Data provided for the www.cdp.net CDP Cities 2013 Report
City of Cape Town
Written by In partnership with Report analysis & information design for CDP by
Cape Town in Context 04 Cape Town in Focus 06 Introduction 08 Governance 10 Risks & Adaptation 16 Opportunities 26 Emissions – Local Government 30 Emissions – Community 38 Strategy 46
CDP, C40 and AECOM are proud to present results from our third consecutive year of climate change reporting for cities. It was an impressive year, with 110 cities reporting on their climate change data (a 50% increase from 2012), making this the largest and most comprehensive survey of cities and climate change published to date by CDP. City governments from Dallas to Hanoi to Ouagadougou participated, including over 80% of the membership of the C40 – a group of the world’s largest cities dedicated to climate change leadership.
Approximately two thirds of reporting cities measure city-wide emissions. Together, these cities account for just over 1 billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, putting them on par with Japan, the world’s third largest economy and fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gas emissions. Over 70% of all reporting cities now have a plan for adapting to the effects of climate change. And cities reported over 1,000 individual actions designed to reduce emissions and adapt to a changing climate.
CDP salutes the hard work and dedication of the world’s city governments in measuring and reporting these important pieces of data. With this report, we provide city governments the information and insights that we hope will assist their work in tackling climate change.
The data presented here conveys information about every aspect of climate change measurement and management in the City of Cape Town.
This document contains the questionnaire data provided to CDP from the City of Cape The graphics in this document Town as part of its 2013 CDP submission. are from the 2013 CDP Cities 2013 and Wealthier, Healthier To see all of the results for all participating cities, visit cdpcities2013.net Cities reports. 4 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Stockholm Stockholm
Oslo Oslo
Cleveland Cleveland Greater Manchester Copenhagen Vilnius Moscow Greater Manchester Copenhagen Vilnius Moscow Dublin Hamburg Dublin Hamburg Detroit Greater London Amsterdam Warsaw Detroit Greater London Amsterdam Warsaw Rotterdam Tokyo Rotterdam Tokyo Vancouver Paris Vancouver Paris Basel* Zurich Berlin Basel* Zurich Berlin Minneapolis Yokohama Minneapolis Yokohama Montreal Lisbon Montreal Lisbon Portland Toronto Turin Milan* Venice Portland Toronto Turin Milan* Venice Edina Zaragoza Piacenza Seoul Edina Zaragoza Piacenza Seoul San Francisco Naples San Francisco Naples New York Madrid Istanbul* Ansan New York Madrid Istanbul* Ansan Denver St Louis Philadelphia Kadiovacik Denver St Louis Philadelphia Kadiovacik San Jose* Oristano Athens Incheon San Jose* Oristano Athens Incheon Las Vegas Las Vegas Los Angeles Dallas Atlanta Baltimore Bornova* Los Angeles Dallas Atlanta Baltimore Bornova* San Diego Austin Barcelona* San Diego Austin Barcelona* Washington, DC Wonju Washington, DC Wonju Phoenix Kaohsiung Phoenix Kaohsiung Changwon Changwon New Orleans* Chicago Taipei New Orleans* Chicago Taipei Hong Kong* Hong Kong* Suwon Suwon Houston Hanoi Houston Hanoi Mexico City Mexico City Miami Miami San Salvador Bangkok San Salvador Bangkok Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Barranquilla* Abuja, FCT Addis Ababa Barranquilla* Abuja, FCT Addis Ababa Lagos Lagos Bogotá Abidjan Bogotá Abidjan Cali Ho Chi Minh City* Cali Ho Chi Minh City* Caracas Kampala Singapore Caracas Kampala Singapore Guayaquil Douala Guayaquil Douala
Jakarta* Jakarta* Recife Recife Lima Salvador* Lima Salvador* Magdalena del Mar Magdalena del Mar Goiânia* Jaguaré Goiânia* Jaguaré Campinas* Antananarivo Campinas* Antananarivo Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte
Curitiba Johannesburg Curitiba Johannesburg
Porto Alegre Rio de Janeiro Pietermaritzburg Porto Alegre Rio de Janeiro Pietermaritzburg Aparecida Aparecida Santiago Montevideo Cape Town Sydney Santiago Montevideo Cape Town Sydney Durban Durban São Paulo Melbourne São Paulo Melbourne Buenos Aires Cape Town Buenos Aires in context
Number of cities responding per year 48 73 2011 2012 1102013
Cape Town participation Cape Town in Context 5
* Cities that reported privately Stockholm
Oslo
Cleveland Greater Manchester Copenhagen Vilnius Moscow Dublin Hamburg Detroit Greater London Amsterdam Warsaw Rotterdam Tokyo Vancouver Paris Basel* Zurich Berlin Minneapolis Yokohama Montreal Lisbon Portland Toronto Turin Milan* Venice Edina Zaragoza Piacenza Seoul San Francisco Naples New York Madrid Istanbul* Ansan Denver St Louis Philadelphia Kadiovacik San Jose* Oristano Athens Incheon Las Vegas Los Angeles Dallas Atlanta Baltimore Bornova* San Diego Austin Barcelona* Washington, DC Wonju Phoenix Kaohsiung Changwon New Orleans* Chicago Taipei Hong Kong* Suwon Houston Hanoi Mexico City Miami San Salvador Bangkok Ouagadougou Barranquilla* Abuja, FCT Addis Ababa Lagos Bogotá Abidjan Cali Ho Chi Minh City* Caracas Kampala Singapore Guayaquil Douala
Jakarta* Recife Lima Salvador* Magdalena del Mar Goiânia* Jaguaré Campinas* Antananarivo Belo Horizonte
Curitiba Johannesburg
Porto Alegre Rio de Janeiro Pietermaritzburg Aparecida Santiago Montevideo Cape Town Sydney Durban São Paulo Melbourne
Buenos Aires
Total population of cities responding in 2013
