. of Europe; the female has her palpi white; feet co­ GENUS LVII. SCORPIO, Linn. Fabr. Oliv. Latr. Lam. 57. SCOR­ vered with reddish-grey down, and obscure spots. Herbst, Shaw, Donovan. PIO. Mandibules of the male very large. Maxilla; short, rounded, internally somewhat arched San<>uino- Sp.9,. Sanguinolentus. Black; the margins of the tho­ and hairy. lei.ui*. rax with a white villose line; abdomen small, somewhat Lip with four triangular porrect pieces or valves, the ovaL blood-red, with a lanceolate black mark on the mid­ two external ones joined to the anterior, the two inter­ dle of the back; the four anterior tibiae bright yellow. nal ones to the base of the second pair of feet. Aranea sloanii, Scopoli, Rossi. Aranea sanguinoknta, Eyes six or eight. Linne, Fabr. Atte sanguinolmile, Walck. p. 24. Salti­ Body elongate; with two pectinated laminae (which cus sloanii, Latr. Sallicus sanguinolentus, Leach's MSS. are denominated pecten) at the under base of the ab­ Inhabits the S. of Europe, seen only once in Britain. domen. Rumphii. Sp. 3. Rumphii. Black; variegated with grey and Tail composed of six joints, the last sharp or aculeated ; brown; the anterior margin of the thorax with pale the sting bent, instilling poison into the wound it makes. reddish down; abdomen elliptical, with an uneven, * Eyes eight in number. broad, longitudinal grey band, margined with black. Sp. 1. Occitanus. Pectens with twenty-eight teeth ; Occitanus. Aranea rumphii, Scopoli. Atte tardigrade, Walck. body yellowish; tail longer than the body, with elevated p. 25. Salticus rumphii, Latreille. granulated lines, with no prominence under the sting. Inhabits France, is often taken in the environs of Scorpio occitanus,Amoreux, (Jour.dePhys.n89.) Latr. Paris on the trunks of willows. Scorpio tanetanus, Redi. ** Feet long and slender ; palpi filiform ; thorax Inhabits the southern parts of Europe. long, narrow, and somewhat conic. Sp. 2. Afer. Pectens with thirteen teeth; hands Afer. Formica­ Sp. 4. Formicarius. Thorax black before, red behind; somewhat heart-shaped, hairy, and slightly granulated. rius. abdomen brown, with a white spot on each side; feet red. Scorpio afer, Linn. Fabricius. Atte fourmi, Walck. Sallicus formicarius, Latr. Inhabits India. Inhabits plants and walls throughout Europe, is very Sp. 3. Americamis. Pectens with fourteen teeth; Americ.i- rare in Scotland. hands somewhat ciliated ; fingers filiform. nus. FAMILY X. TARANTULIDES. Scorpio Americamis. Linne, Fabricius. 55. TARAN- GENUS LV. TARANTULA, Brown, Fabricius.—Pn.-v- Inhabits America. LAXOIUM, Linne, Pallas.—PHRYNUS, Olivier, Lamarck, Sp. 4. Australis. Pectens with thirty-two teeth; Austral!;. Hermann, Latreille, Flerbst. hands smooth, elongated and red ; the fingers filiform; Palpi long, terminated by a horny, crooked, moveable under the sting a pointed process. nail. Scorpio Australis. Linne, Fabricius. Maxilla; obverse-conic, diverging internal angle at Inhabits Africa. the apex lengthened, compressed and rounded. Sp. 5. Carpathians, Pectens with eighteen teeth ; Carpathi- Body short and depressed; thorax either kidney- hands angular; tail mucronated beneath the sting. cus. shaped or lunulated ; no tail. Scorpio Europwits, Linne, Fabr. Scorpio Carpathi- Eyes eight; two on the middle of the anterior mar­ cus, Latr. Scorpio Gennanicus, Herbst, 3 CRUSTACEOLOGY. 429 The habitat is not known to us; but LatreiUe says when touched, it walks backwards, holding.forwards Arachn; it is an extra European species. its hands in a menacing attitude. de,. ** Eyes six in number. Sp. 2. Cimicoides. Arms of a moderate length, the Sp. 6. Europmus. Pectens with nine teeth; hands joints somewhat oval and hairy; abdomen globose-oval. Cimicoidei- Kuropjcus. somewhat heart-shaped, angular; the wrists with one Scorpio cimicoides, Fabr. ... Pince parisile, Hermann. tooth; body obscure brown; last joint of the tail, with Obise cimicoide, Walck. Chelifer cimicoides, Latr. the feet brownish-yellow. Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees. Scorpio Europmus, Villers, LatreiUe. ** Eyes four; thorax entire. Inhabits the south of Europe. Sp. 3. Trombidioidos; mandibulee very large and ex- Trombi. Linne was not acquainted with this species; he has serted; the second joint of the arms elongate; fingers dioidos. described some other for it, and has led the celebrated long and straight. Fabricius into a similar error respecting it: See the Pince trombidioides, Latr. Pince ischnochele, Her­ note following Scorpio carpathicus, Sp. 5. where we mann. Chelifer trombidioides, Latr. Obisium trombi­ have corrected this mistake. De Geer has described a dioides, Leach's MSS. Cayenne species for Europmus, 7. 344. tab. 41. Fig. 5. Inhabits France; is common near Paris, under stones, Maurus. Sp. 7. Maurus. Pectens with eight or ten teeth; hands and in other parts of France among mosses. In this cordate, nearly smooth; body fuscous, and granulated. country it has been discovered by Montagu and Leach, Scorpio maurus. Linne, Fabricius, and LatreiUe. in Devonshire, under stones, in tolerable plenty; and Inhabits Barbary. by the latter gentleman in Surrey, near Godstone. 58. CUEU- GENUS LVIII. CHELIPEB. Geoff. De Geer, Oliv. Obs. These two divisions of the genus certainly have Lam. Herm. LatreiUe. distinct characters enough to form two genera; we PHALANGIUM, Linn. SCORPIO, Fabricius. OBISIUM, therefore, perhaps, should follow Mr Leach, who pro­ Illiger, Walckenaer. poses to call the first division CHELIFER, a name first Maxilla longitudinal, large and convex, on the inner given by Geoffroy; the second OBISIUM, a name propo­ side inflexed, and meeting together; the apex produ­ sed by Illiger for the genus as it now stands. ced into a point. Lip none. GENUS LIX. CELLULARIA. Vide synopsis of genera. 59. c£L, Eyes two or four inserted into the sides of the thorax. Method, of Preserving the Animals of this Class. LARIA- Body somewhat depressed. Tail none. * Eyes two. Thorax divided into two parts by a Those of the first order may be simply dried, having transverse line. a pin passed through the right side of their body; the Cancroides. Sp. 1. Cancroides. Arms twice the length of the legs being spread as if the animal were walking. The body, the second and third joints elongate and conic; smaller species of the Second Order are to be glued to body red-brown ; abdomen oval. paper, by means of gum arabic; and the larger ones Chelifer cancroides, LatreiUe. must either be kept in spirit, or dried very rapidly in a Inhabits close places, and books, living on Acaridice; strong blast, in a dark place if possible.

