VI'. COELOMOMYCES PATHOGENS OF CULICIDAE

Jessica M. Castillo and Donald W. Roberts Boyce Thompson Institute Tower Road, Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853, USA

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ABSTRACTS Alekseev, A. A. (1975). iycoses of and their significance in the control of gnatsj7 Veterinariya, 9: 38-41. (In Russ.)

Literature on the parasitic fungi of the families Coelomomycetaceae and Entomopthoraceae and certain other Phycomycetes which attack and other aquatic dipterans are reviewed in this paper. 38 species of Coelomomyces have been recorded from 29 Anopheles spp., 12 Aedes spp. and 6 Culex spp. The potential role of these fungi as biological agents is discussed briefly.

*Anderson, J. F. (1968). Microsporida parasitizing mosquitos collected in Connecticut. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 11: 440-455.

Two out of five microsporida-infected larvae of Culex territans were found infected with a thin-walled species of Coelomomyces. The fungal hyphae were observed together with Amblyospora opacita in the abdominal segment of the larvae. This is the first report of the dual infection of Cx. territans larvae with two primary pathogens.

Arata, A. A. (1977). The developing role of microbiological agents in vector control. Experientia, 33: 125-130.

Coelomomyces is one of the five genera of entomogenous fungi which is being studied following the scheme of the World Health Organization for screening and evaluating the efficacy and safety of biological agents for the control of disease vectors. Micro- biological agents and parasites which have potentials as biocontrol agents of ano- pheline mosquitos are described briefly.

Brown, A. W. A. (1974). The safety of biological agents for control. Internatl. Pest Contr., 16: 13-16.

Brief reviews are made on the topics discussed at the WHO Conference on the Safety of Biological Agents for Arthropod Control held at Atlanta, Georgia, USA in 1973. Cited among the tests sponsored by WHO to assess effectiveness of biological agents in control were the field trials with Coelomomyces stegomyiae against Aedes polynesiensis in Tokelau Islands, Western Pacific.

Chapman, H. C. (1974a). Pathogens against mosquitos. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Anim. by Cont. Habitat mgt.. Tallahassee. Fla., 5: 43-47.

A summary on the pathogens of mosquitos collected over a period of eight years in south- western Louisiana is presented. Eleven species of Coelomomyces were found to attack 17 species of mosquitos in 7 genera.

Chapman, H. C. (1974b). Basic concepts of biological control in an integrated programme of mosquito abatement. Proc. Ann. Meet. Utah Mosq. Abatement Assoc., 27: 8-9.

Two types of approaches in the application of biological control agents, inundative or inoculative techniques are defined and pertinent examples are given. Available infor- mation on safety data, mass-culture techniques, formulation, application, and field releases are indicated for the 10 most promising biological agents of mosquitos, including Coelomomyces punctatus. 60

Chapman, H. C. (1974c). Biological control of mosquito larvae. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 35-59. 19:

Literature on the pathogens and parasites of mosquito larvae are reviewed. A section deals with the mosquito hosts, , distribution, and laboratory and field infection studies of Coelomomyces.

Chapman, H. C. (1976). Biological control agents of mosquitos. Mosq. News, 3l: 395-397.

Presidential address given at the 1976 joint meetings of the American Mosquito Control Association and the Northeastern Mosquito Control Association in Boston, Massachusetts. Studies on various biological agents of mosquitos including Coelomomyces are cited.

*Deshevykh, (1973). seasonal incidence of infections with fungus of the Coelomomyces in larvae of the blood-sucking mosquito Culex modestus in the Ili River basin]7 In: ed., /Regulators of the numbers of blood-sucking in south-eastern Kazakhstan.7Kazakh Acad, Sciences, USSR, pp. 22-28. (In Russ.)

*Deshevykh, D. & Dzerzhinskii, V. A. (1975). some pathogenic microorganisms of blood- sucking mosquitos the Syrdar'yan In: A. P. Markevich of Proc. food-plain]7 ed., /Problems sitology. VIIIth Scientific of of the para- Conf. Parasitologists Ukrainian Part pp. 146-147. (In Russ.) USSR, 1./

Larvae of Culex modestus were found infected with Coelomomyces iliensis. Description is given of the conditions in which infections were found and external symptoms of parasitized larvae. (Rev. ADDl. Ent. Ser. 3. (1978)66: 103-750).