296,471,000 Cape Town 3,700,000 Where Cape Town fits people
27 cities 33 cities 50 cities with less than with 600,000 to with greater than 600,000 people 1,600,000 people 1,600,000 people 6 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Year reported 2013
Area 2,455 km2
Population 3,700,000 Cape Town in focus
Inventory method 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Cape Town in Focus 7
69 cities reporting emissions in 2013
63,640,300 49,750,736 metric tonnes CO e metric tonnes CO e 2 2 10 cities reporting emissions of greater than 30,000,000
metric tonnes CO2e
6 cities reporting emissions of 20,000,000 to 30,000,000
metric tonnes CO2e
29,460,000 Cape Town 19,780,964 metric tonnes CO e metric tonnes CO e 2 20,550,175 2 metric tonnes CO2e
9,813,932 metric tonnes CO e 17 cities reporting emissions 2 of 10,000,000 to 20,000,000
metric tonnes CO2e 36 cities reporting emissions of less than 10,000,000
metric tonnes CO2e 4,762,364
metric tonnes CO2e 8 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
0 Introduction Cape Town is a coastal city situated near the southern tip of Africa. Being home to 3.7 million people, it is South Africa’s second most populous city. The mother city, as it is affectionately known by its residents, encircles the Table Mountain National Park and is surrounded by 290km of coastline. It is home to the Cape Floral Kingdom, a protected area rich in biodiversity. Due to its pleasant climate, natural beauty and well developed infrastructure, the city attracts millions of tourists every year and is the most popular international tourist destination in Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014. Introduction Introduction 9
Cape Town has a GDP of R200 billion and contains a high percentage of the country’s energy research and support institutions. The city has a carbon footprint of 7.8 tonnes per person. With a Gini coefficient of 0.67, there is a large disparity of income. 21% of the population are unemployed. Many people are affected by poverty and vulnerable to the effects of climate change. The local metropolitan muncipality, the City of Cape Town, oversees the governing and administration of the city.
Emissions Accounting Choice: Government and Community. 10 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
1 Governance In 2003 Cape Town completed the first State of Energy report in the country; its E&CC Strategy was approved by the city council in 2006. In 2008 “Energy for a Sustainable City” was included as one of eight strategic focus areas in the City Integrated Development Plan. The City’s sustainable energy goals led to the establishment in 2008 of a political driver for this area - the Energy and Climate Change Committee. Further institutional changes occurred in 2009 with the establishment of an Executive Management Team Subcommittee on Energy and Climate Change and three cross-cutting work streams that address energy security/carbon mitigation, resilience and awareness respectively. Governance Governance 11
The Energy and Climate Action Plan (ECAP) was approved by Council in 2010 - it has 11 objectives with over 40 programmes and 120 projects, many of which were underway already. The Plan focuses on energy security, a lower carbon future, economic development, resilience, adaptation, resource efficiency and poverty alleviation. Many of the projects are incorporated into the City’s Strategic Departmental Business Implementation Plan monitoring system and feature in the City’s risk register. The Plan is a living plan which is under constant review - a prioritisation process has just taken place with the newly elected councillors. Governance 12 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Cape Town does provide incentives for management of climate change issues, including the attainment of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. Other non-monetary reward Who Benefits: City agencies/departments City departments are evaluated according to Key Performance Areas (KPAs). Increasingly KPAs for staff factor in efficient use of energy and other performance indicators related to climate change. Governance 13
National and/or regional climate change activities impact Cape Town’s own climate change activities.
Classified as a developing country under the Kyoto Protocol, South Africa is not obligated to reduce its GHG emissions. Currently, South Africa’s electricity public utility, Eskom, lacks the infrastructure to secure safe reserve margin between electricity demand and supply. Public awareness campaigns across the country have encouraged citizens to reduce their electricity usage. The price of electricity has increased over 200% over the past six years putting strain on local businesses and households. These circumstances have raised awareness about the city’s high carbon footprint, fossil fuels as a non-renewable resource, the effects of climate change and have encouraged energy efficiency as well as some pursuit of renewable energy sources. 14 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
90% of South Africa’s electricity is coal- generated. The majority of coal used is bituminous which is extremely carbon- heavy. In order to reduce the country’s carbon footprint and diversify its energy sources, national government is starting to allow for the introduction of renewable and cleaner energy sources. According to the National Development Plan, the country aims to invest in 20 000MW of new renewable energy infrastructure by 2030.