APPENDIX. Appendix. JN this part of the article, we shall add those species SUBCLASS II. MALACOSTRACA. ' * which have been discovered since the former part was Appenfl written, and some alterations in the classification, lately This subclass is subdivided into three orders: 1. Bra- made by Dr Leach. chyuri, Macrouri, and Gasteruri, which are synony­ He has divided the tribe MILLEPEDA from the Crus­ mous with the tribes of those names before given. tacea, and considered them as a distinct class, under ORDER I. BRACHYURI. the title of MYRIAPODA, and has placed the ONISCIDES and ASELLIDES with the GASTERURI. The first division containing those genera with the The characters of CRUSTACEA, MYRIAPODA, ARACH- hinder tarsus and unguis formed for swimming, is now NIDES, and INSECTA, are given in the following Table. (as we have before hinted) divided into more genera, the characters of which may be given in a table. Animals without a Vertebral Column, with distinct * The peduncle of the eyes as long as the external Nerves arid Feet. angles of the sheU. GENUS I. PODOPTHALMUS. With gills or ? ckss CROSTACEA. branchiae. J ** Peduncle of the eyes much shorter than the exter­ j- fWith antennae and distinct nal angles of the shell. A. Shell with more than five teeth on each side. | ,,r , j head. Class MYRIAPODA. With air tubes j , <; Without antenna?, head u- GENUS II. LIMA. Shell remarkably transverse; at the or trachea;. ^ ' nited to the thorax. Class termination of the semicircle on each side armed with a long spine. |_ ARACHNIDES. B. Shell with five teeth on each side. Without a heart. Class INSECTA. GENUS III. PORTUNUS. Transverse diameter of the The genus BOPYRUS is to be altogether rejected from shell much greater than the longitudinal; orbit of the this article, as it belongs to the class Vermes. eye behind, with two fissures. Eyes thicker than their peduncles. CLASS CRUSTACEA. GENUS IV. CARCINUS. Transverse diameter of the The two orders, I. ENTOMOSTRACA, and, II. MALA- shell much greater than the longitudinal; orbit of the COSTRACA, he considers as sub-classes, but suffers them eye behind with one fissure; eyes not thicker than their to retain the same names. In the ENTOMOSTRACA, no­ peduncles. thing new has occurred; but to the MALACOSTRACA, GENUS V. PORTUMNUS. Longitudinal diameter of we can add much valuable matter. the shell equal, or nearly equal, to the transverse; or- 430 CRUSTACEOLOGY. Appendix, bit of the eye without any fissure behind; eyes not GENUS III. GOXEPLAX. Peduncle not extending be- Appendix, —~y—— thicker than their peduncles. yond the eyes; anterior feet equal. ' /"— The species of these genera have already been given ** Shell truncate-heart-shaped; peduncle of the eyes in the early part of this article, under the generic title much shorter than the anterior external angles of PORTUNUS. of the shell. The genus CANCER, too, admits of several very im­ GENUS IV. GECARCINUS. portant divisions, but three genera only have hitherto To the genus OCYPODE, O. ceratoplkalmus of this been formed, viz. CANCER, XANTHO, and ATELECYCLUS. article are referable. To UCA, Cancer uca of Shaw's GENUS I. CANCER. Shell broad, the anterior mar­ Nat. Miscellany, plate 588, belongs; the species to be gin gradually bent into a semi-elliptic form, the ends named Una. To GONEPLAX, O. Angidata of this ar­ gradually converging into an angle behind, the apex ticle, which should be named G. bispinosa, is the proto­ truncate and marginate: the external antennae setace­ . To GECARCINUS, 0. ruricola and cordata of this ous and short, the two first joints largest; inserted be­ article are the only species we know to belong to it. twixt the front and internal canthus of the eye : Pe­ GEN. GRAPSUS. To this genus Cancer minutus of duncle of the internal antennae somewhat lunate. Se­ Linne is referable. cond joint of external double palpi, with the internal GEN. PINNOTHERES. apex emarginate or notched for the insertion of the Sp. 1. Pisum. (Femalel) Shell orbicular, soft, very palpi: Feet simple, compressed, the hinder ones short­ smooth, with the front somewhat arcuate and entire ; est. Nails somewhat compressed and hairy, the sides hands oblong, the under part a line of cilia?, as are the with an excavated line, joints naked and somewhat acute. upper parts of the thighs of the other legs; thumb Sp. 1. Pagurus. See p. 391 of this article. somewhat arcuate; abdomen very broad, the sides of GENUS II. XANTHO. Shell as in Cancer, but the the segments arcuate, the fifth segment broader; the hinder edge is only submarginate. External antennse last segment narrower than the preceding; the apex very short, setaceous, the two first joints largest, in­ broadly notched. serted at the internal corner of the eye; peduncle of Cancer pisum, Pennant, Fabricius, Linne. the internal antennae somewhat linear. Palpi as in Pinnotheres pisum, Latreille, Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. Cancer. Feet simple, compressed, hinder ones short­ vol. ii. Mai. Brit. PINNOTHERES, tab. A. est. Nails compressed, hairy, the sides with an obscure Inhabits the shells of mussels and oysters; male un­ impressed line, points naked, and scarcely acute. known. Sp. 1. Incisa. Wrists with two tubercles above; Sp. 9. Mytili. (Female.) Shell orbicular, inclining shell on each side with four obtuse teeth, the intersti­ to quadrate, soft, very smooth, the sides behind dilated; ces notched; fingers generally black, in some indivi­ front strait,obscurely,somewhat notched; hands oblong; duals same colour with the shell, which is most fre­ under parts, with the upper partof the thighs of the other quently reddish, or brownish-red. legs, having a ciliated line; thumb somewhat arcuate; Cancer incisus of this article. See p. 391. abdomen very broad, thesegmentsattheirsidessomewhat Obs. 1. Cancer dodone of Herbst seems to be refer­ arcuate; hinder edge of the third and following joints able to this genus, as far as we can judge from his notched in the middle; fifth segment broader, the last plate: it differs in having only three obtuse teeth on narrower than the preceding. each side of the shell. P. Mytili. Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. Malacos- Obs. 2. Cancer denticnlatus, Hirtellus and Spinifrons, tracaBr'itannica. PINNOTHERES, tab. A. Male unknown. seem also to form distinct genera, but the characters This interesting species was discovered by a most have not yet been developed. zealous and enlightened collector, MrCranch, in Mytilus GENUS III. ATELECYCLUS. The characters have not modiolus, from the Kingsbridge estuary, dredged from yet been completely developed ; it is readily distinguish­ the oyster bed near Gerston Point. ed from any other genus by the form of its shell, which Sp. 3. Mytilorum. (Female.) Shell ovate-orbicular, is almost continued from the front to the hinder edce anteriorlv somewhat narrower, convex very smooth, into a circle, which is however interrupted in that part, somewhat solid; front produced entire, scarcely some­ forming altogether an imperfect or interrupted circle. what arcuate; sides in each side behind, with tws The antennse, too, are as long as the shell. oblique impressed lines running together behind ; hands Sp. 1. Septemdentatus. With seven distinct teeth on somewhat oval, beneath, with the upper part of the the sides of the shell, and some intermediate small