*Dubitskii, M. et al. n artificial (1972)./[ infection of blood-sucking mosquitos with fungi]7 Izv. Akad. Nauk. Kazh. SSR Ser. Biol., No. 4: 36-38. (In Russ.)

of the larvae of Culex modestus and Culex pipiens with Coelomomyces sp. from studies done in SE Kazakhstan in 1970-1971. Infection of Cx. modestus in the laboratory was 16-88%. Cx. pipiens was not infected.

Dubitskii, A. M. et al. (1978).[ On the factors activating resting sporangia of an entomopathjoenic fungus, Coelomomyces iliensis Dubit., Dzerzh. et Daneb., under laboratory conditionsj Fitopatol., 9: 7-10. Mikol. Russ.).

Sporangia Coelomomyces iliensis can remain viable for a long time when stored in dried optimum temperature of 300C is 250- required for dehiscence of the sporangia.

al. Dubitskii, (1977).r Report of the fungus Coelom2=ces horae (Phycomycetes: Blastocladiales) psorop biological regulator of mosquitos in Cubaj/ Poeyana Inst. Zool. Acad. Cienc. Cuba, 170: 1-6. (In Span. Engi. summ.)

CoelomoEyces psorophorae is reported for the first time in Cuba. The morphology and ecology fungus are presented. (Biological Abstracts, (1978) 65: 2493 (25433))

*Dzerzhinskii, V. A. (1975a). §Different ways of artificially infecting larvae of Culex modestus with entomopathogenic fungus Coelomomyces Parazitologiya, 9: 540-542. (In Russ., Engl.sum..) iliensiis.

Laboratory and field infection of Culexmodestus larvae with Coelomomyces iliensis Infective materials consisted of suspension of ground or unground fresh or dried fungal-infected Cx. modestus larvae. One - three cm. thick mud has the bottom of breeding places with biomass of plant and water with infected larvae. The mortality rate in the laboratory 40-88% the ground fresh infective materials, 37-657. with the biomass, and 36% using substratum mud respectively. 61

*Dzerzhinskii, V. A. et al. (1975b). §etermination of the optimum doses for infection of Culex modestus larvae with the entomopathogenic fungus Coelomomyces iliensis.7 Izv. Akad. Nauk. Kazh. SSR Ser. Biol., No. 5: 52-57. (In Russ.). Laboratory and small-scale field experiments were carried out in Kazakhstan, USSR in 1973. First instar larvae of Culex modestus were exposed to varying dosages of infective units of Coelomomyces iliensis. Mortality rates in the laboratory were 12-80%, 14-50X and 7-22% using suspension, biomass and substratum mud respectively (see Dzerzhinskii et al. 1975a). Field results were 9-707 (suspension), 13-32% (biomass) and 5-17% (substratum mud). The significance of results is discussed in detail. (Rev. Appl. Ent. Ser. B., (1977) 65: 303(996)).

*Dzerzhinskii, V. A. et al. (1976). [Artificial infection of larvae of the blood-sucking mosquito Culex pipiens molestus with the entomopathogenic fungus Coelomomyces iliensis in the laboratory.J Med. Parazitol. Parazit Bolezni, 45: 61-64. (In Russ., Engl. summ.).

Infected substrate, biomass, and suspension were used for laboratory infection of larvae of Cx. pipiens molestus with Coelomomyces iliensis. (see Dzerzhinskii et al. 1975a, 1975b). At 257C, the larval mortality in experiments in which the infective material had been previously soaked was 12-287. When healthy larvae and infected material were placed simultaneously in the medium, the mortality rate was 12-32%. Consecutive passage of the fungus in the larvae increased fungal pathogenicity. C. iliensis is not specific for any one species of Culex.

Federici, B. A. (1975). Cyclops vernalis (Copepoda: Cyclopoida): An alternate host for the fungus Coelomomyces punctatus. Proc. Pap. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., 43: 172-174. Evidence is presented to demonstrate the role of Cyclops vernalis in the life cycle of Coelomomyces punctatus using Anopheles quadrimaculatus as the mosquito host. The development of the funggl mycelia and subsequent cleavage into flagellated planonts in the haemocoel of the is described.