National Government plans to tax carbon emisions from 2015. This is to encourage businesses to reduce emissions and incentivise energy efficiency. Governance 15
The National Climate Change Response White Paper sets out the national policy to ensure a coordinated, coherent and effective response to the challenges imposed by climate change. National government has started to work with cities to obtain standardised carbon emissions inventory data. The Department of Environmental Affairs has set up a National Climate Change Response Database to record all projects across the country to do with climate change response. National Government also provides funding to muncipalities for Energy Efficiency and Demand-side Management (EEDSM) activities. 16 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
2 Physical risks Current and/or anticipated effects of climate change present significant physical risks to Cape Town:
Seriousness Low Medium High
Timescale Current Short-term Medium-term Long-term
Increased risk of storm surges Risk: Timescale: Expected increasing demand for mechnical cooling leading to increasing demand for energy and the potential for ‘cool poverty’. Physical impacts on heat-sensitive infrastructure. Risks & Adaptation Risks & Adaptation 17
Sea level rise Risk: Timescale: Increased intensity and frequency of storm surges places critical City infrastructure and the subsequent disruption of service delivery-resulting in the re-alignment of coastal roads. More frequent heatwaves Risk: Timescale: The City itself is a biodiversity hotspot and with an increase in temperature, increased frequency of heatwaves will result in the increased risk of wildfires (disrupting the fire regime which will impact ecosystems), increased success of more tolerant alien invasive species and loss of native species, heat stress will cause a change in plant’s physiology, impacting the growth and efficiency of photosynthesis and biomass production. Reduced average annual rainfall Risk: Timescale: Cape Town relies heavily on rainfall as a source of freshwater for drinking, sanitation and agriculture, reduction of which may lead to drought which will impact service delivery. Reduced rainfall may result in an increased number of days leading to fires. Shortening of the winter rainfall season, as well as prolonged drought episodes, will have an impact on wetlands, particularly the seasonal wetlands in the low lying Cape Flats. Groundwater will also not be recharged. More intense rainfall Risk: Timescale: Fewer but larger rainfall events will result in increased runoff, placing stormwater systems under pressure as well as reducing groundwater recharge. Increased probability of drought due to less consistent rainfall and increased temperature and evaporation. Increased risk of water pollution from agricultural runoff, riverine flooding and river bank erosion as a result of increased intensity of heavy rainfall events, causing loss of habitats. Impacts on ecosytems through re-settlement by people impacted by floods. 18 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Increased urban heat island effect Risk: Timescale: Increases in the mean temperature will give rise to many heat related diseases such as heatstroke. Increased wind speeds
Risk: Timescale: Increased coastal erosion due to the high intensity of wind, loss of beach vegetation resulting from degradation of habitats due to wind erosion. Compounding factors may worsen the physical effects of climate change in Cape Town.
Increasing temperatures may lead to an increased risk of wildfires. The vulnerability of the city increases as a result of a combination of social factors such as poor health, poverty, conflict, poor governance and environmental factors such as changes in climate variability and highly stressed environments. All these factors will result in an interruption to service delivery, food insecurity, damage to key infrastructure and transport routes, greater migration of people from rural to urban areas for available resources, governance issues resulting in social unrest. Risks & Adaptation 19
Cape Town considers that the physical impacts of climate change could threaten the ability of businesses to operate successfully.
Tourism is a major economic driver of the city. All the aforementioned impacts will affect the city’s economy because the city is dependent on its natural assets for its tourism economy. Severe economic costs such as the repair, replacement or removal of infrastructure and services due to climate change impacts will spend precious amounts of the city’s budget. 20 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Climate Change Risk Analysis is the primary process or methodology used to evaluate the physical risks to Cape Town.
Utilisation of a sector based planning tool that provides a background of the sector, possible impacts and vulnerabilities and possible adaptation/mitigation initiatives.
Primary methodology used to evaluate physical risks % of responses
Cities use a variety of methodologies to evaluate physical risks from climate 18% 20% change. Many of these methodologies are based on or heavily influenced by the IPCC’s risk assessment guidance, including ADAPT and UKCIP. 9%
State or region UK Climate Impacts 1% 19% vulnerability and risk Partnership Framework 1% assessment methodology (UKCIP) 3% IPCC models and World Bank Urban Risk 5% climate change impact Assessment (URA) assessment guidance UNDP climate 7% Agency specific risk management vulnerability and risk methodologies 16% assessment methodology Other ICLEI climate adaptation methodology (ADAPT) No evaluation done Unknown Risks & Adaptation 21
