3/23/2009

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Welcome • What is Industrial Hygiene?

• Troy Corbin, CIH/CSP • What does an IH do ?

• Certified Industrial Hygienist / Marine Chemist • Learn to use Worker Exposure Indices (TLV – PEL – REL – IDLH) • AMEC Earth & Environmental • Review / Understand OSHA Z Table & Expanded Health Standards

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

• Routes of Exposure Specific Construction Health Hazards • Dusts Silica, Asbestos, Other • Types of Toxins • Solvents, Cleaners, Paints • Review specific Construction Health Hazards & Controls • Welding Hazards

• Heavy • Respirators & PPE Lead, Cadmium, Chromium

• Noise

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

What is an industrial OSHA: Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating, hygienist? recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers' injury or illness. I didn’t know what one was...... Industrial hygienists use environmental monitoring and & analytical methods to detect the extent of worker exposure and employ engineering, work practice now I is one!! controls , and other methods to control potential health hazards.

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

NIOSH: Industrial hygiene A science devoted to the protection and improvement of the health and well- "Industrial Hygiene is that science and art devoted to the recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental being of workers exposed to chemical factors or stresses, arising in or from the work place, which and physical agents in their work may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or environment. significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of the community."

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE History History 400 BC Hippocrates 1st Century AD: , Roman scholar Noted health effects from Lead exposure in • Noted health hazards from working with zinc and sulfur in the mines • First recorded use of a respirator • Goat’s bladder respirator for miners

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE History History nd 2 Century AD , Greek physician, 1473 Ulrich Ellenbog • Publication on occupational illness in miners • Described the pathology of lead poisoning • Wrote about the toxicity of • Recognized the hazardous exposures of • carbon monoxide, copper miners to acid mists. • mercury, • lead, and • nitric acid.

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE History History 1556: German scholar, Georgius Agricola 1567 PARACELSUS

De Re Metallica • Laid the foundation for the study of modern • Diseases of miners toxicology • Mine ventilation • Established the DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP • Worker protection • Discussed mining accidents • Described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE History History "All substances are poisons; there is 1700 Bernardo Ramazzini none which is not a poison. The right “Father of Industrial Hygiene” dose differentiates a poison and a remedy."

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE History History 1700 Bernardo Ramazzini 1775 PERCIVAL POTT • PAINTERS, “.SEIZED FIRST WITH • British Parliament passed the PALSY..SPASMS PAIN IN THE STOMACH .. (HE) WAS IN THE HABIT OF SQUEEZING THE COLOR Chimney-Sweepers Act of 1788. FROM HIS BRUSH WITH HIS FINGERS .. AND .. SUCK(ING) IT.” • POTTERS, “... PALSIED HANDS, ‘CADAVEROUS’ FACE WITH THE COLOR OF LEAD ... CARRIES NUMBNESS INTO THEIR BLOOD ... AND CRUCIFIES THEIR HANDS..”

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE History History 1775 PERCIVAL POTT LEAD • Linked Scrotal Cancer to Chimney Sweeps exposed to In early times, Lead was a key component in face Soot powders, rouges, and mascaras; the pigment • This work in 1775 is one of the earliest in many paints ("crazy as a painter" was an ancient catch phrase rooted in the demented accounts of a cause and effect linkage being behavior of lead-poisoned painters); established for an occupational carcinogen, and as such, represents the beginning of the study of occupational cancer.

CTPV – same materials in coal tar products used today

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE History in Construction • FEDERAL EMPLOYEE HEALTH Science dedicated to the SERVICES, 1933 • RECOGNITION • EVALUATION and • 1946 ACGIH develops first list of • CONTROL of health hazards in the Workplace Exposure Standards work place. • MAC – Maximum Allowable Concentrations • Now TLVs

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Worker Exposure Indices Worker Exposure Indices •• OSHA --PELsPELs Legal - Often Outdated • What are they? Based on 1968 TLVs

•• ACGIH --TLVsTLVs • Airborne levels of substances which are Recommended • Annual Updates believed to be safe for worker exposures over a working lift time. •• NIOSH --RELsRELs Similar to PELs & TLVs • IDLH • Typically a 5-day, 8-hour/day work week. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health