ones. thighs with a ciliated line; fingers arcuate; abdomea Cancer lappa septemdentatus, Montagu. somewhat narrow, the segments with their sides some­ First discovered by Montagu on the S. coast of Devon, what arcuate, the last narrower than the preceding, the and described by him in the 11th vol. of the Lin. Trans. apex somewhat acuminate, rounded at the extreme It has since been found by Mr Cranch of Kingsbridge point, and entire. to be very common in the Plymouth Sound. Dr Leach Cancer mytilorum albus of Herbst. received the young of the female from the Bell Rock, Pinnotheres mytilorum of Latreille. Leach, Mem. sent him by Mr Stevenson. The full grown female Wern. Soc. vol. ii. Mai. Brit. PINNOTHERES, tab. A. has never yet occurred. A single specimen of this species was taken by Dr Cancer undecemdentatus of Herbst, tab. 10. fig. 60. Leach from Mytilus modiolus, dredged at Newhaven in •seems to belong to this genus. It inhabits America. the Frith of Forth, who, for a long time, considered it The genus OCYPODE Dr Leach has also found it ne­ as the young of P. Pisum. Male unknown. cessary to divide into the following genera. Sp.4-. Varians. (Male.) Shell ovate-orbicular, ante­ * Shell rhomboidal, inclining to square ; peduncle of riorly somewhat narrower, convex very smooth, and so­ the eyes reaching the anterior external angles of lid ; front produced, arcuate, and entire; hands ovate, the shell. beneath with two lines of cilise; fingers much arcuated; GENUS I. OCYPODE. Peduncle extending beyond thighs above and below with a line of cilise ; and sides the eyes; anterior feet very unequal. of the abdomen broadly notched, the last joint abruptly GENUS II. UCA. Peduncle not extending beyond narrower than the preceding, the apex narrower, round- the eyes; the anterior feet very unequal. gd, and entire. CRUSTACEOLOGY. 431 Appendix. Cancer variant, Oliv. Enc.Meth. H.Nat. tab.vi.p. 155. GENUS V. BLASTUS. •—^•/I**ZMJ Cancer mytilommfuscus, Herbst. Sp. 1. Tetraodon. Cancer teiraodon of Pennant; Inhabits Mytilus modiolus. Is common in the Frith and also probably Maia armata of Latreille. of Forth, and was considered as the male of Pimm by GENUS VI. PISA. Dr Leach, until the distinctions of the ciliated lines Sp. 1. Biaculeala. Cancer biaculeatus, Montagu, Lin. were pointed out to him by that acute and learned zoo­ Trans, vol. ix. logist Montagu. ** Abdomen with six joints. Sp. 5. Pinna;. Front somewhat emarginate; hands GENUS I. INACHUS. Exterior antennae, with the beneath, with an arcuate emargination. three first joints largest; eyes distant; feet very long Male, with the shell transversely, somewhat quadrate, and slender, the anterior pair excluding the arms, thick­ somewhat solid and punctate ; hands ovate,_fingers ar­ er than the three hinder pair; shell somewhat triangu­ cuate ; sides of the abdomen entire, the last joint abrupt­ lar, scantily spined, and rostrated in front, with a pro­ ly broader than the preceding, the apex acutely some­ jecting spine on each side over the eyes, which protects what rounded. them as it were in a spurious orbit. Female, shell somewhat transversely, somewhat qua­ Sp. 1. Dorsettensis. Rostrum short and tricuspid, drate, soft, and very minutely punctate; hands elon­ with equal teeth, middle one acute placed beneath; gate-ovate, with the fingers somewhat arcuate; abdo­ shell behind the rostrum, with four small equal tuber­ men very broad, with a kind of carina of knots, the cles disposed in a strait transverse line ; behind these fifth, sixth, and seventh segments emarginate behind, three spines, the middle one placed rather more anteri­ the last joint narrower than the preceding. orly; behind these again, three others stronger and Cancer Pinnotheres, Linne ? more acute, placed in a recurved line; the hinder mar­ Pinnotheres pinna, Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vel. ii. gin, with two distant obsolete tubercles. Malacos. Britan. PINNOTHERES, tab. B. Cancer dorsettensis of Pennant. Cancer Scorpio. Fabr. Mus. Montagu, male and female. Mus. Leach, female. Ent. Syst. Inachus Scorpio. Fabr. Sup. Ent. Syst. Discovered by Montagu in Pinna ingens, from the Inhabits the western coasts of England. Is common Salcombe estuary; since which, MrCranch has taken two at the mouths of rivers, and in deep water far from land. females out of the same shell from the same situation. Sp. 2. Dorynchus. Rostrum somewhat lanceolated, Sp. 6. Modioli. (Male.) Shell transversely, somewhat with a fissure running down the middle; shell behind quadrate, somewhat solid, and punctate; front emargi­ the rostrum, with three spines placed in a triangle, the nate ; hands ovate, fingers arcuate; sides of the abdo­ hinder one largest; behind these are two tubercles, one men widely notched, the last joint somewhat abruptly on each side, then four other tubercles, one on each broader than the preceding, the apex obtusely rounded side, and two in the middle near to one another, placed and entire. somewhat behind the lateral ones; posterior margin Pinnotheres modioli, Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. with two distant obsolete tubercles. Malacost. Brit. PINNOTHERES, tab. B. This was discovered by Dr Leach, whilst he was wash­ Discovered by Montagu in Mytilus modiolus, from the ing some specimens of I. Dorsettensis, sent him by Mr Kingsbridge estuary. Female unknown. Prideaux and Mr Cranchfrom the Kingsbridge estuary. Mus. Montagu. Inachus dorynchus. Leach, Malacos. Brit. Inachus, GENtjs MEGALOPA. This genus includes Cancer rhom- tab. A. hoidalis, mentioned in a note, p. 394, but the charac­ GENUS II. LEPTOPODIA. Exterior antenna?, with the ters have not yet been fully examined. Cancer grana- two first joints largest; eyes distant; first pair of legs rius of Herbst and Fabricius belong to this genus, if not thicker than the following legs ; shell somewhat it be distinct from Montagu's rhomboidalis. triangular, thinly spined, anteriorly rostrated; no spine GENUS LEUCOSIA. See page 39*. To this genus, Can­ to protect the eyes. cer tuberosa of Pennant, and Cancer tumefactus of Mon­ Sp.l. Phalangium. Maiaphalangkim,seeTp.3()5,'which tagu, Lin. Trans, vol. 9, belong. These two species seems to be the same with Cancer rostratus of Herbst. at first sight seem distinct; but Dr Leach possesses such Sp. 2. Tenuirostris. This differs from Phalangium, a number of intermediate and connecting specimens, in having the rostrum longer and narrower, and the as to render the point extremely doubtful; until more arms of the male spiny. specimens can be obtained, he thinks it better to be silent Inhabits the Plymouth Sound. First noticed as dis­ •n the subject, lest the subject become more perplexed. tinct by Dr Leach. Genus MAIA. See page 394. This genus, too, in the- paper to which we have alluded, has been divided. ORDER II. MACROURI. * Abdomen with seven joints. GENUS PENXUS. See page 401. To the generic The genera in this division have been examined but character add pediform palpi, with