3 Adaptation Cape Town has a plan for increasing its resilience to the expected physical effects of climate change.
Actions Cape Town is taking to reduce the risk to infrastructure, citizens, and businesses from climate changes include the following:
Sea level rise Action: Projects or policies targeted at those most vulnerable Stringent setback lines, monitoring of key sites, shoreline management plans -- Spatial Development Framework --- Coastal edge which demarcates are around the coast as to limit urban development and protect resources, avoid hazards and financial risks pertaining to areas at risk of flooding. More frequent heatwaves Action: Projects or policies targeted at those most vulnerable Improved construction and building regulations, increased support for health facilities, increased awareness of climate change health impacts. More intense rainfall Action: Projects or policies targeted at those most vulnerable Maintenance of stormwater infrastructure, increasing the flood return period, design of resilient infrastructure and buildings. 22 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Reduced average annual rainfall Action: Projects or policies targeted at those most vulnerable Water tariffs, water restrictions, awareness campaigns. Increased risk of storm surges Action: Projects or policies targeted at those most vulnerable Stringent setback lines, structural mitigation measures, coastal vulnerability mapping. Cape Town has undertaken or will undertake additional efforts to ensure operational continuity for both the city government and the businesses in the event of a significant weather-related event.
The City’s Disaster Risk Management department have capacity and systems aimed at disaster prevention, improved anticipation and more rapid response. The City has made some fundamental institutional changes to serve as political drivers towards climate change response, such as establishing the Energy and Climate Change Portfolio Committee. The City also seeks to build capacity amongst councillors and officials as well as invest in the education and awareness of the community in order to bring sustainable behaviour change. Risks & Adaptation 23
4 Social risks Cape Town faces social risks as a result of climate change. Increased incidence and prevalence of disease With increased intensity of rainfall and the inability for infrastructure to cope with the influx of water, flooding often occurs. This may see the introduction of water borne diseases. Similarly with increased temperature, the spread of vector borne diseases into previously unoccupied regions. Increased health impacts can have a direct burden on the health system. Increased morbidity can impact treatment costs and days of work lost. An increase in disease associated with climate change can therefore have wide spread economic and health costs.
Increased demand for public services (including health) As previously mentioned, health impacts of climate change will place strain on the health system. Informal settlements occupying low areas of the Cape Flats will experience severe cases of flooding and thus the need of public services to deliver to these areas.
Increased risk to already vulnerable populations The livelihoods of people who will be impacted most severley are those whose asset bases and food security are damaged or destroyed. The first to suffer these consequences are the poor who are constrained to live in risk prone areas. Poor health, poverty as well as environmental factors increase the vulnerability of low income individuals. 24 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Increased conflict and/or crime Extreme weathers may be opportunistic for criminals for instance looting. As a result of the impacts of climate change may lead to an interuption in service delivery and social unrest.
Increased resource demand The impact of climate change manifested by warmer and dryer climate will adversely affect the availability of resources. For instance, certain plant species are sensitive to climate change and may not function in a warmer climate limiting its ability to reproduce or bear fruit and or vegetables.
Migration from rural areas to cities As a result of limiting resources in rural areas, populations will migrate to urban areas resulting in an increase in informal settlements. Risks & Adaptation 25
Top five social risks By region, # of cities
Cities reporting Increased risk to Increased incidence Increased demand Increased resource Fluctuating socio- social risks already vulnerable and prevalence for public services demand economic conditions populations of disease (including health) from...
Africa Cape Cape Cape Cape Cape 12 cities 2 Town 4 Town 1 Town 1 Town 4 Town
East Asia 11 cities 3 6 4 4 1
Europe 30 cities 12 6 8 5 3
Latin America 23 cities 15 10 6 6 5
North America 27 cities 15 10 11 8 4
South Asia / Oceania 3 2 4 2 0 7 cities 26 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
5 Opportunities Climate change action presents economic opportunities for Cape Town.
Opportunities Opportunities 27
Cape Town is positioning itself to take advantage of opportunites from taking climate change action. Increased infrastructure investment According to the Department of Energy’s Integrated Resource Plan for 2010-2030, South Africa plans to invest into 8400 MW of solar photo-voltaic and 8400 MW of wind-powered electricity generation. Cape Town is well suited for both wind and solar power generation and therefore likely to attract infrastructure development. Investigations are underway into the building of a large-scale gas power plant in Cape Town with the intention that gas can supply power to the city when renewable energy generation is running low. Eskom, the national electricity public utility, has introduced a Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff that ensures that independant power producers are guaranteed a certain price for every kWh they feed back into the national grid. This, coupled with an accelerated depreciation policy for renewable energy infrastructure, makes conditions for new renewable energy infrastructure favourable. The rising cost of electricity also promotes the option of small scale embedded generation use in buildings. Green Cape, a partner sector development agency between the city and provincial government was established in 2010 to promote the growth of renewable energy and related green energy businesses in the Western Cape.
Development of new business industries (e.g. clean tech) Cape Town’s Economic Development Department has put together a framework to establish a green zone industrial center in Atlantis to attract renewable energy manufacturers. Currently, the City is carrying out a project in partnership with local energy service providers that targets to put over 160,000 solar water heaters (SWH) onto the roofs of households in Cape Town. This project will promote local manufacture of SWHs. It will also have the added benefit of being a valuable source of income for businesses working on the installation and maintenance of the SWHs. There is potential for local manufacture and assembly of PV panels. 28 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Increased energy security The majority of Cape Town’s energy comes from fossil fuels. The city is dependant on the national grid for electricity supply. By using more renewable energy sources the city will decrease its dependance on fossil fuels, diversify its energy source supply and increase its energy security.