*Federici, B. A. (1977a). Laboratory infections of Anopheles freeborni with the parasitic fungi, Coelomomyces dodgei and Coelomomyces punctatus. Proc. Pap. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., 45: 107-108. First instar larvae of An. freeborni or An. quadrimaculatus were exposed at 26°C for 48 h-to the , Cyclops vernalis which were infected with either C. dodgei or C. punctatus. Mean infection rates for An. freeborni were 86% with C. dodgei, and 90% with C, punctatup, as compared to 42.37 and 63% obtained respectively for An. quadrimaculatus. An. freeborni was more susceptible to these two fungi than An. quadrimaculatus. Federici, B. A. (1977b). Coelomomyces punctatus: The effect of high intermediate copepod host densities on larval mosquito infection rates. Proc. Pap. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., 45: 109.

Copepod population was observed to increase rapidly over a period of 2 to 3 weeks. The condition of overcrowding was unfavourable to the development of the copepods, CYclops vernalis, as well as that of the parasite, Coelomomyces punctatus. Less than 10% larval infection of Anopheles quadrimaculatus developed in the medium with dense popu- lation of copepods, as compared to 100% obtained in diluted medium. "Dilution" of the medium provides means of manipulating the environments so as to increase larval rate of infection by Coelomomyces in the laboratory. 62

Federici, B. A. (1977c). Differential pigmentation in the sexual phase of Coelomomyces. Nature, 267: 514-515. Coelomomyces dodgei developing in the intermediate host, Cyclops vernalis, produced two differentially pigmented gametophytes and gametangia of opposing mating types. The females being light amber, and the males, bright orange in colour. Experimental evi- dence indicated that the gametes produced by these different types of gametangia fused and developed into zygotes capable of infecting larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus. Gametes from a single colour type did not produce infection. The highest average rate of infection was obtained in tests where the two types of gametes were produced from the same copepod. C. punctatus also developed differentially pigmented mycelia in the copepod.

Federici, B. A. (1977d). The life cycle and biosystematics of Coelomomyces dodgei. (Abstract). Pap. 10th Ann. Meet. Soc. Invertebr. Pathol. (Michigan), p. 4.

Taxonomic relationship of Coelomomyces dodgei and C. punctatus is presented. Zygotes resulting from reciprocal crosses of gametes from these fungi were capable of infecting larvae of either Anopheles freeborni or An. quadrimaculatus. Most sporangia produced havea mixture of characteristics of both fungi, with a few true to either type. Sporangia with characteristicssimilar to C. lativittatus were observed in some infected larvae. It is possible that C. punctatus occurs as a variety and C. lativittatus as a rare phenotype of C. dodgei. *Federici, B. A. & Chapman, H. C. (1977). Coelomomyces dodgei: Establishment of an in vivo laboratory culture. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 30: 288-297. Laboratory methods are described for culturing in vivo Coelomomyces dodgei, using Cyclops vernalis as an intermediate host, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus as the definitive host. The mean infection rate was 41% in the first 100 trials. The susceptibility of different larval instars were 37.47., 27.0%, 17.8% and 2.4% respectively for L , L, L3, and L . C. dodgei has an Euallomyces type of life cycle. The fungus in tie copepods showed differentially pigmented mycelia, indicating opposing mating types of gametophytes. Development and morphology of the fungus in the copepods are described. Ferron, P. (1978). Biological control of pests by entomogenous fungi. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 23: 409-442.

A review paper with 319 cited references on the progress made in the utilization of entomogenous fungi as biological agents, including Coelomomyces, against insect pests and vectors of human and animal diseases. *Gol'berg, A. M. et al. (1975). Z; case of the detection of Coelomomces psorophorae Couch (Phycomycetes, Blastocladiales) in a of Aedes vexans in the Tuva ASSRJ Med. Parazitol. Parazit.. Bolezni, 44: 103-104. (In Russ. Engl. susmm.) A 4th instar larva of Aedes vexans infected with Coelomomyces psorophorae was collected in 1972 from a temporary flooded deep ditch. The sporangia stage of this fungus is described. 63

*Guilvard, E. et al. (1977). Coelomomyces psorophorae Couch, 1945 (Blastocladiales - Coelomomycetaceae), parasite d'Aedes detritus (Haliday, 1833) (Diptera-Culicidae) en Camargue. Ann. Parasitol. (Paris), 52: 211-227. (In Fr., Engl. summ.)