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Worker Exposure Levels INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PELs - TLVs - RELs in Construction ACGIH-TLVs and BEIs®. ACGIH-TLVs and BEIs®. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs®) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs®) are developed as guidelines to assist in the • 1946 1 st TLVs (MACs) control of health hazards. These recommendations or guidelines are intended for use in the practice of industrial hygiene, to be interpreted and applied only by a person trained in this discipline.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Worker Exposure Indices Worker Exposure Indices The TLVs® and BEIs® represent conditions OSHA PELs. OSHA sets permissible exposure limits (PELs) to protect under which ACGIH® believes that nearly workers against the health effects of exposure to all workers may be repeatedly exposed hazardous substances. PELs are regulatory limits on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air. without adverse health effects. They may also contain a skin designation. PELs are enforceable.

OSHA PELs are based on an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) exposure. OSHA’s PELs are based on 1968 TLVs.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Worker Exposure Indices Worker Exposure Indices NIOSH REL. TLVs or PELs NIOSH develops recommended exposure • Exposure Concentrations limits (RELs) for hazardous substances. • ppm or mg/m 3? To formulate these recommendations, NIOSH evaluates all known available medical, biological and engineering, • Gases – Vapors: ppm chemical trade, and other information • Dust, Mists, Fumes: mg/m 3 relevant to the hazard. • Fibers (asbestos): f/cc

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Worker Exposure Indices 1910.1000(a)(1) Substances with limits preceded by "C" - Ceiling Values . • TLVs , RELs, or PELs An employee's exposure to any substance in Table Z-1, the exposure limit of which is • TWA - STEL – Ceiling preceded by a "C", shall at no time exceed the exposure limit given for that substance. • TWA = Full Shift • STEL = 15 minutes If instantaneous monitoring is not feasible, • Ceiling = Real Time then the ceiling shall be assessed as a 15- minute time weighted average exposure which shall not be exceeded at any time during the working day.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

1910.1000(a)(2) Other substances – 1910.1000(e) To achieve compliance…, administrative or engineering controls 8-hour Time Weighted Averages . must first be determined and implemented whenever feasible. An employee's exposure to any substance in Table Z-1, the exposure limit of which is not When such controls are not feasible to achieve preceded by a "C", shall not exceed the 8- full compliance, protective equipment or hour Time Weighted Average given for that any other protective measures shall be substance any 8-hour work shift of a 40- used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits hour work week prescribed in this section.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

1910.1000(d) Computation formulae . 1910.1000(d) To illustrate the 1910.1000(e) To achieve compliance…, formula.... assume that Substance A has an 8-hour time weighted average limit of 100 ppm noted in Table Z-1. Any equipment and/or technical measures used for this purpose must Assume that an employee is subject to the following exposure: Two hours exposure at 150 ppm be approved for each particular use Two hours exposure at 75 ppm by a competent industrial hygienist or Four hours exposure at 50 ppm other technically qualified person . Substituting this information in the formula, we have (2×150 + 2×75 + 4×50)÷8 = 81.25 ppm Since 81.25 ppm is less than 100 ppm, the 8-hour time weighted Whenever respirators are used, their use average limit, the exposure is acceptable. shall comply with 1910.134.

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Worker Exposure Indices Worker Exposure Indices 200 •• TWA - 8 hour exposure 180 • Acetone = 1000 ppm TWA 160 140 • Benzene = 1 ppm TWA 120 •• STEL - 15 minute exposure 100 80 • Benzene = 5 ppm STEL 60 •• Ceiling - Never Exceeded 40 20 • HCL = 5 ppm Ceiling 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

STEL TLV / PEL Exposure TWA Ceiling

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction Worker Exposure Indices Chemical OSHA* PEL ACGIH TLV How much is 1 ppm? CO 50 ppm 25 ppm • 1¢ in $10,000.00 50 ppm / 25 ppm OR 25 ppm Acetone 1000 ppm 500 ppm Manganese Ceiling 5 mg/m 3 0.2 mg/m 3 • 1 inch in 15.8 miles Silica* OR OSHA 0.1 mg/m 3 0.025 mg/m 3 Toluene* 100 / 300 ppm C 20 ppm Benzene 1 / 5 ppm STEL 0.5/2.5 ppm • 1 ounce of vermouth in 7812.5 gallons 3 3 1 Port. Cement 15 mg/m 10 mg/m * of gin = World’s Driest Martini TDI 0.02 ppm C - 0.005 / 0.2 C (0.001 / 0.003 STEL) *1 H2S 20 C / 50 Peak 10 ppm

