Activity Guide Force Distribution/Engineering Principles Force – Structure Andstructure Function/Adaptations

MUSCLEFOR EDUCATOR MASS

X X X X High School

X X X School

X X X X X X School Elementary Middle

Activity Guide Force Distribution/Engineering Principles Force – Structure andStructure Function/Adaptations

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Optimizing Design the Solution Developing Potential Solution Potential Developing Structure Function and Force and Motion Motion and Force Relaionship Between Energy Forces and Adaptation

*Next Generation Science Standards is a registered trademark of Achieve. Neither Achieve nor the lead states and partners and states that lead the Achieve nor of Achieve. Neither trademark Standards Science is a registered *Next Generation does and this product. not of, endorse, production in the developed NGSS the involved was ETS1.C ETS1.B LS4.C LS1.A PS3.C PS2.A

NGSS* ALIGNMENT: PHYSICAL SCIENCES PHYSICAL LIFE SCIENCES APPLICATIONS IN: APPLICATIONS withstand when it is dome-shaped?

How much force can a seemingly brittle object How much force DOME STRENGTH ACTIVITY GUIDE STRENGTH DOME MUSCLEFOR EDUCATOR MASS .

to use to

experiment or demo “concept overview,” overview,” “concept The activities can get messy. Consider conducting conducting Consider activities The getcan messy. or out shapes such as test pyramids students Have collapse slightly may a domes when The book is first Allow geodesic other and dry structures domes to out Students will compare the strength the of domed Students will compare They strengthtest the will of eggshells discuss and Students will using own their design domes test and experiments a plastic on tablecloth a inside or large container. cubes. and house domes shapes to in addition when failure complete of Consider them. top on placed surface. the bookthe touches least a night strength. give at to a little them more for structures to otherstructures structures. to so strong, they are why explaining the to it due is dome shape. brittle materials. explore ideas or follow a more quantitative approach. a more ideasexplore or follow can everything do You either as a pre-made provided have We think about” to “questions sheets”, “record wish. if you IN GENERAL: ACTIVITY: STRENGTH STRUCTURE LEARNING GOALS USE HOW TO to segmented The materialsyou for are specifically simply students can have need.use you You just what

force evenly and reducing the load on a single on load the point. reducing and evenly force their architecture for centuries. of piece material A flat for their architecture distributes but a dome all that will buckle pressure, under its strength, humans have incorporated the dome into into dome the incorporated its strength, humans have frequently show up in nature in the shape in the of our skulls, up in nature show frequently Recognizingturtle shells, beetle and a few. name backs to Eggshells have a “bad rap” for being brittle. In reality, Eggshells a “bad being brittle. rap” have for In reality, their domed shape. Domes to due strong quite they are OVERVIEW

Introduction for Educators Introduction for EGGSHELLS AND DOMES — AND DOMES EGGSHELLS © The Field Museum / Illustration by David Quednau EXHIBITION MAP

EMERGENCY EXIT 11 B3 B2 Wings & Fins C1 10 Legs & Springs Beyond Eyes & Ears EXIT 8 13 9 12

B1 14 Jaws & Claws 7

4 3 A2 A1 Pumps & Pipes Skins & Structures A3 2 Insulation & Radiators 5 6 1 ENTRANCE

Activity Connections 1 Domes Array Case 6 Bergman’s Rule 11 Gaits Array Video

Interactives 2 Materials 7 Leverage 12 Reynold’s Number

3 Giraffe Heart 8 Fish Jaws 13 Flapping Wings

4 Spider Legs 9 Hard Biters Case 14 Eye Diversity

5 Insulation 10 Fast Biters Case FOR STUDENTMUSCLE MASSOR EDUCATOR

2 2 s m m mL . s n kg * 1 mL * g m + total total m bucket m + plate Force (F) = (F) Force m = total m

is the total mass upon the domes. Make sure you are are you mass upon sure total is the domes. the Make

total a standard unit ofa standard force. m using kilograms recommend units! We using consistent be mass Newtons so out to units the work — for where g is the acceleration due to gravity (g gravity = 9.8 ) and to due acceleration g is the where after it breaks and add the mass of the plate. Once mass is Once mass the of plate. the add and it breaks after gravity: to due force the can known, calculate you where n_mL is the total number of mL added to the bucket. the number of total n_mL is the to mL added where of bucket the water can just measure you Alternatively, cupfuls of water. In that case, mass In that is: total cupfuls of water. or geodesic domes can be translated easily into a force. a force. easily into geodesicor can be domes translated a flat creates that plasticof a that The massplate includes many and ofsurface, plate, the top on placed a bucket You may wish to calculate force in these activities to force calculate wish to may You structures. upon different explainquantitatively force the Within activities, the of a set top on of mass stacked eggs