Additional funding options Funding for climate change related projects has become increasingly more attainable. Besides local municipal funding, both provincial and national funding for climate change projects have become more available. A number of the City’s research, projects and intiatives have secured funding from overseas development agencies such as Danida, Green Fund and other climate funds. The city actively pursues climate finance. Project Kuyasa, managed by the City of Cape Town, was Africa’s first registered CDM project. However, CDM and other carbon trading opportunities require significant effort and technical capacity to be successful and frequently the funds required can be found elsewhere . The Department of Energy has allocated money for projects relating to Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management. Last year the City retrofitted 4 large administrative buildings. Results indicate a saving of 12 million kWh per annum. A further R26.5 million has been secured to further retrofit the City’s buildings and street lights over the next 3 years. Eskom, the national electricity public utility, has established a Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff (REFIT) which guarantees a profitable price for Independant Power Producers (IPP) when they feed into the national grid. This initiative is aimed at promoting the development of IPPs and small scale embedded generation on buildings. Opportunities 29
Improved efficiency of operations Leading by example, one of the City’s objectives is to reduce consumption of energy in its own operations by 10%. So far the City has retrofitted all of its traffic lights with LED’s, as well as retrofitted over 40 000 street lights. An audit to identify the energy efficiency saving opportunities of municipal buildings was carried out, with 14 large administrative buildings being currently implemented. 50% of Cape Town’s energy is used for transport. A significant amount of energy is wasted by citizens using single occupied vehicles for transport. The City is in the process of rolling out its Integrated Rapid Transit (IRT) program. The program aims to link and upgrade all existing public transport services into a more coherent system. The network of interlinking buses, trains, taxi, pedestrian and bicycle routes will reduce energy wasted on transport and reduce travel time wasted in heavy traffic.
Cities that report climate change presents an economic opportunity # and % of cities
No Yes Cape Town Don’t know 4 cities 98 cities 6 cities (4%) (91%) (6%) 30 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
LGO Methodology Cape Town is reporting a GHG measurement inventory for a period of one year. Sat 01 Jul 2006 - Sat 30 Jun 2007
Boundary typology used for Cape Town’s GHG emissions inventory: Companies Entities or departments over which operational control is exercised.
Emissions – Local Government Emissions – Local Government 31
Cape Town has used the following major sources of emissions in the municipal GHG emissions inventory: Buildings Buses Electricity generation Electricity transmission and distribution Landfills Municipal vehicle fleet Street lighting and traffic signals Waste collection Wastewater treatment Water supply 32 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
The primary protocol used for calculating GHG emissions is the International Emissions Analysis Protocol (ICLEI). A baseline data collection was collected from the following 5 sectors:
Residential Sector: disaggregated according to electrified and non- electrified by income category
Commercial Sector: including retail and office buildings, tourism activities, education facilities, hospitals, and other non-industrial activities
Industrial Sector: disaggregated into into textiles, food and beverages, non-food manufacturing sub-sectors and other industrial activities
Local Government: all municipal operations, namely council buildings, street and traffic lights, water and wastewater treatment works and municipal vehicle fleet
Transport Sector: disaggregated into freight, private vehicle and public transport (bus,minibus, taxi and train)
LEAP modelling and IPCC conversion factors relevant to South
Africa were used to calculate CO2e values. Emissions – Local Government 33
LGO Energy Data Fuel consumption for Cape Town’s local government this year: Motor gasoline (petrol) 6,185,599 liters
Diesel/Gas oil 9,785,825 liters
Electricity consumption purchased by Cape Town’s local government this year:
Electricity 266,322,660 kWh 34 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
LGO GHG Emissions Data Total (Scope 1 + 2) emissions for Cape Town: 205,502
metric tonnes CO2e Breakdown of Cape Town’s GHG emissions by scope: Scopes are a common categorization method. Scope 1: All direct GHG emissions
(with the exception of direct CO2 emissions from biogenic sources). Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating, or cooling.
Total Scope 1 activity 11,297
metric tonnes CO2e Total Scope 2 activity 111,093
metric tonnes CO2e Cape Town does not measure Scope 3 emissions. Emissions – Local Government 35
Breakdown of emissions by department, facility, greenhouse gas, or other classifications used by Cape Town: Scope 1: Special Technical Services vehicle fleet 9,986
metric tonnes CO2e
Scope 2: Wastewater Treatment - only the electricity used (81,650,000 kWh/annum) 34,092
metric tonnes CO2e
Scope 2: Street Lighting (91,752,080 kWh/annum) 38,306
metric tonnes CO2e
Scope 2: Traffic Signals (10,110,924 kWh/annum) 4,225
metric tonnes CO2e 36 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Scope 2: Bulk Water Supply (41,404,828 kWh/annum) 17,235
metric tonnes CO2e
Scope 2: Buildings (41,404,828 kWh/annum) 17,235
metric tonnes CO2e
Scope 1: Electricity Department vehicle fleet 1,311
metric tonnes CO2e Emissions – Local Government 37
LGO External Verification The GHG emissions data Cape Town is currently reporting has been externally verified or audited in part or in whole.