five exserted joints, not defined ; we shall, however, give the name of the last joint obtuse and simple. genera, with one species of each genus. GENUS ALPHJEUS. See page 400. To this genus, GENUS 1. PARTHENOPE, Fabricius. Cancer spinusoiSowerby, described in theBritish Miscel­ ' Sp. 1. Maia Horrida of this article, see page 394. lany, is referable. The pediform palpi with three ex­ GENUS II. MAIA. serted joints, the last joint furnished with spines. " Sp. I. Squinado of this article, seep. 394. This spe- •Sp. 2. Trisulcalus. Back of the thorax with three *es is improperly mentioned as the Dodecos of Linne grooves ; rostrum turning downwards, with two teeth by Montagu, in the seventh volume of the Linnean beneath and many above. Transactions, when he describes his Cancer maxillaris. Penceus trisulcatus, Leach, Malacos. Brit. PENJBUS, \ GENUS III. HYAS. tab. A. •Sp. 1. Araneus. Maia Araneus of this article, see p. 394. Mus. Sowerby. GENUS IV. EURYNOME. Discovered in Anglesea by the Rev. H. Davies, who Sp. 1. Aspera. Cancer asper of Pennant. As full sent it to Mr Sowerby. grown specimens have not yet occurred, we cannot give GEN. HIPPOLYTE. Superior antennae with two seta; tire specific characters. the lower seta largest, the upper compressed; pediform 432 CRUSTA< IEOLOGY. Appendix, palpi, with three exserted joints, the last spiniferous; GENUS I. TALITRUS. Page 402. v—-Y"""-' four anterior feet, didactyle, the anterior pair shortest Sp.l. Locusta. Dr Leach has discovered T. littoralis and thickest; nails of other feet spinous; third joint of to be merely the other sex of this species. abdomen gibbous above. GENUS II. ORCHESTIA. Page 402. Four anterior Observe. To this genus Cancer astacus gibbosus of feet of the male monodactyle, the second pair largest; Montagu, already referred to in the note after Pena;us, of the female equal in size, the first pair monodactyle, page 401, belongs. the second didactyle. Sp. 1. Varians. Rostrum strait, with two teeth above FAMILY II. DEXAMERIOE. and beneath; shell above and beneath the eyes with a spine. Antennse three-jointed, the last joint composed of several other minute articulations; upper ones longest. Inhabits the rocky shores of Devon in great plenty. * Two anterior pair of feet monodactyle. Hippolyte varians; Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. GENUS III. DEXAMINE. Four anterior feet nearly There are other species which are not well understood. equal; hands subovate, compressed, and filiform. GEN. . Superior antennae with two seta?, Sp. I.Spinosa. Cancergammarusspinosusof'Montagu. the inferior ones with a squama at their base. First ** Anterior pair of feet didactyle ; second pair mono­ pair of feet simple, the second pair didactyle; nails of dactyle. the other feet spinulose; third segment of the abdo­ men gibbous above; pediform palpi, with three exsert­ GENUS IV. LEUCOTHOE. Thumb of anterior feet ed joints, the last acuminate and spinigerous. with two joints; second pair with a compressed hand, furnished with a curved thumb. Sp. 1. Montagui. Rostrum turning upwards, with many teeth above, and the apex emarginate, with six teeth Sp. 1. Artkulosa. Page 403. beneath; antenna; ringed with white and red alternately. FAMILY III. GAMMARID^E. , Leach, Malacos. Brit. Panda­ Last joint of the antennae composed of several mi­ lus, Tab. A. named in honour of the first discoverer, nute articulations; upper pair longest, four jointed; Montagu, by whom it was called Astacus maadatus. The under ones five-jointed. Rev. J. Fleming took this species in Zetland, whose * Second pair of feet larger than the first, with a com­ successful labours in that country speak more than we pressed hand. can do in words. GENUS V. MELITA. Second pair of feet (in the male GEN. PALCEMON. Page 401. A. Anterior pair of at least) with the thumb bending upon the palm; last feet smaller than the second; pediform palpi, with the joint of the antennae entire. last simple and acuminate, shorter than the preceding Sp. 1. Melita pdlmeta. Page 403. joint; superior antennae with three setse. GENUS VI. M^HA. Second pair of feet with a large Observe. We can correct an error in nomenclature, compressed hand and single thumb; last joint of the which we have lately discovered. antennae bifid. Sp. 1. Serratus. Rostrum ascending, above with Sp. 1. Grossimana. Page 403. from six to eight teeth, and the apex notched; beneath ** Four anterior feet nearly equal in size and form, with from four to six teeth. with ovate hands. Astacus serratus of Pennant. Paltxmon squilla of La- GENUS VII. GAMMARUS. Last joint but one of the treille; and this article, page 401. Palcemon serralus of superior antennae with a litle seta at the apex at the Fabricius, seems referable to a distinct genus, from his base of the articulated last joint; back of the tail with description, if it be correct. ciliae of spines. Sp. 2. Squilla. Rostrum strait, with from seven to Contains Gammarus pulex, locusta, and camylops of eight teeth above, and two to three beneath. this article, page 402 and 403. Cancer squilla, of Linne. GENUS VIII. AMPITHBE. Superior antennse, with­ Is very common on the Devonshire coast; has the out a seta at the base of the last joint; back of the tail same colour as P. serratus, but spawns at a different without fasciculi of spinules. season. A little shorter than the preceding species. Sp.l. Rubricata. Gammarus ruhricatus. Page 403. Sp. 3. Varians. The rostrum strait, with from four *** Four anterior feet with a filiform hand. to six teeth above and three beneath. GENUS IX. PHERUSA. Is common at Yarmouth, and is frequently also taken Sp. 1. Fucicola. Colour whitish, nuttled with reddish. on the Devon and Glamorgan coasts. Found on the rocky shores of Devon, under stones GEN. ATHANAS. Pahemon. Page 401. B. Anterior at low tide, on fuci. larger than the second pair of feet; pediform palpi, with joint simple and acuminate longer than the preceding; FAMILY IV. PODOCERID^E. superior antennae with three setse. Superior antennae shortest four-jointed, the last joint Sp. 1. Nitescens. Palcemon nilescens. Page 401. solid or obscurely articulated; inferior antennae five- jointed, with the last joint solid, or very obscurely ar­ ORDER III. GASTERURI. ticulated. * Superior antennce very short, the last joint composed TRIBE I. GNATHIDES. of many minute articulations. This includes our former family, Gnathonii. GENUS X. COROPHRIUM. Body elongate, ten-joint­ ed ; tail three-jointed, the first joint and the second with TRIBE II, GAMMERIDES. a bifid style ; the last with two moveable papillae ; an­ This tribe includes our family Gammarini, which is terior pair of feet small, with the apex somewhat trun­ now divided into several iamilies. The last character, viz. cate, and furnished with a little thumb; second pair " tail not distinct from the body," should be cancelled. larger, armed with a thin curved thumb. FAMILY I. ORCHESTIM:. Dr Leach formerly considered this genus as consti­ Antenna; four jointed, the last joint composed sever­ tuting a peculiar family, which, with the addition of al minute joints; the upper ones very short;, shorter two other genera, he has now completely established as than the peduncle of the under ones, such. For the species, see page 403. CRUSTACEOLOGY. 