Female adults of Aedes detritus reared from pupae collected in southern France were parasitized by Coelomomyces psorophorae. The fungus invaded the ovarioles but left the follicules intact. Light- and scanning electron-microscopy were used to examine the vegetative structure and sporangia of the fungus. Host-parasite relations, mosquito host species and geographic distribution, and taxonomic relations with other Coelomomyces species are reviewed in the discussion.

Harper, J. D. (1977). Wesentliche Entwicklungen und Anwendungen der mikrobiologischen Bekampfung von Evertebraten in den Vereinigten Staaten. iajor develomental and applied programmes for microbial control of invertebrates in the United Statesj Zeit Pflanzenkr. Pflanzensch., 84: 232-239.

Development of microbial insecticides and the problems involved in getting federal approval and registration of these pesticides are discussed. Among the entomogenous fungi, Coelomomyces is cited, as having potential for developmentas a microbial agent.

Laird, M. (1973). Biological control and Anopheles: prospects and priorities. In: Abstr. Pap. IXth Internatl. Congr. Trop. Med. & Malaria, Athens, Greece, 1: 263-264.

The author presents problems involved in the application of integrated control methodologies against Anopheles. The need for in vitro culture of two important parasites of Anopheles, a mermithid nematode and Coelomomyces were cited.

Laird, M. (1977). Enemies and diseases of mosquitos, their natural population regulatory significance in relation to pesticide use, and their future as marketable components of integrated control. Mosq. News, 37: 331-339.

Keynote address at the 1977 joint meetings of the American Mosquito Control Association and Louisiana Mosquito Control Association, New Orleans, Louisiana. Important pathogens and parasites of mosquitos which are likely candidates as microbial pesti- cides are cited including Coelomomyces.

Legner, E. F. et al. (1974). The biological control of medically important . CRC Critical Rev. Environmentl Contr., 4: 85-113.

A review article citing 535 references. A section discusses predators and pathogens of mosquitos, including Coelomomyces.

*Maffi, M. 6 Nolan, R. A. (1977). Coelomomyces lairdi, n. sp., a fungal parasite of larvae of Anopheles (Cellia) punctulatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) from the highlands of Irian Jaya (Indonesia, New Guinea). J. Med. Entomol., 14 29-32. Two out of eight larvae of the Anopheles (Cellia) punctulatus complex collected in 1974 were infected with Coelomomyces lairdi, n. sp. The distinctive feature of the sporangium is the occurrence of reticulate patterns formed by uniformly sized ridges, 1.2 - 2.4 Jim high and 2.4 pum. wide, on the otherwise unornamented outer surface. Cited in this paper are the unreported collections in the Solomon Islands in 1972 (pers. comm. to Maffi & Nolan by B. Taylor) of Anopheles (Cellia) farauti,, An. (Cellia) koliensis, and Aedes (Finlaya) albilabris, parasitized by Coelomomyces. 64

*McCrae, A. W. R. (1972). Age-composition of man-biting Aedes (Stegomyia) simpsoni (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Bwamba county, Uganda. J. Med. Entomol., 9: 545-550. Coelomomyces sp. is reported in two female adults of Aedes (Stegomyia) simpsoni. The fungus was observed in the body cavity and ovaries of the mosquitos.

*Mitchell, C. J. (1976). Coelomomyces psorophorae, an aquatic fungus parasitizing Aedes vexans mosquito larvae in Knox county, Nebraska. Mosq. News, 36: 501-505.

Extensive collections of mosquito larvae were made around Lewis and Clark Lake on the Missouri River in South Dakota and Nebraska in 1975. Eleven out of 360 collections that were made in Nebraska contained 4th instar larvae of Aedes vexans infected with Coelomomyces psorophorae. 83 out of 1451 larvae collected were infected (5.7.). This is the first record in Nebraska of Coelomomyces-infecting mosquitos. Cyclops navus was observed from the collections, but its role in the transmission of the fungus was not determined. 135 collections made in South Dakota did not contain any Coelomomyces- infected mosquitos.

*Mogi, M. & Ega T. (1974). /Eoelomomyces parasitizing larvae of the red-house mosquito (Culex pipiens)] Japan J. Sanit. Zool., 24: 286. (In Japanese)

Third and fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens collected in Nagasaki, Japan in 1973 were found infected with Coelomomyces sp. Incidence of infection was generally low; the highest infection observed in the rice fields was 107.