All the GHG emissions data reported comes from the “Cape Town 2011 State of Energy and Energy Futures Report” which was put together in partnership with an external NGO and research institution, namely Sustainable Energy Africa and the University of Cape Town’s Energy Research Centre respectively. 38 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
C Date and boundary Cape Town is reporting a GHG measurement inventory for a period of one year. Sat 01 Jul 2006 - Sat 30 Jun 2007
Boundary typology used for Cape Town’s GHG emissions inventory: Geopolitical Boundary Physical areas over which local government has jurisdictional control.
C GHG emissions data Cape Town has used the International Emissions Analysis Protocol (ICLEI) to calculate GHG emissions.
Emissions – Community Emissions – Community 39
A baseline data collection was collected from the following 5 sectors:
Residential Sector: disaggregated according to electrified and non- electrified by income category
Commercial Sector: including retail and office buildings, tourism activities, education facilities, hospitals, and other non-industrial activities
Industrial Sector: disaggregated into into textiles, food and beverages, non-food manufacturing sub-sectors and other industrial activities
Local Government: all municipal operations, namely council buildings, street and traffic lights, water and wastewater treatment works and municipal vehicle fleet
Transport Sector: disaggregated into freight, private vehicle and public transport (bus,minibus taxi and train)
LEAP modelling and IPCC conversion factors relevant to South
Africa were used to calculate CO2e values. 40 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Total (Scope 1 + 2) emissions for Cape Town: 20,550,175
metric tonnes CO2e Breakdown of Cape Town’s GHG emissions by scope: Scopes are a common categorization method. Scope 1: All direct GHG emissions
(with the exception of direct CO2 emissions from biogenic sources). Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating, or cooling.
Total Scope 1 activity 5,705,319
metric tonnes CO2e
Total Scope 2 activity 14,844,856
metric tonnes CO2e Emissions – Community 41
Breakdown of these emissions by end user, economic sector, IPCC sector, GHG or any other classification system used: End user: buildings, water, waste, transport. Economic sector: residential, commercial, industrial, institutional. IPCC sector: stationary combustion, mobile
combustion, industrial processes, waste. Greenhouse gas: CO2, CH4, N2O etc.
Residential 5,959,551
metric tonnes CO2e
Transport 5,548,547
metric tonnes CO2e
Industrial 3,082,526
metric tonnes CO2e
Government 205,502
metric tonnes CO2e
Commercial 5,754,049
metric tonnes CO2e 42 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Total amount of fuel consumed in Cape Town during 2013: Kerosene 2,830,399 gigajoules
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 1,750,168 gigajoules
Coal (Bituminous or Black coal) 3,055,991 gigajoules
Motor gasoline (petrol) 39,392,694 gigajoules
Diesel/Gas oil 27,874,053 gigajoules Emissions – Community 43
Distillate fuel oil 4,116,143 gigajoules
Wood or wood waste 49,574 gigajoules
Electricity that has been consumed by Cape Town during the reporting year:
Electricity 48,576,102 gigajoules 44 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Cape Town does measure Scope 3 emissions.
Solid Waste (landfill) 2,665,110
metric tonnes CO2e
Aviation fuels 1,153,103
metric tonnes CO2e
Maritime fuels 2,990,158
metric tonnes CO2e
Cape Town is a developing city with a population growth of 3% per annum. It is therefore expected that overall emissions will continue to increase as both the population and economy grow . The City therefore targets to decrease its emissions off a ‘business-as-usual’ baseline. In other words, the City aims to decrease the amount of emissions relative to the rate of GDP and population growth.
Further Information The majority of data for Cape Town’s CDP submission has been taken from the City’s “State of Energy and Energy Futures Report” which is updated approximately every three to five years. On the whole the City does not have the resources to collect data more regularly, but instead focusses on obtaining and analysing particular data sets that will assist in policy and project development. Emissions – Community 45
C External Verification The GHG emissions data Cape Town is currently reporting has been externally verified or audited in part or in whole.
All the GHG emissions data reported comes from the “Cape Town 2011 State of Energy and Energy Futures Report” which was put together in partnership with an external NGO and research institution, namely Sustainable Energy Africa and the Univeristy of Cape Town’s Energy Research Centre respectively. 46 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Cities reporting city-wide reduction activities By category, % of cities
Transport 60%
Energy demand in buildings 56%
Waste 42% Urban land use 39%
Energy supply 38%
Education 25%
Outdoor lighting 18%
Water 14%
Finance 13%
Food 9%
Public procurement 8%
Other 17% Strategy
6 Local government Cape Town has a GHG emissions operations – GHG emissions reduction reduction target in place for local government operations. Strategy 47
Cape Town’s local government operations GHG emissions reduction target in detail:
Baseline year 2007 Baseline emissions 205,502 metric tonnes CO2e
Percentage reduction target 10% GHG sources to which the target applies Petrol, Diesel, Electricity generation
Target date 2012 The City aims to achieve a 10% reduction in the energy consumption of its operations off a ‘business-as-usual’ baseline by 2012. The reduction in energy use will therefore decrease its emissions. 48 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Activities undertaken to reduce Cape Town’s emissions in its government operations:
Energy Demand in Buildings Building performance rating and reporting Currently most municipal buildings just have one meter for electricity use in the entire building. One project aims to install automatic meter reading (AMR) technology into all council buildings. The AMR’s will allow the monitoring of electricity usage by each department and enable City employees to be more responsible for their use of electricity.
