A Method to Calibrate Roadway Lighting Warrants and Levels with Crash-History
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A METHOD TO CALIBRATE ROADWAY LIGHTING WARRANTS AND LEVELS WITH CRASH-HISTORY Mustafa Al-Dulaimi A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Doctor of Philosophy of Civil and Environmental Engineering In the Graduate Academic Unit of Civil Engineering Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada July 2015 © Mustafa Al-Dulaimi i CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Mustafa Al-Dulaimi Entitled: A Method to Calibrate Roadway Lighting Warrants and Levels with Crash-History and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: Doctor of Philosophy (Civil Engineering) Complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: _________________________ Dr. Gerard Gouw – Chair _________________________ Dr. Eric Hildebrand – External Examiner _________________________ Dr. Adel Hanna – BCEE Examiner _________________________ Dr. Ciprian Alecsandru – BCEE Examiner ________________________ Dr. Amin Hammad – External to the Department _________________________ Dr. Luis Amador – Supervisor Approved by ________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director _______________________________________________ Dean of Faculty Date _____________ ii ABSTRACT A method to calibrate roadway lighting warrants and levels with crash-history Mustafa Al-Dulaimi, Concordia University, 2015 Every year hundreds of night time road collisions result in fatalities and injuries in Canada. Roadway lighting is considered as the main countermeasure to prevent nighttime crashes. Provision of lighting follows two industry standards in North America: one for the warrants and the other for minimum recommended levels. The warrant system assigns scores to highway segments based on geometrical, operational and functional characteristics as well as the collision history through a night-to-day crash-ratio. Transportation agencies in North America had manifested their interest in simplifying the warrant system; eliminating elements and/or modifying lighting values, however, there is a need for a method to support lighting decisions over its effectiveness as a countermeasure. This thesis presents a novel method to calibrate lighting warrants and to identify effective levels of lighting in order to reduce the severity and frequency of night-time collisions. This new method uses an evidence-based mechanism to connect lighting warrants with statistical analysis of collisions in order to adjust the scores of the warrant. It also connects the estimation of lighting levels with evidence-based statistical analysis of crash-history in order to identify recommended levels of luminance, illuminance and uniformity variations. The method expands the industry standards by providing the decision maker with two alternate non- exclusive approaches supported over collisions’ frequency and severity criteria. A large-scale case study for highways in Quebec was used to calibrate the warrants and identified recommended levels of luminance of at least 1.5cd/m2, maximum uniformities of illuminance of 1.5 and of luminance of 8 times to prevent severe and frequent collisions. A case study of Arthabaska region iii in Quebec found that levels of luminance should be increased for every functional classification of roads that values of uniformity must be reduced, and that levels of illuminance increased to reduce severe collisions. The novel methods developed in this research will provide province/state transportation agencies and municipalities with the capability of not only allocating lighting when is needed and justified, but also of selecting the optimal levels that result in effective reductions in nighttime road collision frequency and severity, signifying safer roads for the society at large. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was completed in August 2015 at Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. First, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Luis Amador for his kind encouragement and support during the entirety of my PhD study. Under his guidance, I gained invaluable experience in performing scientific research and learned how to overcome various types of research problems. Second, I very much appreciate the Ministry of Transportation of Quebec (MTQ) for kindly providing me with and letting me use the data that they have extensively collected for a long time. Last but not least, I express my deepest acknowledgement to my supportive mother, my adorable wife, my kids, my sisters and their families. Without their support, I would certainly not be able to finish this interesting but challenging research. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement ...........................................................................................................3 1.3 Research Objective ..........................................................................................................4 1.3.1 Overall goal ·················································································································4 1.3.2 Specific objectives ········································································································4 1.3.3 Tasks ····························································································································4 1.4 Scope and Limitations......................................................................................................5 1.4.1 Scope ····························································································································5 1.4.2 Limitations ···················································································································5 1.5 Research Significance ......................................................................................................6 1.6 Organization of the Thesis ...............................................................................................8 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................9 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................9 2.2 Statistical Analyses in Road Safety .................................................................................9 2.2.1 Poisson and negative binomial regression models ····················································10 2.2.2 Zero-inflated Poisson an negative binomial ······························································11 2.2.3 Full Bayesian analysis (FB) for road safety ······························································13 2.2.4 Latent Class or Markov mixture models (LCM) ························································15 2.3 Roadway Lighting ..........................................................................................................16 2.3.1 Photometric quantities ·······························································································16 2.3.2 Illuminance, luminance and uniformity variations ····················································17 2.4 Roadway Lighting and Road Safety ..............................................................................20 2.4.1 Road safety and night time collisions ········································································20 2.4.2 Lighting and night-time road collisions ·····································································21 2.5 Roadway Lighting Levels Identification .......................................................................30 2.5.1 International roadway lighting regulations ·······························································30 2.5.2 North America’s roadway lighting regulations ·························································33 2.5.3 A critical review of the state of the practice in North America ·································38 2.5.4 The state of the art and advancing the state of the practice ······································42 2.6 Summary of Literature Review ......................................................................................43 2.6.1 Drawbacks and what is missing ·················································································46 CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................47 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................47 3.2 Creation of a Database for Safety Analysis and Lighting..............................................48 3.2.1 Data collection ···········································································································49 3.2.2 Data processing ·········································································································52 3.3 Statistical Safety Analysis..............................................................................................56 3.3.1 Creation of a severity index ·······················································································56