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction Subpart Z Toxic & Hazardous Substances OSHA Expanded Standards 1910.1000 Air Contaminants PEL Hygiene Facilities & Action Limit Practices Change Rooms/Showers • Expanded Standards • Lead Mandatory Monitoring Medical Surveillance • Arsenic Based on levels detected •Physical Exams • Formaldehyde •Mandatory Removal • Benzene PPE • Methylene Chloride •Respirator Selection Engineering Controls • Asbestos •Protective Clothing Training • Chromium

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction Routes of Exposure Inhalation

• Inhalation • Primary Route

• Skin Contact • Dusts - Fumes - Gases - Vapors – Skin Absorption Fibers • Silica – Asbestos • Ingestion • Solvents – Adhesives • Heavy metals – Welding Fume • Injection

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction Inhalation - Gas vs. Vapor Gases are gases at room temperatures Respirable • Welding and internal combustion engines NOx, CO, Chlorine, Ammonia

Vapors are gases formed when liquid evaporates DUSTS • Solvents – Paints - Cleaners MISTS • Fuels (gasoline) FUMES

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DUSTS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DUSTS in Construction MISTS in Construction MISTS FUMES FUMES Inhalation – Total Dust Inhalation The tracheobronchial region (windpipe and branches) In the nasopharyngeal region , larger dust particles has additional defense mechanisms. The main one is the larger than 10 microns are filtered out. mucociliary apparatus. - Mucociliary elevator Particulates are collected in the mucous layer which covers Some gases can also be filtered out in this region. the trachea and moved up and out of the region by the The efficiency with which gases are removed here upward beating of the cilia, tiny hair-like projections which depends on how easily the gas dissolves in water propel the particles toward the mouth.

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DUSTS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DUSTS in Construction MISTS in Construction MISTS FUMES FUMES Inhalation – Respirable Dust Inhalation – Fibers Solid particles with a slender, elongated In the bronchiolar region, the defenses are more limited shape and less effective. There is little mucous covering and no cilia.

Particulates which penetrate this far, generally those of 1-3 Found in construction, mining, friction microns, stay in this region for weeks, as opposed to the products and insulation materials. tracheobronchial region where residence time is measured in hours or days. Examples include asbestos, fiberglass, ceramic fibers, and fibrous talc . Welding Fume – Asbestos Fibers < 5 microns

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DUSTS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction MISTS in Construction FUMES Inhalation – Fumes Inhalation – Most important route Volatilized solids that condense in air Almost 100% of vapors and fumes Very small, solid, respirable particles created when hot vapor reacts with the air to form an inhaled go directly into the blood oxide – Welding Fume stream • Lead < 1.0 µm in diameter • Cadmium • Chrome • Solvents

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Inhalation Inhalation An adult breathes about 22,000 liters of air per day 10,000 L / 8 hour work day = 10,000,000 ml or cc 3

Heavy work loads increase this number OSHA PEL for Asbestos is 0.1 f/cc

Resting ~ 6 L / minute 0.1 f/cc X 10,000,000 cc = Heavy Work up to 75 L / minute 1,000,000 asbestos fibers per 8-hour work shift!!! 8500 to 10,000 L / 8 hour work day

1 L = 1000 millilitersor cc 333

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

• Skin Contact • Skin Contact • Corrosives – Solvents • Direct Damage or Absorption • Sensitizers - Epoxies • Absorption The skin is made up of alternating fatty and • Some solvents, Toluene, Benzene, watery layers. A compound that dissolves readily Methanol – Hydrofluoric Acid – in fats is more likely to pass through the skin. Pesticides

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction Skin Absorption Skin Absorption Karen E. Wetterhahn was a professor of at Dartmouth College and the founding director of Dartmouth's Toxic Metals Research Program. An expert in the mechanisms of toxicity, Professor Wetterhahn was best known for her research on chromium.