Energy efficiency/retrofit measures
Anticipated emissions reduction over lifetime 13,354 metric tonnes CO2e per annum As a pilot project, 16 large administrative buildings were audited for energy efficiency upgrading. Of these 4 were chosen to be retrofitted with lighting, solar water heaters, power factor corrections and ventilation and temperature control systems. Results show an electricity saving of 22% per annum, half of which being anticipated to come from behaviour change from supplementary electricity saving campaign awareness. A further US$ 1.3 million has been secured for retrofitting municipal buildings over the next 3 years. Strategy 49
Outdoor Lighting LED/CFL/other luminaire technologies
Anticipated emissions reduction over lifetime 2,844 metric tonnes CO2e per annum The city has retrofitted all of its traffic lights and over 40 000 street lights. A further US$ 1.4 million has been secured for retrofitting street lights over the next 3 years. Transport Transportation demand management
Anticipated emissions reduction over lifetime 7,631 metric tonnes CO2e per annum Improved management of petrol and diesel fleet; fleet purchase tenders now include fuel efficiency as a criterion. Other Upgrading of water pumps
Anticipated emissions reduction over lifetime. 4,970 metric tonnes CO2e per annum Upgrading to higher efficiency water supply pumps . 50 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
7 Community – GHG Cape Town has a GHG emissions reduction emissions reduction target in place for its community.
Cape Town’s GHG emissions reduction target in detail:
Baseline year 2007 Baseline emissions 27,358,547 metric tonnes CO2e
Percentage reduction target 10% GHG sources to which the target applies Primarily applies to electricity generation. All of Cape Town’s electricity is supplied through the national energy utility, Eskom. 95% of Eskom’s electricity is coal-generated. The City therefore aims to decrease its emissions by focussing on decreasing electricity consumption by 10% off a ‘business-as- usual’ baseline by 2012.
Target date 2012 The City’s chief objective relating to emission reduction is to decrease electricity consumption by 10% of a ‘business-as- usual’ (BAU) baseline by 2012. Cape Town is a developing city with a growing economy and 3% per annum population growth. Therefore the BAU baseline was chosen. Strategy 51
Activities currently being undertaken to reduce emissions city-wide:
Energy Demand in Buildings Renewable on-site energy generation
Anticipated emissions reduction over lifetime 148,943 metric tonnes CO2e per annum
The City has set an initial target to roll out over 140 000 solar water heaters onto households in Cape Town. This would reduce electricity demand by 2.5%.
Education Climate change - focused curriculum
Anticipated emissions reduction over lifetime Difficult to assess
The City’s ongoing Energy Savings Campaign engages with thousands of citizens by providing information and energy saving tips through a variety of platforms. Utilising posters, publications, exhibitions, events, and electronic resources; the campaign raises awareness and seeks to bring about responsible energy behavioural change. The City of Cape Town’s Youth Environmental School (YES) Programme is a year-round programme of activities for learners and educators reaching over 30 000 people per year. The program promotes environmentally sustainable lifestyles, behaviour and actions. 52 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
Transport Transportation demand management
Anticipated emissions reduction over lifetime Not clear yet
Currently, road and rail transport account for 4.8 Megatonnes
of CO2e, which is 18% of Cape Town’s total emissions per year. The City is busy rolling out its Integrated Rapid Transit which seeks to connect the taxi, train, bus, pedestrian and bicycle routes into one coherent network. The project promotes the use of public transport as opposed to private vehicle use. Together with the Travel Smart campaign which encourages choosing sustainable transport options, emissions from transport should significantly drop.
Waste Landfill gas capture The City is in the process of investigating the feasibility of using its closed and current land fill sites for methane capture and possible electricity generation.
Energy supply Low or zero carbon energy supply generation
Anticipated emissions reduction over lifetime 2,055,018 metric tonnes CO2e per annum
The City aims to supply 10% of its annual energy needs from renewable and cleaner energy sources by 2020. The City pioneered local government support for wind generation through its contract to purchase electricity produced by Darling Wind farm. This is sold to companies who receive a Green Energy Certificate for their purchase. Strategy 53
Anticipated lifetime emissions reductions reported by cities
By category (millions metric tonnes CO2e)
Other 4.78m
Education 1.43m Food 1.25m Energy demand in buildings 11.95m Urban land use 0.98m Water 0.11m Outdoor lighting 0.05m Public procurement 0.05m
Energy supply 14.68m
Waste 20.92m
Transport 24.65m
Note that anticipated emissions reductions are difficult to estimate. This data therefore reflects a significant bias toward emissions reduction actions that are easier to quantify. 54 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
8 Planning Climate change-related projects for which Cape Town hopes to attract private sector involvement:
The Solar Water Heater (SWH) roll-out is a market transformation program that aims to increase incentive and financing options for consumers to purchase SWHs from businesses in the private sector.