433 ** Superior antennae shorter than the under ones; * Upper antennae with a very large peduncle ; head Append the last joint scarcely articulated. behind bilobate, the eyes placed on the lobes. GENUS XI. PODOCERUS. Eyes hemispherical and GENUS V. CYMODOCE. Eyes touching the anterior somewhat prominent; four anterior feet didactyle, an­ margin of the first segment; base of the tail on each terior pair smallest with an elongate-subovate hand; side with two equal slightly compressed (but not folia­ second pair with an ovate hand, and the internal side ceous) appendages, exterior ones largest; last segment nearly strait. emarginate, with a lamella in the middle; nails bifid. Sp.l. Variegatus. Body, legs, and antennae beauti­ Sp.l. Truncata. Apex of tail truncate. ._ fully variegated with red. Inhabits the coast of Devon amongst fuci, but is Podocerus variegatus. Leach's MSS. " very rare. Leach's MSS. Inhabits the rocky shores of Devon, walking about Oniscus truncatus, Montagu's MSS. on fuci and corallines with its antenna? as well as legs. GENUS VI. DYNAMENE. Eyes not reaching the an­ GENUS XII. JASSA. Eyes not prominent; four an­ terior margin of the first segment; base of the tail on terior feet didactyle with ovate hands; the anterior each side with two equal foliaceous appendages, apex pair smallest; the hand of the second pair with the in­ of the tail emarginate; nails bifid. ternal edge furnished with teeth. There are several indigenous species of this genus, Sp. 1. Pitlchella. Thumb of the second pair with but the characters are not yet determined. the internal edge emarginate at the base. GENUS VII. SPH^EROMA. Eyes not reaching the an­ Far. <*. Internal edge of the hand of the second pair terior margin of the first segment; last joint of the tail of feet with an elongated tooth at the base. entire, the base on each side furnished with two equal Far. /3. Internal edge of the second hand with three foliaceous appendages; nails bifid. teeth. Sp. 1. Serrata. Add to the character given in p. 405. Jassa pukhella. Leach, Mem. Warn. Soc. vol. ii. " External foliaceous appendage of the tail externally Inhabits fibrous fuci on the Devonshire coast every serrated." •where. White painted with red. Sp. 2. Rugicauda. Add, " foliaceous lamella? not ser­ Sp. 2. Pelagica. Hand of the second pair with the rate externally." internal edge having a lunar notch. Sp. 3. Hookeri. Last joint of the tail with two ob­ Jassa pelagica. Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. long obsolete tubercles. Received through 'Mr Stevenson's kindness from the Spheroma Jlookeri. Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. Bell Rock, in the German Sea. Discovered by Mr W. J. Hooker on the Norfolk coast. Cancer gammarus falcatus of Montagu. Lin. Trans. ** Peduncle of upper antennae not very large. vol. ix. tab. 5. fig. 2. seems referable to this genus. GENUS VIII. CYMOTHOA. Head narrower than the first segment of the body, and received into a notcn. TRIBE III. PHRONIMARIDES. in that part; eyes obscure; tail narrower than the body, Extremity of the tail furnished with several styles; the last segment of the tail transversely quadrate, with feet ten. two styles on each side at the base. This tribe contains the genus PHRONIMA, mentioned Sp. 1. CEslrum, page 405. in p. 403, which might constitute a distinct family. GENUS IX. LIMNORIA. Head as broad as the first TRIBE IV. CAPRELLIDES. segment of the body; eyes granulated and distinct; tail scarcely narrower than the body; last segment of This includes our family CAPRELLINI, to which we the tail rounded at the apex; the base in each side with ean add another genus, differing from Caprella in having two styles. true legs instead of the gelatinous fine-like legs, which is naved. Sp. 1. Terebrans. Body cinereous; eyes somewhat pitchy-black. GEN. PROTO. Sp. 1. Pedata. Limnoria terebrans. Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. : Length from one line to two. Cancer gammarus pedaius. Montagu, Linn. Trans. vol. xi. p. 6. tab. ii. fig. 6. This new and highly interesting species was sent to Dr Leach by Mr Stevenson, from the Bell Rock, in TRIBE V. APSEUDIDES. logs of wood, which it perforated in the most alarming Comprehending our family APSEUDH, p. 404. manner. He has since received it from the coast of TRIBE VI. ASELLIDES. Suffolk. It generally produces seven young ones. FAMILY III. ASELLID.E. Antennae four, distinct; last segment of the tail long. Last segment of the tail very large; middle antennae FAMILY I. ANTHURIDJE. very short; external antennas half the length of the Last segment of the tail very short, the last narrow, body, or more. elongate, with two elongate lamellae on each side; an­ Stirps 1. Tail with two styles at the apex; antennas tennae nearly equal, inserted one behind the other in filiform. nearly an horizontal line. GENUS X. IDOTEA. External antennae half the length GENUS II. ANTHURA. See Genus LXV. of the body, or scarcely longer, the third and fourth FAMILY II. CYMOTHOID^E. joints equal; body ovate. Last segment of the tail with one or two appendao-es Sp. 1. Entomon, see p. 404. on each side; antennas placed in pairs, one above the Sp. 2. CEslrum, see p. 404. other. GENUS XI. STENOSOMA. External antennae longer Stirps 1. Last segment of the tail on each side with than the body, the third longer than the fourth joint; a single appendage. body linear. GENUS III. CAMPECOPEA. See Genus LXIX. Sp. 1. Hectica. Apex of the tail truncate. GENUS IV. NESJSA. See Genus LXVIII. Idotea hectica of this article. See page 404. Stirps 2. Last segment of the tail with two appen­ Sp. 2. Acuminata. Apex of the tail acuminate. dages on each side. Stenosoma acuminata. Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. VOL. VII. PART II. 3 i T