*Mogi, M. et al. (1976). Coelomomyces fungi in rice field mosquito larvae of Nagasaki, with notice of a long-overlooked record of this genus from Japan. Trop. Med., 18: 71-74. Third and fourth instar larvae of Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus collected in 1973 were infected with Coelomomyces omorii. The maximum rate of infection observed was 10.9%. Laboratory attempts to infect larvae with the fungus were not successful. Larvae of Anopheles sinensis collected from the same rice field were infected with Coelomomyces raffaelei var parvus, believed to be the same species described from An. sinensis, collected in Okayama, Southern Honshu in 1921.

Mulla, M. S. (1976). Current research advances on the integrated management of mosquitos. Proc. Pap. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc., 43: 24-27.

Highlights of research being conducted on mosquito control at the University of California, Riverside, are presented, including studies on Coelomomyces.

Nam, E. A. (1975). /Optimal storage conditions and effect of pH of the medium on germinatiou of sporangia of Coelomomyces iliensis.7 Izy. Akad. Nauk. Kaz. SSR, Biol., No. 4: 46-48 (In Russ.)

Maximum dehiscence of sporangia of Coelomomyces iliensis was obtained in Tris buffer, pH 9.0. Sporangia remained highly viable after at least three years of storage in 50% aqueous glycerine, pH1 9.0. The rate of dehiscence was 80% for the thin-walled and 45% for the thick-walled sporangia; 18% and 17% were obtained respectively for sporangia kept dried in moist filter paper. 65

*Pillai, J. S. et al. (1976). Copepods as essential host for the development of a Coelomomyces parasitizing mosquito larvae. J. Med. Entomol., 13: 49-50.

Coelomomyces opifexi parasitizes fuscus and Aedes australis in New Zealand. Laboratory infection experiments are described to determine the role of the copepod, Tigriopus sp. near angulatus, in the life cycle of C. opifexi, using Ae. australis as the mosquito host. Fungal infection was observed only in the medium (salinity 0.3-0.4%) which contained the healthy copepods together with the infective units (zoospores) derived from field infected Ae. australis and healthy mosquito larvae. The development and morphology of the fungus in the copepod are described.

Powell, M. J. (1976). Ultrastructural changes in the cell surface of Coelomomyces punctatus infecting mosquito larvae. Canadian J. Bot., 54: 1419-1437.

Detailed observations were made on the ultrastructural changes occurring in Coelomomyces punctatus during development of the fungus in the larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus. The different stages of development, proximity to host cells, and nutritional stresses effect marked morphological changes on the cell surface (hyphal coat) and plasma membrane (conformation, shape, and number of protuberances) of the hyphal bodies and thalli of the fungus.

Ramakrishnan, N. & Kumar, S. (1977). Biological control of insects by pathogens and nematodes. Pesticides Annual 1977, pp. 32-47.

Insect pathogenic- bacteria, fungi (including Coelomomyces), protozoa, viruses, and nematodes recorded from India are presented in this paper.

Roberts, D. W. (1973). Means for insect regulation: fungi. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 217: 76-84.

Six important genera of entomogenous fungi including Coelomomyces are discussed in terms of their potential as biocontrol agents, and the problems and solutions involved in the development and utilization of these agents as microbial insecticides.

Roberts, D. W. (1975). Fungal parasites of mosquitos. Environmtl. Protect. Agency EPA- 660/3-75-001, pp. 49-65, discussion, pp. 65-68.

Five genera of entomogenous fungi which have potential for control of mosquitos are presented. The host range, distribution, life cycle, infection, artificial culture, and possibilities as microbial control agents are discussed for these fungi, including Coelomomyces.

Roberts, D. W. (1977a). Isolation and development of fungus pathogens of vectors, In: J. D. Briggs ed. DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 77-1180, pp. 85-93.

Eleven known fungal pathogens of mosquitos, including Coelomomyces are briefly described in this paper.

Roberts, D. W. & Campbell, A. S. (1977). Stability of entomopathogenic fungi. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 1Q: 19-76.

