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El Conflicto De Afganistán

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El Conflicto De Afganistán T140-09 port CONF AFGANtz.fh11 3/2/10 10:16 Pgina 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K CONFLICTOS 1121 _IN_TE_RN_A_Cl_ON_A_La~c_ON_T_EM_P_ORÁ~NE_O_S~~~~~~~- JUAN MANUEL DE FARAMIÑÁN GILBERT JOSt PARDO DE SANTAYANA Y GÓMEZ DE OLEA EL CONFLICTO DE AFGANISTÁN ( MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA Composicin CONFLICTOS INTERNACIONALES CONTEMPORÁNEOS 12 JUAN MANUEL DE FARAMIÑÁN GILBERT JOSÉ PARDO DE SANTAYANA Y GÓMEZ DE OLEA EL CONFLICTO DE AFGANISTÁN INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ESCUELA DE GUERRA INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS DEL EJÉRCITO «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://www.060.es Edita: INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES Y EUROPEOS «FRANCISCO DE VITORIA» UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID NIPO: 076-09-226-3 (edición en papel) NIPO: 076-09-225-8 (edición en línea) ISBN: 978-84-9781-532-1 Depósito Legal: M-46297-2009 Imprime: Imprenta del Ministerio de Defensa Tirada: 1.500 ejemplares Fecha de edición: noviembre, 2009 Las opiniones emitidas en esta publicación son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores. Los derechos de explotación de esta obra están amparados por la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual. Nin- guna de las partes de la misma puede ser reproducida, almacenada ni transmitida en ninguna forma ni por medio alguno, electrónico, mecánico o de grabación, incluido fotocopias, o por cualquier otra forma, sin permiso previo, expreso y por escrito de los titulares del © Copyright. ÍNDICE Páginas PRÓLOGO ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................................................... 15 FACTORES DEL CONFLICTO ......................................................................................................... 21 Factor Geográfico ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Factor étnico: pueblos y etnias en Afganistán ...................................................... 24 Intereses Geopolíticos .............................................................................................................................. 24 Factor histórico ................................................................................................................................................... 27 LA INTERVENCIÓN SOVIÉTICA .............................................................................................. 29 Primera Fase: del golpe de estado hasta la invasión soviética ..... 29 Segunda Fase: resistencia nacional afgana y sovietización 1980-1983 30 Tercera Fase: campañas aéreas e intensificación de la guerra 1983-1986 ................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Cuarta Fase: el lento camino hacia la retirada soviética 1986-1989 34 MISIONES DE PAZ: UNGOMAP Y UNOCA ............................................................ 35 LOS ACUERDOS DE GINEBRA ................................................................................................... 35 BIN LADEN Y EL NACIMIENTO DE AL-QAEDA ........................................ 43 GUERRA CIVIL 1989-1992 .................................................................................................................... 46 FRAGMENTACIÓN DE AFGANISTÁN 1992-1994 ....................................... 47 5 ÍNDICE Páginas EL MOVIMIENTO TALIBÁN ............................................................................................................. 49 EL AUGE TALIBÁN 1994-1998 ....................................................................................................... 50 LOS TALIBANES Y AL-QAEDA ................................................................................................... 53 SOBRE LA NATURALEZA DEL RÉGIMEN TALIBÁN Y SU SUBJETIVIDAD INTERNACIONAL ...................................................................................... 55 EN EL MARCO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS ................................................... 62 AFGANISTÁN TRAS EL 11-S ........................................................................................................... 81 Informes del Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas .................. 81 LA ACCIÓN EJECUTIVA DEL CONSEJO DE SEGURIDAD ....... 97 LA ESTRATEGIA NORTEAMERICANA ....................................................................... 107 LA ALIANZA DEL NORTE ................................................................................................................... 113 FUERZAS MILITARES DEL RÉGIMEN TALIBÁN ..................................... 115 LIBERTAD DURADERA (ENDURING FREEDOM) .................................... 115 PROYECCIÓN DE LA FUERZA HASTA EL TEATRO DE OPERA- CIONES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 116 LA PARTICIPACIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN LIBERTAD DURADERA 117 CAMPAÑA DE BOMBARDEOS .................................................................................................... 117 PAUSA ESTRATÉGICA ................................................................................................................................ 120 OFENSIVA TERRESTRE ............................................................................................................................ 122 LOS ACUERDOS DE BONN ................................................................................................................ 126 DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LA OTAN .................................................................... 129 ISAF Y LA RECONSTRUCCIÓN POLÍTICA ........................................................... 142 OPERACIONES POSTERIORES DE LIBERTAD DURADERA 150 LA PARTICIPACIÓN ESPAÑOLA EN ISAF ............................................................... 156 REFLEXIONES SOBRE EL MODELO ............................................................................... 162 Afganistán: ¿una guerra olvidada? ....................................................................................... 162 6 ÍNDICE Páginas ANÁLISIS ESTRATÉGICO DEL CONFLICTO .................................................... 173 LA CARTA MAGNA AFGANA Y EL PROCESO DE DEMOCRA- TIZACIÓN ........................................................................................................................................................................... 180 CONCLUSIONES .................................................................................................................................................... 197 LAS CONFERENCIAS INTERNACIONALES ....................................................... 202 ¿QUIÉN ES QUIÉN? ........................................................................................................................................... 210 CRONOLOGÍA ............................................................................................................................................................ 215 ADDENDA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 217 7 PRÓLOGO: Este libro constituye un brillante análisis del actual y complejo conflic- to afgano, realizado por dos respetados especialistas: el jusinternacionalista y Catedrático Juan Manuel de Faramiñán Gilbert y el Coronel José Pardo de Santayana y Gómez de Olea. El volumen enriquece altamente la «Colección sobre conflictos interna- cionales», galardonada en su día con el Premio Defensa, que conjuntamente dirigen la Escuela de Guerra del Ejército de Tierra y el Instituto Universitario Francisco de Vitoria. El lector interesado observará inmediatamente que el texto integra en un todo los elementos jurídicos y políticos internacionales y los propios de la estrategia e historia militares, puesto que sus autores han tra- bajado en estrecha colaboración, redactando su «parte» respectiva con cabal atención a lo escrito por ambos. El libro se beneficia de ese impulso conjunto y por ello del acuerdo de los autores sobre sus tesis centrales. La importancia del conflicto afgano en el conjunto del sistema interna- cional y de los eternos esfuerzos de la Comunidad Internacional para pa- cificarlo, no puede ser exagerada. Como señalan los autores, actualmente se aproximan cambios en las estrategias seguidas para la solución del con- flicto afgano por sus principales actores. El Presidente Barack Obama ha afirmado en diferentes ocasiones que la clave del éxito final de las acciones armadas, llevadas a cabo por fuerzas expedicionarias de Estados Unidos y de sus co-aliados en el Oriente medio contra el terrorismo, reside en gran medida en desplazar el centro de la lucha desde Iraq hacia Afganistán. En efecto, admitido que el Estado de Iraq se encuentra en vías de lenta reconstrucción, la lucha armada contra los «insurgentes» afganos, compues- tos en amplia medida por talibanes extremistas y tribus y clanes aliados de éstos, ha adquirido en los últimos meses mayor intensidad a medida que el conjunto de la sociedad civil afgana, particularmente determinadas tribus de 9 PRÓLOGO la federación pashtún, ha experimentado una creciente desilusión respecto
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