484 CRUSTACEOLOGY. Taken on the Devonshire coast by Dr Leach. GENUS XXIV. POLYDESMUS. See Gen. LXXVIII. Append! Slirps 2. Apex of the tail with two bifid styles ; Stirps 2. Antennas inserted under the anterior mar- —"V" antennas setaceous. gin of the head. * Styles very minute, scarcely exserled ; anterior feet GENUS XXV. POLYXENUS. See Gen. LXXIX. like the others ; without a head. ORDER II. SYNGNATHA. GENUS XII. JMRA. Eyes of the middle size insert­ ed betwixt the sides of the head and the vertex. FAMILY I. SCUTIGERID^E. Sp. 1. Albifrons. Head anteriorly whitish. Segments of the body bearing four feet. Oniscus albifrons, Montagu's MSS. GENUS XXVI. SCUTIGERA. See Gen. LXXX. Jmra albifrons. Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. FAMILY II. SCOLOPENDRIDJE. Inhabits the British sea every where, under stones Segments of the body with a single pair of feet. and amongst fuci. Stirps 1. Last pair of feet remarkably larger than the ** Styles of the tail exserted; anterior feet larger rest. than the others, with a moveable thumb. * Feet thirty. GENUS XIII. JANIRA. Nails bifid; eyes of a mode­ GENUS XXVII. LITHOBIUS. See Gen. LXXXIII. rate size, inserted on the sides of the head towards the ** Feet forty. vertex. GENUS XXVIII. SCOLOPENDRA. See Gen. LXXXI. Sp. 1. Maculosa. Light cinereous, mottled with GENUS XXIX. CRYPTOPS. See Gen. LXXXII. brownish speckles. Stirps 2. Last pair of feet not very much larger than Oniscus maculosa, Montagu's MSS. the rest. Janira maculosa. Leach, Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. ii. GENUS XXX. GEOPHILUS. See Gen. LXXXIV. Inhabits the Devonshire coasts, under stones, butis rare. CLASS ARACHNIDES. GENUS XIV. ASELLUS. Nails simple; eyes minute and lateral. Those of this class having but six feet, may be ar­ Sp. 1. Aquaticus, see p. 404. ranged in a more perfect manner: we can add one new genus, and the genus Nycteribia of Latreille is also re- TRIBE VIII. ONISCIDES. ferable to this division, although he has placed it with Internal antennae very minute, scarcely discernible. the insects. FAMILY I. LIGID.B. HEXAPODA. * Caudal styles two on each side, sitting on a common TRIBE I. CEPHALOSTOMA. peduncle in hairs. Mouth situated in the head. GENUS XV. LIGIA, see Genus LXXI. FAMILY I. PniENORHYNCHi. Sp. 1. Oceanicus. Ligia scopulorum is merely a va­ Mouth porrected and easily to be seen. riety of this species, see p. 406, as we have found every GENUS I. CARIS. See Gen. IV. intermediate variety in size and sculpture. GENUS II. LEPTUS. See Gen. V. - FAMILY II. ONISCIM:. GENUS III. OCYPETE. Mouthrostriform, porrected betwixt the palpi. Caudal styles two on each side, the lateral one two- jointed. Palpi elongate-conic, incurved, the last joint acute, Stirps 1. Body not contractile into a globe. corneous, and nail- like, abruptly narrower than the * External antennas with eight joints. preceding, underneath at the base with a conic (soft?) GENUS XVI. PHILOSCIA, see Genus LXXII. elongate moveable appendage. Body soft, oval, smooth, GENUS XVII. ONISCUS, see Genus LXXIII. the upper part anteriorly, as if divided into two parts ** External antenna? with seven joints. by a transverse line; the anterior division a little nar­ GENUS XVIII. PORCELLIO, see Genus LXXIV. rower, and bearing the mouth, eyes, and four anterior kjiirps &. Bouy contractile into a globe. feet. Two e^'es on each side close to one another, pro­ GENUS XIX. ARMADILLO, see Genus LXXV. minent, (or placed on a peduncle?), inserted above This genus intimately connects the Orders TETRA- the base of the anterior feet. Feet six-jointed, the last joint of the anterior pair thickest. CERA with the DUOCERA. Between the eyes, which are inserted longitudinally, CLASS MYRIAPODA. there is a black spot above the base of the rostrum. ORDER I. CHILOGNATHA. This genus seems akin to the Trombidia in the parts Includes Fam. 20. JULIDES of this article, p. 387 of the mouth at least. and 407. Sp. 1. Rubra. Body red, back with a few long, and the feet with many short rufous hairs, inclining to ash- FAMILY I. GLOMERIDJJ. colour. Eyes blackish brown. Body contractable into a ball. Dr Leach took no less than sixteen specimens _ of GENUS XX. GLOMERIS. Feet on each side sixteen. this interesting little parasite, from one tipularous in­ See p. 407. sect in Devon. GENUS XXI. CRYXUS. Feet on each side twenty. See p. 407. FAMILY II. APH«NORHYNCHI. Mouth hidden. FAMILY II. JULID.B. Body not contractable into a ball. GENUS IV. ASTOMA. See Gen. VI. of this article. Stirps 1. Antennie inserted on the superior margin TRIBE II. NOTOSTOMA. of the head. Mouth placed on the back. * Eyes distinct and granulated. GENUS V. NYCTERIBIA. Latreille, Montagu, Lin. GENUS XXII. JULUS. See Gen. p. 407. Trans, vol. xi. GENUS XXIII. CRASPEDOSOMA. See Gen. JULUS ** PTHIRIDIUM. Hermann. p. 407. CELERIPES. Montagu, Lin. Trans, vol. ix. ** Lvcs obsolete^ Sp, 1, Vespertilionis. CRUSTACEOLOGY. 435 INDEX. CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. Gen. Gen. Sp. Gen. Sp. Gen* Sp. Sp. Viridis . 8 1 33 Campecopea H irsuta 69 Cancer. Albunea . Daphnia 6 Dorsipes 32 2 Cancer. See App. passim 18 Fam. I. Note. Symnista 33 Angulatus 19 5 Rubricatus 55 4 Pulex 6 1 Alph&us e = 45 Araneiformis 36 2 Ruricola 19 2 Fennata 6 1 AV cU'US • 45 1 Araneus 24 4 Salinus 12 1 * Dexamine. Flavsscens » 45 2 Aretus . 37 3 Semicylindricus 21 4 Spinosa. App. 435;. Marmoratus » 45 3 Articulosus 58 1 Spinifrons 18 5 * Donovania • . Asper 24. Spinosus 24 5 Hortensis 82 1 *TrisuIcatuss App.£ .431 29 Ammodytes, * Astaeus 41 3 Squilla . 47 1 Dorippe 29 I Nauplii 9 1 Atomos 60 1 Stagnalis 12 1 Quadridens * Ampith'oe. Auritus 21 3 Stellatus 43 1 Dromia IS Rubricata* App. 55 4 Bamfius 40 1 Strigosus . 40 1 Rumphii 15 1 * Anthurn- •> » 65 Bernhardus 36 2 Subterraneus 44 1 * Dynamene. App. 433. Gracilis • 65 1 Calappa IS 2 Symnista 33 1 Entomon . • Apseudes, Talpa 2 1 Canaliculars 36 11 Talpa . 62 1 Hieroglyphicum 63 1 Apus 4 Cassivelaunus 27 1 Tenuicrustatus 20 1 * Evrynome Aspera. Cancriformis 4 1 Ceratopthalmus 19 4 Tetraodon 24 App. 431. Product us • 4 2 Cordatus 19 3 Tubularis 36 8 Galatkea 40 Argute 3 Comigatus 14 Uca 19 1 Amplectens 40 & Dauphin 3 1 Crangon . 48 1 Varians 22 1 Gregaria 40 4 Argulus > • 3 Craniolaris 23 2 Velutinus 14 3 Rugosa 40 3 Charon * 3 1 Cursor . . 19 3 Caprella 60 * Squamifera 40 2 Delphinus 3 1 Denticulatus 18 6 * Acanthifera 60 4 Strigosa 40 1 Foliaceus 3 Depressus • 21 2 Penantis • 60 3 Gammarellus 62 Armadillo 75 Depurator 14 7 Phasma 60 2 Talpa . . 62 Vulgaris 75 1 Diogenes 36 4 Linearis 60 1 Gammarus. See App. 55 1 Variegatus 75 2 Dodecos 25 1 * Carcinus, App. 429 Articulosus 58 1 Asellus. See App. 434. 63 Dodone, App. 430. Cephaloculus. Atomos 60 1 Vulgaris 63 1 Dorset tensis 24 Stagnorum 10 1 * Camylops 55 3 Astacus * 41 Dorsipes 32 2 Cermatia, Illiger 83 Grossimanus . 56 1 Astacus 41 1 Dromia 15 1 Corophium. App. Linearis 60 1 Atomos 60 1 Emeritus 35 1 Longicorne . 59 1 Littoralis 53 2 Bamfius 40 3 Flexuosus . 49 1 Corystes • » 27 Littoreus 54 1 Crangon 48 1 Floridus 18 2 Cassivelaunus 27 1 Locusta 53 1 Fluviatilis 41 3 Gammarus 41 1 Longimanus 27 1 Locusta, Montagu 55 2 Gammarus • 41 1 Giraffa 24 2 Crab. See Cancer. Longicornis 59 1 Homarus . 38 2 Granulatus * 16 3 Crabbe, pince noir 18 1 Maxillaris 52 1 Linearis 59 1 Grapsus 20 1 Crangon . . 48 Palmatus 57 1 Locusta • 53 1 Grossimanus . 56 1 Vulgaris 48 1 Phasma 60 1 Mantis 50 1 Grossipes 59 1 Cray-jish • . Pulex 55 1 Marin us 41 1 Hexapus 39 1 Norwegian 41 2 Rubricatus 55 4 Multipes 49 1 Hirtellus 19 4 River 41 3 Saltator 53 1 Nitescens . 47 3 Homarus 38 3 Sea . 41 2 Subterraneus . 55 1 Norvegicus 41 2 Horridus, Linne 24 1 Spiny 38 2 Talpa 62 1 Pulex 55 1 Incisus 18 2 Cryptops Hortensis 82 1 * Gecarcinus. App. p. 430. Scaber ? 42 1 Horridus, Pennant 26 1 Cryxusj App. 434. Ruricola Id. Serratus. See App 47 1 Lanatus 29 1 Ovatus 76 Cordatus Id. Strigosus 40 1 Latipes 14 4 * Craspedosomat App. 434. Geophilus . 