Calculating Force CONCEPT OVERVIEW — OVERVIEW CONCEPT FOR STUDENTMUSCLE MASSOR EDUCATOR

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Stick of spaghetti piece 1 of 5 upper the in each marshmallows and connect them all with them connect another and marshmallows marshmallow. Make 5 trianglesMake of spaghetti pieces using 10 more and 5 marshmallows. There should be 2 pieces should of pieces be 2 spaghetti5 marshmallows.There in marshmallow. each Make a pentagonMake with of spaghetti 5 pieces and 5 marshmallows. Connect the tops of each triangle of each Connect tops the pieces with 5 more of spaghetti. d.

c. b. b. a. more elaborate. A good Earth example Spaceship is the elaborate. more at EPCOT. Disney’s simplest ofsimplest geodesic domes, but they can certainly be far are called “geodesic domes” since they are made out of made called domes” “geodesic they are are since geometric shapes. instructions Below build the are to something to connect those sticks.something connect to These types domes of Domes are generally fairly smooth, half-spheres. However, smooth, However, fairly half-spheres. generally are Domes out of can build domes small, straight,we rigid sticks and

How to Build a Geodesic Dome CONCEPT OVERVIEW CONCEPT MUSCLEFOR STUDENT MASS

Scale Beaker least 100 mL) (at in case it falls) water catch (to Large Tray Plastic Plate Bucket Water Spaghetti, broken into 3-inch pieces (you can also (you pieces 3-inch Spaghetti, into broken Marshmallows (you can use gummi or (you gumdrops Marshmallows use toothpicks) bears as well)

SUPPLIES: that? How much will structure handle? that much be able to How that? Which Why think structure you do will be strongest? the PREDICT: house shape. house structures that you can think of, such as a pyramid or a or such as a pyramid can think of, structures you that Build different types of structures,Build domes including different out other their strength! Test cubes,and compare and

Geodesic Strength Structure Test ACTIVITY — MUSCLEFOR STUDENT MASS

1 Compare your results for the domes to the other the to domes the for results your Compare Repeatwith 3-6 spaghetti steps cubes built from and Using the mass you measured for the plate, the bucket, the plate, the for measured massUsing the you Add water 100 mL at a time and record how many times many how record a time and 100 mL at Add water Align place in a triangle and domes the tray the inside Build three simple geodesic out simple of domes Build spaghetti three and Measure the mass of the paper plate, the mass mass the the of of paper 100 mL the plate, Measure use 3 structures for each trial. each use 3 structures for prediction. your to results your structures. Compare marshmallows or other shapes you wish to try. Always Always try. other or marshmallows wish shapes to you and the total mass of water (total number of (total times mass of total the water and *mass added of 100 mL of the water), 100 mL of water time the of at domes three the on force the calculate failure. complete completely fails (when the plate touches the surface) the touches plate (when the fails completely the plate on top. Place the bucket on top of that. Place top on bucket the top. on plate the dome least one this. do until at Keepyou water adding several days so they dryseveral together stick out and better. (See: Instructions building geodesic domes) for of water, and the bucket. Record this information. bucket. the and Record of water, marshmallows.If possible, let sit them overnight even or

6) 5)

4) 3) 2) 1) WHAT TO DO: WHAT TO

Geodesic Structure Strength Test, cont’d Geodesic Strength Structure Test, ACTIVITY — MUSCLEFOR STUDENT MASS

Scale egg and water catch guts) (to Large Tray Bucket Water Beaker least 100 mL) (at Plastic Plate Scissors Eggs Egg Carton