The City pioneered local government support for wind generation through its contract to purchase electricity produced by Darling Wind farm. Private sector companies can purchase this electricity and receive a Green Energy Certificate for supporting renewable energy generation. The City aims to support other renewable energy independant power producers in this way and increase support from the private sector.
Together with provincial government, the City partnered to form Green Cape which is a sector development agency that aims to build a competitive business infrastructure for green energy manufacturers and businesses in the Western Cape. Strategy 55
Cape Town does incorporate desired GHG emissions into the masterplanning for the city.
The City of Cape Town’s Integrated Development Plan (IDP) serves as the city’s masterplan for the next 5 years. The IDP recognises the City’s responsibility to reduce carbon emissions. This view is incorporated into all municipal decisions. The City has set emission reduction targets for municipal and city-wide operations.
Transport contributes 18% of the Cape Town’s carbon emissions. The current transport system is ineffiicient with many citizens travelling using single occupied vehicles. The City has developed the Integrated Rapid Transit program which aims to connect the metrorail, taxi, bus, pedestrian and bicycle routes into one integrated and coherent network. The project is ongoing and has already seen major infrastructure upgrades such designated bike lanes, bus routes and bus stops being completed.
The City aims to reduce electricity consumption by 10% from a ‘business-as-usual’ baseline. It aims to achieve this by residential, industrial and commercial efficiency campaigns and through mass solar water heater roll-outs.
Renewable energy targets:
The City aims to have 10% of its energy to come from renewable and cleaner energy sources by 2020. Priority projects related to this target include supporting large-scale renewable energy supply and small-scale embedded generation projects. The City plans to mass roll-out solar water heaters and to generate energy from its landfills and wastewater treatment facilities. 56 CDP Cities 2013 City of Cape Town
9 Water Cape Town foresees substantive risks to its water supply in the short or long term.
Risks to Cape Town’s water supply as well as timescale:
Timescale Current Short-term Medium-term Long-term
Flooding Timescale: 17% of the city’s population live in informal houses. Informal households are defined as houses that don’t meet architectural regulations. These households have inadequate stormwater structures which make them susceptible to flooding. Climate change is expected to bring more intense and frequent downpours which increases the risk of flooding. Flooding in informal settlements is a major health risk as it increases the spread of water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid.
Increased water stress or scarcity Timescale: Cape Town’s water demand is growing rapidly as the city expands. Based on potential economic and population growth the city is expected to experience a water deficit by 2013. The regions water sources are characterized by variablity. Climate change is expected to change rainfall patterns, which will make the planning of infrastructure to effectively manage the city’s water supply extremely difficult. It is expected to reduce rainfall and increase evaporation due to increased temperature. The region is known to experience droughts and climate change is likely to make these more intense and frequent. Strategy 57
Actions (on the supply and demand side) that Cape Town is takingto reduce risks to its water supply:
From demand side management, the City aims to implement water restrictions and increase water resrictions when necessary. Other means include reducing leaks, establishing water responsible building regulations, decreasing off-peak water pressure to decrease loss from leaks and running awareness campigns about re-using water incentives.
From supply side management, various water management augmentation schemes are underway. These include the building or enlarging of dams and new diversion schemes. Investigations into using the Table Mountain Region aquifer, effluent re-use, water harvesting as well as a possible desalination plant are being done.
CDP contacts CDP Board of Trustees AECOM team C40 team CDP 40 Bowling Green Lane Paul Dickinson Chair: Alan Brown Gary Lawrence Amanda Eichel London EC1R 0NE Executive Chairman Schroders Chief Sustainability Officer Director of Initiatives United Kingdom and City Support Paul Simpson Ben Goldsmith Claire Bonham-Carter Tel: +44 (0) 20 7970 5660 Chief Executive Officer WHEB Group Director of Sustainable Development Seth Schultz Fax: +44 (0) 20 7691 7316 Director of Research Nigel Topping Chris Page Alexander Quinn www.cdp.net Chief Innovation Officer Rockefeller Philanthropy Director of Sustainable Economics Kerem Yilmaz [email protected] Advisors Vanessa Lauf Director of @CDP Takejiro Sueyoshi Economist Research Projects Authors Jeremy Smith David Levin Michael Marinello Director of Conor Riffle Berkeley Energy Sustainability Consultant Communications Director, Cities and Christoph Schröder Daniel Elsea Data Product Innovation TVM Capital Creative Director Brooke Russell Director of Kyra Appleby Tessa Tennant Communications, Head of Cities The Ice Organisation Contact Editorial and Content Claire Bonham-Carter Pauline Martin Martin Wise Account Manager AECOM Relationship Capital Partners +1 415 955 2800 [email protected] www.aecom.com/News/Sustainability
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