84 Stellatus e 43 1 Latro 36 3 * Raulinsii 77 7 Electricus 84 1 Subterraneus 44 1 Linearis 60 1 * Polydesmoides 77 8 Glomeris . 76 * Atelecyclzts, Littoreus 54 1 * Cuvieria. . . 58 Limbata 76 1 Septemdentatus, Locusta, Linne 53 1 Articulosa 58 1 Marginata 76 1 App. 430. Locusta, Montagu 55 2 Cyamus 61 Ovalis 76 3 * Atkanas Nitescens, Longicornis 39 2 Ceti 61 1 Pustulata 76 2 App. 432. Manias 18 3 Cyclops 9 * Gnatkia 52 * Blastus Tetraodon, Maja, Linne 26 1 Coeruleus 9 Termitoides 52 1 App. 431. Maja, Seopoli 24 6 Claviger 9 * Goneplax, App. 432. Binoculus . • 3 Maxillaris 52 1 Longicornis 9 2 Grapsus 20 Argulus S 1 Minutus 22 1 Mullen 9 Cruentatus 20 3 Piscinus 2 1 Multipes 49 1 Quadricornis . 9 1 Varius 20 2 Sepyrus » « 70 Muricatus 24 2 Rubens • 9 Pictus 20 1 Squillarum 70 1 Norvegicus 41 2 *Cymodoce Minutus, App. 436 * Boscia . * 57 Nucleus 23 1 Truncata. App. 433. " Gronovia . 76 Nigricans 57 1 Pagurus 18 1 Cymothoa 66 Hepatus 17 Calappa 16 Paludosus 12 1 Asilus 66 1 Fasciatus 17 1 Angustata 17 1 Pedatus 51 1 Assimilis 71 4 * Herbstium . 43 Fornicata 16 2 Pelagicus 14 1 Entomon . 64 2 Stellatum 43 1 Granulata 16 o Phasma 60 1 CEstrum 66 2 Hippa . . 35 Tuberculata 16 1 Pisum 22 1 Serrata 67 1 Adactyla ? 34 1 Caligus 2 Phalangium 21 8 Cypris s . 7 Emeritus 35 1 Curtus 2 1 Platyeheles 39 3 Conchacea 7 1 * I/ippolyte Piscinus 2 1 Puber 14 3 Detecta 7 2 Varians, App. 432. Productus 2 2 Pulex . 55 1 Pubera 7 1 * llyas * Callanassa. Karinus 32 1 Reniformis . 7 3 Araneus, App. 431 • Subterranea, 44 1 Bhomboidalis Cyihcre • 8 * Jtsra, App. 134. 436 C R U -S T A C E O L O G Y. TndeT. Gen. Sp* Gen. S P. G en. S P- Gen. Sp. • Albifrons, App. 434. Phalangium . 24 8 CEstrum, Donovan 64 2 LongicornLs 39 2 * Janira Sagittaria 24 7 CEstrum, Pennant 64 3 Platycheles 39 3 * Maculosa, App. 434. Squinado 24 6 CEstrum, Linnd 66 2 Porccllio 7-4 Idotea . . 64 Matuta 31 Pulchellus 75 2 Laevis 74 2 Aquatica 63 1 Victor 31 1 Pustulatus 76 2 Scaber 74 I Entomon 64 2 Herbstii 31 2 Scolopendrioides 60 1 * Portumnus, App. 429. Hecticus 64 1 * Megalopa, App. 431. Squillarum 70 1 Portunus. App. 429. 14 CEstrum 64 3 * Melita, App. 435 Sylvestris . 72 1 Arcuatus 14 6 Tridentata 64 1 Mictt/ris . e 28 Testudo 66 Corrugatus 14 4 Inackus. See App. 431 Longicarpus 28 1 Thoracicus 70 Depurator 14 7 Dorynchus, App. 431. JWUepied . Variegatus 75 2 Emarginatus, Leach 14 5 Dorsettensis, App. 431. Pill 74 1 Volutator , 59 1 Latipes . 14 4 Longirostris . 25 1 Common 74 1 Zonatus 76 1 Lividus . 14 S Maja 26 1 Monoculus '* Orchestia. See App. 56 Marmoreus 14 9 Opilio 24 5 Apus, 4 2 Littorea 54 1 Manas . 14 2 Sagittarius 24 7 Apus, Fabr. 4 1 Orithya . . 30 Pelagicus . *14 1 * Jussa. See App. 433 Argulus 3 1 Mamillaris 30 1 Puber . 14 3 Pulchella, App. Id Brachyurus 5 1 Pazneus • • 46 Variegatus 14 10 * Pelagica, App. Id. Conchaceus 7 1 Monodon 46 1 Vigil . . 13 1 Julus - . 77 Crangorum 74 1 Pagurus . 36 * Praunus • 49 Araneoides 80 1 Gyrini 3 1 Alatus . . 36 10 Flexuosus 49 Complanatus 78 1 JLongicornis 9 2 Aniculus . . 36 7 * Integer 49 Fuscus . 77 S Pediculus 10 1 Araneiformis . 36 2 Prawn « 47 Indus 77 6 Piscinus 2 1 Bernhardus 36 1 Common 47 Maximus • 77 4 Polyphemus 1 1 Canaliculatus . 36 ll Shining 47 ' * Marginatus 77 7 Pulex 6 1 Gustos 36 5 * Proto 1 '* Niger 77 2 Quadricornis 9 1 Diogenes 36 4 Pedata, App. 433, Oniscoides 76 1 Salmoneus 2 2 Latro 36 3 Pulex Caudatus 6 1 Ovalis 76 3 Sphsericus 5 2 Miles 36 6 Marinus 54 1 Ovatus 76 3 Taurus 11 1 Oculatus 36 9 Pycnogonum Foiydesmoides 77 Viridis 8 1 Tubularis 36 8 Ceti . 61 1 Baulinsii * Montagua 44 Pakemon . . 47 Rantna e 32 Sabulosus 77 3 Subterranea 44 1 Nitescens 47 3 Dorsipes 32 2 Terrestris 77 1 Miilleria . , 56 Quadriden3 47 2 Serrata 32 1 Leptopodia Grossimana 56 1 Serrata, App. 432. Paulinsia, Leach 77 Phalangium, App. 431. Mi/sis 51 Squilla. See App. 47 1 Jiemipes 34 Tenuirostris, App. 431. • Saltatorius 51 1 * Varians, App. 432. Testudinarius 34 1 L&ucosia, 23 * Nesaea 68 Palinurus . • 38 Sootopendra 81 Craniolaris 23 1 Bidentata 68 1 Homarus 38 2 Coleoptrata 80 1 Nucleus 23 1 Nephrops, Norve jica. 41 3 Quadricornis . 38 1 Electrica 80 1 * Leucothoe Ocypode 19 Vulgaris 38 1 Forficata 83 1 Articulosa, App. Angulata 19 5 Pallasius, Leach • 64 Hortensis 82 1 IAgia. See App. 434. 71 Bispinosa 19 5 Pandal Common 47 2 Ineequalis 81 4 Hypnorum 71 4 Ceralopthalma 19 5 * Pandalus, Montagui, lnermis 81 2 Italica 71 3 Cordata 19 3 App. 432. Lagura 79 1 Oceanica Tl 1 Huricola 19 2 * Panope Ceti 61 1 Morsitans 81 3 Oniscoides 71 5 Tourlourous . 1 c- 2 *> *t—-,„ Spinipes 81 I * Scopulorum 71 2 Uca . 19 1 Horrida. See App. 24 1 Scutigera Araneoides 80 1 * Limnoria, App. 433. Vocans 19 4 Parton, common 18 1 Coleoptrata 80 1 Terebrans, App. 433. Vocans-major 19 4 * Pkerusa, Fucicola, App. 432 ScyUarus 37 Stimulus Cyclops 1 1 Onisctis 73 Philoscia 72 Arctus 37 3 Heterodactylus 1 3 Agilis 71 4 Muscorum 72 1 Antarcticus 37 5 Moluccanus . 1 2 Aquaticus 63 1 * Phosphora . 84 JEquinoctialis 37 6 Noctilucus Obs. 1 Armadillo 75 1 Electrica 84 1 Australis 37 2 Palustris . 4 1 Armadillo 76 2 Phronyma. App. 433. 58 Latus 37 1 Polyphemus 1 1 Asellus 73 1 Pinnotheres. See App- 22 Orien talis' 37 7 Polyphemus 1 4 Arellus 74 1 Mytilorum. App. 22 1 Tridentatus 37 4 Virescens 1 4 Asiius 66 1 Pisum. App. 22 1 Shrimp, common 48 * Lithobius, Leach 83 Assimilis 71 Modioli, App. 430 . Slater, common 73 1 Forficatus 83 1 Bidentatus 68 1 Pinna;, App. 430 Sphasroma 67 * Laevilabrum 83 3 Ceti . 61 1 Varians, App. 430 Cinerea 67 1 * Variegatus 83 2 Cseruleatus, M ont. 62 1 * Pisa Rugicauda 67 2 Lithodes 26 See App. p. 434. Biaculeata, App. 431. Serrata 67 1 Arctica 26 1 Cinereus . . 75 1 Plagusia . . 21 Hookeri, App. 433. Maja • 26 1 Cylindricus 65 Clavimana 21 1 Squilla Mantis 50 Lobster. See Cancer. Entomon C4 2 Depressa . 21 2 * Sienosoma '* Lupa 16 Gammarellus 54 1 Semicylindrica 21 4 Pectica, App. p. 433. Lynceus » « £ Globator 67 1 Squamosa 21 3 * Acuminata, App. 433. Brachyurus 5 1 Gracilis 65 1 '* Podocerus App. 433. Talitrus. See App. 03 1 Sphsericus 5 2 Hecticus 64 1 Variegatus, Id. Gammarelius 54 1 Macropus Hirsutus 69 1 Podoptkalm'us . 13 Littoralis 53 2 Longirostris 25 1 Hypnorum 71 4 Spinosus 13 1 Locusta 53 1 * Mara Grossiman, Linearis 64 1 Pollyxenus 79 Saltator 53 1 Locusta 53 1 Lagurus 79 1 Thalassina. 42 App. 432. Scabra 42 1 Maia 24 Lutosus 2 1 Polydesmus 78 4 Marginatus 71 1 Complanatus 78 1 * Uca, App. 430. Araneus 24 43 1 Armata 24 5 Marinus 64 2 Polyphemus • 10 * Upogebia Stellata Giraffa 24 2 Murarius 73 1 Oculus 10 1 * Xantho Horrida . 24 1 Muacorum 72 1 Porcellana 39 Incisa, App. 430. Zb'e pelagica . 11 I Murkata 24 3 Oceanicus 71 11 Hexapus 39 1 CRUSTACEOLOGY. 437 CLASS II. ARACHNIDES.