SUPPLIES: PREDICT: PREDICT: weight much will eggs the How handle? be able to

do you think it think is? you do Test the strength the of eggs!very a They have shapecommon Test that.for reason is a What There dome! – the seen in nature

Egg Stress Test Egg Stress ACTIVITY — MUSCLEFOR STUDENT MASS

Repeat steps 3-6, arranging the eggs differently. Try a Repeat 3-6, arranging steps eggs the differently. Using the mass you measured for the plate, bucket, plate, the and for measured massUsing the you Add water 100 mL at a time to the bucket and record record and bucket the a time to 100 mL at Add water Arrange the eggs in a triangle shape inside the tray. Arrange eggs the in a triangle shape tray. the inside Measure the mass of the plastic plate, the amount of mass amount the the of plasticthe plate, Measure Cut cups the out of egg the carton for as holders act to smaller or largersmaller or triangle eggs your laying or their on information. this sides. Record water (total number of mL of water added*mass of added*mass 1 mL number (total of mL of water water pushing down the on force total the calculate of water) eggsthree of least broke. one them when at egg completely breaks (the plate touches the surface). the egg touches plate (the breaks completely bucket on top ofplate. the top on bucket least one until Keep at add. you water adding many how the eggs.the egg (Cardboard cartons best.) are of eggs the onto Place plastic the plate the then and water in 100 mL of water, and the bucket. Record this bucket. the and Record in 100 mL of water, water information.

5) 4)

3) 2)

1) WHAT TO DO: WHAT TO

Egg Stress Test, cont’d Test, Egg Stress ACTIVITY — MUSCLEFOR STUDENT MASS FORCE FORCE (Newtons) TOTAL MASS MASS TOTAL (WATER + BUCKET+ PLATE) PLASTIC MASS OF WATER MASS (mass of 1mL* number of mL)

TOTAL mL OF WATER TOTAL ADDED

______kg ______kg

close together apart). or far Add as much detail as you can. (include what was being tested such as eggs or dome and how such as arranged they were DRAW AND/OR DESCRIBE TEST TEST DESCRIBE DRAW AND/OR

Strength Tests RECORD SHEET — SHEET — RECORD Mass of Plastic Plate: Mass of Bucket: Use this page for any of egg the any Use this page for strength tests. MUSCLEFOR STUDENT MASS Notes:

What they most buildings in cities? more Are shape are like cubes Whylike domes? or is? that think you do What Do some other examples of in nature? are domes Draw a diagram showing how you think the force is a diagram force think the you showing how Draw design the of geodesic the improve you would How Why do you think the stronger structures were structuresWhy were stronger think the you do How much force could the domes withstand compared withstand domes compared the could force much How classmates’? your to compare results your did How you have examples of domes in your body? How many many examples body? of in your How domes have you think of?can you up with as come can you many How a class? dome to make it stronger or sturdier? Why? sturdier? or it stronger make to dome distributed vs. domes the cubes. over so strong? to the cubes/other the to structures?

7) 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1)

Geodesic Domes QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT — ABOUT THINK TO QUESTIONS MUSCLEFOR STUDENT MASS Notes:

What Do some other examples of in nature? are domes What might evolutionary the of a domed advantage egg What about notice eggs the how you did Was cracked? is a diagram force think the showing you how Draw Why think eggs you their do Is it to due so strong? are Were the eggs the expected? than you weaker or stronger Were classmates’ your to compare results your did How can you think of?can you up with as come can you many How a class? be for animals? be for many examples body? of in your How domes have you distributed egg. the over there a pattern? a there results? material, shape, something else?

7) 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1)

Eggs QUESTIONS TO THINK ABOUT — ABOUT THINK TO QUESTIONS MUSCLEFOR STUDENT MASS

the most weight. Have a discussion of design the how most weight.the Have strength the contributed of to winning the design. competition in your class and see which dome could hold classcompetition hold see in your and could dome which endless!) and find a means of testingstrength the means a find of and endless!) a interesting, have it make more of structure. the To tape, marshmallows, gumdrops,possibilities the are Design a structurebrittle using fairly objects (spaghetti, toothpicks, pipe cleaners, straws up newspaper, rolled DESIGN CHALLENGE DESIGN MUSCLE MASS n io at Found ey

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