Literature is reviewed on the effects of light, temperature, substrates, humidity, and chemicals on the various aspects of the vegetative growth, sporulation, germination (viability), longevity (survival), infection, and epizootics of entomopathogenic fungi. The information is presented in tables. There are 132 references cited. 66

*Rodhain, F. & Fauran, P. (1975). Infection naturelle d'Aedes (S.) hebrideus par un Coelomomyces aux Nouvelles Hebrides. Ann. Parasitol Hum. Comp., 50: 643-646. (In Fr., Engl. sunmn.) Three 4th instar larvae of Aedes hebrideus infected with Coelomomyces, probably C. finlayae is reported in New Hebrides from collections made in 1974. (Biological Abstracts, (1970) 62: 240 (2406) *Service, M. W. (1974). Further results of catches of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopo- gonidae) and mosquitos from suction traps. J. Med. Entomol., 11: 471-479.

Six female adults of Aedes cantans collected in southern England in 1971-1972, were infected with Coelomomyces sp.

*Service, M. W. (1975). Coelomomyces infections in larvae of Anopheles gambiae and Culex univittatus collected from Kenya. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 69: 181. *Service, M. W. (1977a). Mortalities of the inmature stages of species B of the Anopheles gambiae complex in Kenya: Comparison between rice fields and temporary pools, identifi- cation of predators, and effects of insecticidal spraying. J. Med. Entomol., 13: 535-545.

Infection of Anopheles gambiae larvae with Coelomomyces (probably C. indicus) and several undescribed species were observed in collections from pools and ponds (2.1%) and rice fields (15.9%). As high as 46.6% infection was recorded in some fields. Of the larvae collected from the rice fields, 8.2% had mixed infections of Coelomomyces and microsporidans. A high population of copepods was observed in fields with abnormally high numbers of Coelomomyces-infected larvae of An. gambiae and Culex univitattus. No fungus-infected copepods were detected from collected materials.

*Service, M. W. (1977b). Ecological and biological studies on Aedes cantans (Meig.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern England. J. Appl. Ecol., 14: 159-196.

These studies were conducted over a period of six years, and include observations on the pathogens and parasites of Aedes cantans. Less than 1% of the larvae were infected with Coelomomyces (probably C. psorophorae). Two female adults were found containing sporangia adjacent to the ovaries.

*Shcherbak, V. P. et al. (1977). §lectron-microscopic and histological examination of certain entomogenous fungi of the genus Coelomomyces.7 Dogkladi. Akad. Nauk. Ukr. USSR B 8: 758-762. (In Russ.)

Coelomomyces dubitskii, a newly described species, is distinguished from C. iliensis and C. omorii by differences in the pattern of ornamentation on the outer surface of the sporangia. C. dubitskii and C. iliensis attack larvae of Culex pipiens pipiens and Cx. pipiens molestus: C. omorii is a parasite of Culex tritaeniorhynchus sunorosus.

Umphlett, C. J. (1977). Pathogenicity as a consideration in the systematics of fungus pathogens of invertebrates. In: J. D. Briggs, ed. DHEW Publ. No (NIH), 77-1180, pp. 125-134.

Pathogenic features of fungi or any form of relationship with insects or other invertebrates are considered of minor character in the taxonomy of entomogenous fungi. Coelomomyces is cited as one of the examples in the discussion of this paper. 67

*Vector ControlResearch Centre, Pondicherry, India (1978). Pathogens and parasites, In: Indian Council of Medical Research, Annual Report 1977 , pp. 68-83.

This reports on the studies being conducted on the pathogens and parasites of mosquitos in Pondicherry, India. Coelomomyces indicus and C. anophelesicus were identified from larvae of Anopheles subpictus and An. vagus which were collected from paddy fields. Two unidentified species of Coelomomyces were found parasitizing Culex tritaeniorhynchus larvae. This is the first report of natural infection of Culex by Coelomomyces in India. Aedes aegypti larvae were observed to be susceptible to C. indiana. Labora- tory attempts were successful in infecting An. subpictus with C. indicus.

*Villacarlos,L. T, & Gabriel, B. P. (1974). Some microbial pathogens of four species of mosquitos. Kalikasan Philippines, J. Biol., 3: 1-12.

Larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles indefinitus were infected with Coelomomyces stegomyiae and C. indicus respectively. The appearance of the diseased larvae and the sporangia of the fungi are briefly described. These species of fungal pathogens are reported for the first time in mosquitos in the Philippines.

Weiser, J. (1975). Significant recent advances in biological control of vector insects. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med., 19: 47-72.

Important groups of pathogens and their significance in the control of vector insects are briefly reviewed. A section on fungal infections, included Coelomomyces.