Gen. $p. Gen. Sp. Gen. Sp. Gen. Sp* la;:.' Index. Acarus • • 17 Tarentula, Linn. 51 1 Triangularis, Latr. 43 1 HhttX, Hermann 25 s«^^ fflsI»*y.»aw*' Aquaticus, Linn. 7 1 Taurus, Fabr. 44 1 Lycosa Ruricola, Latr. 51 2 Rkyncoprion, Herm. 15 Autumnalis, Shaw 5 Tredecim guttata9 Saccata, Latr. 51 3 Americanum, Her. 15 Baccarum ? Linn. 19 Rossi, . S8 3 Tarentula, Latr. 51 1 Reflexum, Herm. 15 1 Cellaris, Herm. 19 2 Umbratica, Villers 44 6 Velox, Latr. 51 4 Salticus Formicarius, Lat. 54 4 Coleoptratorum, Don. 14 1 Argas Reflexus, Latr. 15 1 Micrommata, Lat. 46 Rhumphii, Latr. 54 3 Coleoptratorum, Lin. 19 1 ^rg3/rone(aAquatica,Lat. 36 1 Smaragdina, Latr. 46 1 SanguinoVentus, Coleoptratus, Linn. 18 4 Astama Parisiticum, Latr. 6 1 Missuiene Heiseuse, Wal. 28 1 Leach . 54 1 Crassipes, Herm. 19 3 Atti Fourmi, Walck. 54 4 Mygale, Latr. Walck. 26 Scenicus, Latr. 54 2 Destructor, Schrank 10 Pane, Walck. 54 3 Avicularia, Latr. 26 1 Sloaaii, Latr. 54 2 Domesticus, Latr. 17 ,1 Sanguinolente, "Wal. 54 2 Blondii, Latr. 26 3 Sarcoptes Passerinus, Lat. 10 1 Eruditus, Schrank 13 1 Tardigrade, Walck. 54 3 Cajmentaria, Latr. 26 5 Scabiei, Latr. 18 2 Exulcerans, Linn. 10 Atypus Sulzeri, Latr. 27 1 Calperiana, Latr. 26 7 Scirvs Latirostris, Herm. 11 Farina;, Latr. 17 2 Bdella Rubra, Lat. Lam. 11 1 Cancerides, Latr. 26 2 Longirostris, Her. 11 I Favorum ? Herm. 17 2 Carts Vespertilionis, Lat. 4 1 Fasciata, Latr. 26 4 Setirostris, Herm. 11 Geniculatus, Linn. 18 1 Ceferipei, Vespertilionis, Maconne, Walck. 26 5 Scorpio Afer, Lin. Lat. 57 2 Hirundinis, 19 App. 434. Pionnicre, Walck. 26 6 Americanus, Linne 57 3 Holosericeus, Linn. 21 2 Cellularia Bassani, Mont. 59 Sauvegesii, Latr. 26 5 Australis, Linne- 57 4 Longicornis, Linn. 11 1 Chdifer Cancroides, Lat. 58 1 JWotaspis Alata, Herm. 18 4 Cancroides, Fabr. 58 1 I.ongipes, Herm. 1'9 Cimicoides, Latr. 58 2 Cassidea, Herm. 18 2 Carpathicus, Latr. 57 5 Marginatus, Fabr. 15 Trombidioides, Lat. 58 3 Humeralis, Herm. 18 5 Cimicoides, Fabr. 58 2 Marginatus, Herm. 19 2 Ckeyletus Eruditus, Latr. 13 1 Tegeocrana, Her. 18 6 Europseus, Latr. 57 6 Nepseformis, Scop. 23 1 CaVoraDu fromage, Geof. 17 1 Theleproctus, Her. 18 2 Europaeii3, Linne 57 7 Niger, De Geer 15 Cfo(AoDurandii,Wal. Lat.33 1 JVycteribia, App. 434. Germanicus, Herbst 57 5 Passerinus, Linn. 10 I Clubiona Atrox, Latr. 34 4 Nymphon Aculeatum 1 2 Maurus, Linne 57 7 Phalangii, Fabr. 5 1 Holosericea, Latr. 31 2 Grossipes, Fabr. 1 1 Occitanus, Latr. 57 1 Reduvius, Schrank 16 3 Lapidicola, Latr. 34 1 Hirtum? Fabr. 1 2 Tunetanus, Kedi 57 1 Reticulatus, Fabr. 16 3 Nutrix, Latr. 34 3 Obise Cancroi'de, Walck. 58 1 Scytodes Thoracica, Latr. 37 1 Ricinus, Linn. 16 1 Ctenus Latr. . 50 Cimicoide, Walck. 58 ' 2 Segestria Cellaria, Latr. 2D 1 Sambuci, Schrank, 12 1 Dolomedes Mirabilis, Lat. 52 1 Oletere Difforme, Walck. 27 1 Senoculata, Latr. 29 2 Scabiei, Fabr. 10 2 Marginatus, Latr. 52 Opilio Hispidus, Herbst. 24 3 Siro Rubens, Latr. 22 1 Siro, Linn. 17 1 Drtssus Aler, Latr. 32 2 Longipes, Herbst. 24 Smarts, Sambuci, Latr. 12 1 Testudinarius, Her. 19 Fuscus, Latr. 32 3 Oribita Alata, Latr. 18 4 Solpuga, Fabr. Herbst. 25 Tinctorius, Linn. 21 1 Melanogaster, Latr. 32 4 Cassidea, Latr. 18 2 Araneoides, Fabr. 25 1 Torosus, Herm. 10 Relucens, Latr. 32 4 Geniculata, Latr. 18 1 Arachnoides, Herb. 25 1 Vegetans, De Geer 14 1 Dysdera Erythrina, Wal. 30 1 Humeralis, Latr. 18 5 Sparasse, Walck. . 48 Vespertilionis, 19 Elyais Extendens, Latr. 9 1 Tegeocrana, Latr. 18 6 Emcraudine, Wale. 48 1 jJgeBjieLabyrinthe.Wal. 35 1 Epeira Aculeata, Latr. 43 2 Theleproctus, Latr 18 2 Sphasse, Walck. . 48 Aranea9 Latr. . 35 Armata, Latr. 43 1 Oxyopes Lineatus, Latr. 48 2 Heteropthalme 48 Jl Aculeata, Fabr. 44 2 Calophylla, Latr. 43 11 Variegatus, Latr. 48 1 Storessa Walck. 49 Aquatica, Linn. 36 1 Cancriformis, Latr. 43 3 Pediculvs Cocci neus, Scop. 5 1 Tarantula Caudata, Fabr. 56 1 Avicularia, Linn. 26 1 Clavipes, Latr. 43 4 Phalangium, Latr. 24 Lunata, Fabr. 55 1 Cancriformis, Linn. 44 3 Conica, Latr. 43 13 Aculeatum,Montagu 1 2 Media . 55 2 Clavipes, Linn. 44 4 Cucurbitina, Latr. 43 10 Araneoides, Pallas 25 1 Reniformis . 55 3 Cucurbitina, Linn. 44 10 Diadema, Latr. 43 7 Balaenarum, Pennant 3 1 Tegenaire, Walck. 35 Diadema, Linn. 44 7 Fasciata, Latr. 43 8 Bimaculatum, Fabri- Domestique, Wale. 35. 2 Domestica, Linn. 35 2 Menardi, Latr. 43 12 cius, Donovan 24 5 Tetragnatka, Latr. 42 Erythrina, Fourcroy30 1 Sericea, Latr. 43 9 Cancroides, Linne 58 1 Extensa, Latr. 42 1 Extensa, Linn. 42 1 Sex-cuspidata, Latr. 43 6 Carinatum, Fabr. 23 1 Theridion, Lat. Walck. 38 Fasciata, Fabr. 44 8 Umbratica, Latr. 43 6 Caudatum, Linne 56 1 Couronne, Walck. 38 2 Florentina, Rossi 29 1 Episenus Truncatus, Lat. 45 1 Cornigerum, Herm. 24 Redimitum, Latr. 38 2 Formosa, Villers 44 8 Eresus Walck. Lat. 53 Cornutum, Linn. 24 1 Rufum, Latr. 38 1 Fusca, De Geer 44 12 Cinneberinus 53 1 Cristatum, Olivier 21 3 Sisiphum, Latr. 38 1 Hirtipes, Fabr. 26 1 Eriodon Occatorius, Lat. 28 1 Grossipes, Linne 1 1 Tredecim guttatum 39 3 Holosericea, Linn. 34 2 ErytKrtEus, Latr. 20 Histrix, Latr. 24 3 Thelyphronus, Latr. 56 Hombergii, Scopoli 30 1 Phalangioides, Latr. 20 1 Lunatum, Pallas 55 1 Proscorpio, Latr. 56 1 Labyrinthica, Linn. 35 1 Fauxscorpion, De Geer 58 Opilio, Linne 24 1 Tkomisutt Citreus, Latr. 47 I Listeri, Scopoli, 52 1 D'Europe, De Geer 58 1 Quadridentatum, Lamarckii 47 6 Lyonetti, Scopoli, 51 3 Filistata Testacea, Latr. 31 1 Latr. . 24 4 Leucosie, W7alck. 47 5 Moniligera, Villers 53 1 GaZeodesAraneoides, Lat. 25 1 Reniforme, Linne1 55 1 Lynceus . 47 3 Nobilis? Fabr. 47 6 Gamasus, Latr. 19 Reniforme, Pallas 55 3 Obionge, Walck. 47 4 Obscura, Fabr. 52 1 Coleoptratorum 19 1 Rotundum, Latr. 24 2 Onuste, Walck. 47 4 Perita . 51 4 Crassipes, Leach 19 3 Spinipes, Gmelin 2 1 Trogidus, Latr. . 23 j Phalangioides, Marginatus, Latr. 19 2 Spinosum, Montagu 2 1 NepEcformis, Latr. 23 Fourcroy 40 1 Hydrachna Cruenta, MUI. 8 2 Tricarinatum, Linne 23 1 Trombidium, Fabr. 21 Phragmitis, Rossi 44 8 Extendens, Miilier 9 1 Uncatum . 24 Aquaticum, Fabr. 7 1 Plucliii, Scopoli 40 1 Fuscata, Miiller 9 •P&oW, Latr. Walck. 40 Congenericum, Her. 19 Quadriguttata, Ros. 53 1 Geographica, Miiller 8 1 Phalangioides,Latr. 40 Extendens . 9 * Redimita, Linn. 38 2 Maculata, Miiller 9 Phoxichilus Spi.iipes, Lat- 2 1 Fuliginosum. Her. 21 ^ Regia, Fabr. 47 5 Umbrata, Miiller 9 Pkrynus Lunatus, Latr. 55 1 Geographicum, Fab. 8 * 2 Rumphii, Scopoli 54 3 Undulata, Miiller 9 Medius, Herbst 55 2 Globator, Fabr. 8 Rufipes, Fabr. 30 Ixodes Reticulatus, Lat. 16 3 Reniformis, Latr. 55 3 Holosericeum, Fab. 21 2 Saccata ? Linn. 52 i Ricinus, Latr. 16 i rince Parasite, Herm. 58 2 Phalangioides, Her. 20 1 Sanguinolenta, Lin. 29 2 Sanguineus, Latr. 16 2 Ischnocheie, Herm. 58 3 Sambuci, Herm. 12 1 Sauvegii, Rossi 26 6 Latrodectus, Latr. 39 Pulex Sturni, Redi 10 1 Sociale, Herm. 19 Scenica, Linn. 54 1 Tredecimguttatus, Pthiridium, App. 434. Telarium, Herm. 19 Senoculata, Linn. 29 2 Leptus Phalangii, Latr. 5 I Pycnogonum, Fabr. 3 T.inctorium, Fabr. 21 1 Sex-cuspidata, Fab. 44 5 Iiimnochares, Latr. 7 Balamarum, Fabr. 3 1 Uloborus, Latr. . 1 Sloanii, Scopoli 54 2 Holosericea, Latr. 7 1 Grossipes, Miiller 1 1 Walchenarius, Lat. 41 1 Smaragdina, Fabr. 46 1 Linyphia, Latr, 43 Sninipes,Otho, Fabr. 2 1 Uropoia Vegetans, Latr. 14 1