She became ill and died in 1997 , at the age of 48, as a result of a tragic laboratory accident involving a highly toxic mercury compound.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Skin Absorption Skin Absorption Wetterhahn's research work involved understanding how elevated levels of heavy metals interfere with such processes That work led to mercury NMR characterization of the model as cell metabolism and the transfer of genetic information. That compounds with the use of dimethylmercury as this element's work was the direct cause of her death. NMR standard. Winn relates that while preparing the mercury NMR standard in a fume hood on August 14, 1996, "Karen was the acknowledged international expert in chromium carcinogenicity," noted John S. Winn, chairman of the Dr. Wetterhahn spilled one to a few drops of Dartmouth chemistry department. She began a sabbatical at dimethylmercury onto her latex glove near her thumb. Harvard in the fall of '95. The work involved doing some model compound studies involving mercury chemistry wit a group at Knowing that dimethylmercury was very toxic, she quickly MIT. cleaned it up.

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction Skin Absorption • Ingestion What she did not know was that dimethylemercury was so soluble that it permeated the glove instantly and penetrated her skin and was absorbed into the blood-stream. • Failure to Decon

It took five months until her gait began to falter and her words slur. By the time Dr. Wetterhahn connected that laboratory spill • Poor Hygiene with the damage spreading in her brain, nothing could help her.

Tests showed that her body contained more than 80 times the • Lead, Arsenic lethal dose of mercury. Her vision narrowed to a pencil's thinness and winked out. She lost her hearing and speech and she faded into a long coma.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Toxicology – The Dose Makes the Poison For example: •8 beers in 8 hours Dose ... The amount of the toxin that enters the body.

Total Dose depends on: •8 beers in 6 hours

Number of doses •8 beers in 4 hours Concentration of the toxin; •8 beers in 2 hours Frequency

Time period exposed to it.

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction Types of Toxins Irritants - Primary & Secondary Irritant Substances. A substance is an irritant if it causes • Irritants - Primary & Secondary inflammation of the skin, eye irritation, serious eye effects or • Sensitizers irritation to the respiratory system. • Anesthetics Primary Irritants are very water soluble • Asphyxiants - Simple & Chemical Chlorine, Ammonia, Muriatic, Sulfuric Acid • Carcinogens Secondary Irritants are not very water soluble • Mutagens Phosgene – Cadmium Fume – Welding Gases NOx • Reproductive Hazards

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Corrosive Substances . A corrosive substance Sensitizers . A sensitizer is a substance which causes sensitization, i.e., to become causes destruction of, or damage to, materials sensitive/allergic to the effects of minute or living tissue on contact. Corrosives are also quantities of a substance . irritants. Can be life threatening!!! Acids, Bases/Alkaline materials Lye, Muriatic Acid, Concrete, Cleaners • Isocyanates in paints, glues, foams

• Epoxies - Adhesives

• CTPV (Coal Tar) - Formaldehyde

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Anesthetics, substances that act on the CNS Asphyxiants Simple & Chemical substances that Anesthetics make you drunk prevent the body from obtaining or using oxygen . • Organic solvents • Paints, Cleaners • Simple Asphyxiants include nitrogen, helium argon, etc. • Alcohols Problems in confined spaces • IPA, Methanol, etc. • Chemical Asphyxiants include carbon monoxide, H 2S

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Carcinogenic Substances. A carcinogenic A reproductive toxin interferes with reproductive or sexual substance is one which is capable of causing functioning of the adult from puberty to adulthood, for cancer. example, depressed libido, impotence, irregular menstrual cycles and infertility. • Benzene – (gasoline & solvents) – leukemia, aplastic anemia • Some chemicals – Herbicides/Pesticides • Glycol ethers • Asbestos – Lung Cancer, Mesothelioma • Toluene

• Silica – Lung Cancer? A developmental toxin produces an effect in the offspring from conception to puberty • Chrome VI – Lung Cancer – Welding fume • Lead

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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in Construction in Construction

Mutagenic Substances are agents capable of A teratogenic producing a mutation. A mutation is a permanent Teratogenic Substances. change in the genetic material of cells. substance is one which is capable of causing

A mutation in the germ cells in sexually reproducing abnormalities in a developing fetus, that is, organisms may be transmitted to the offspring. causing birth defects.

• Radiation can cause mutagenic changes • Thalidomide - Morning Sickness drug • Some Chemicals • Methyl chloride • Lead • Glutaraldehyde • Acetaldehyde

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