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G. Don Y DE CUATRO DE SUS ÁRBOLES HOSPEDEROS Revista Chapingo Revista Chapingo. Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente ISSN: 2007-3828 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma Chapingo México Raya-Pérez, J. Carlos; Ramírez-Pimentel, J. Gabriel; Covarrubias-Prieto, Jorge; Acevedo-Lara, Bryan; Aguirre-Mancilla, César CONTENIDO MINERAL Y DE CLOROFILA DE LA HEMIPARÁSITA Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC) G. Don Y DE CUATRO DE SUS ÁRBOLES HOSPEDEROS Revista Chapingo. Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, vol. 20, núm. 1, 2014, pp. 109-117 Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Chapingo, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=62930437010 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto CONTENIDO MINERAL Y DE CLOROFILA DE LA HEMIPARÁSITA Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC) G. Don Y DE CUATRO DE SUS ÁRBOLES HOSPEDEROS MINERAL AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF THE Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC) G. Don HEMIPARASITIC PLANT AND FOUR HOST TREES J. Carlos Raya-Pérez; J. Gabriel Ramírez-Pimentel; Jorge Covarrubias-Prieto; Bryan Acevedo-Lara; César Aguirre-Mancilla*. División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Roque. km 8 Carretera Celaya-Juventino Rosas. C. P. 38110. Celaya, Guanajuato, MÉXICO. Correo-e: [email protected] Tel.: 461 6115903 ext. 135 (*Autor para correspondencia). RESUMEN e colectaron hojas de la planta hemiparásita Psittacanthus calyculatus y de sus árboles hospe- deros Salix taxifolia, Ulmus divaricate, Fraxinus uhdei y Prosopis laevigata, con el objetivo de conocer y comparar los contenidos de Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, clorofila y proteína. Los análisis se realizaron con un microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM) equipado con una sonda dispersiva Sde rayos X (EDS). Los resultados mostraron que la hemiparásita acumuló más K (al menos dos veces más) que sus hospederos, lo que indica que usa un mecanismo activo para lograr esta acumulación. De acuerdo con el análisis estadístico (P = 0.05), U. divaricate es la especie que acumula más S, Si y Ca. El contenido de Mg también fue mayor en U. divaricate, pero fue estadísticamente similar (P = 0.05) que en la hemiparásita. El contenido de P fue similar (P = 0.05) tanto en P. calyculatus como en sus hospe- PALABRAS CLAVE: Flujo deros. Fraxinus uhdei acumuló más C que el resto de las especies. El contenido de clorofila fue mayor transpiracional, composición en F. uhdei y S. taxifolia, mientras que P. laevigata tuvo el contenido más bajo. Las hojas de P. calyculatus mineral, estomas, nutrición mineral. tuvieron alto contenido de proteína (21 %). ABSTRACT e collected leaves from the Psittacanthus calyculatus hemiparasitic plant and Salix taxi- folia, Ulmus divaricate, Fraxinus uhdei y Prosopis laevigata host trees, to understand and compare the contents of Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, chlorophyll and protein. Analyses were performed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy Wdispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the hemiparasitic plant accumulated (at least twice) more K compared to its host trees, indicating that the hemiparasitic plant use an active mechanism to achieve this accumulation. According to the statistical analysis (P = 0.05), U. divaricate is the species that accumulates more S, Si and Ca. Mg content was also higher in U. divaricate, but was statistically similar (P = 0.05) than in the hemiparasitic plant. P content was similar (P = 0.05) in both KEYWORDS: Transpirational P. calyculatus and their host trees. Fraxinus uhdei accumulated more C than the rest of the species. flow, mineral composition, Chlorophyll content was higher in F. uhdei and S. taxifolia, while P. laevigata had the lowest content. P. stomata, mineral nutrition. calyculatus leaves had high protein content (21 %). Recibido: 05 de junio, 2013 Aceptado: 20 de febrero, 2014 doi: 10.5154/r.rchscfa.2013.06.017 http://www.chapingo.mx/revistas Contenido mineral... Aguirre-Mancilla et al. INTRODUCCIÓN INTRODUCTION Las plantas parásitas y hemiparásitas alteran la competencia Parasitic and hemiparasitic plants disturb the competition entre las especies, lo cual ocasiona cambios en la estructura among species, provoking changes in the structure and di- y diversidad de la comunidad, así como en la disponibilidad versity of the community as well as the availability of resou- de recursos o en las interacciones planta-polinizador y plan- rces or plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore interactions ta-herbívoro, afectando a los dispersores de semillas. Por affecting seed dispersers. Therefore, parasitic and hemipa- esto, las plantas parásitas y hemiparásitas son consideradas rasitic plants are considered key species within ecosystems especies clave dentro de los ecosistemas ejerciendo una gran performing a great influence in the community, regardless influencia dentro de la comunidad, independientemente of the abundance or biomass. Mistletoe is a major case of de la abundancia o biomasa. El muérdago es un caso im- parasitism because it provokes a drop in productivity, de- portante de parasitismo ya que ocasiona una baja en la pro- creasing the growth of its host up to 65 % ������������������(Press, Shah, Tuo- ductividad, disminuyendo el crecimiento de su hospedero hy, & Stewart, 1987); in turn, the dominance of the species hasta 65 % (Press, Shah, Tuohy, & Stewart, 1987); a su vez, la is reduced allowing secondary species to become dominant, dominancia de la especie se reduce, permitiendo que espe- they can even cause the death of the host (Press & Phoenix, cies secundarias lleguen a ser dominantes, incluso pueden 2005). Parasitic plants have a very important role in ecosys- causar la muerte del hospedero (Press & Phoenix, 2005). tems, above abundance or dry matter production. In the 110 Las plantas parásitas tienen un papel muy relevante en los case of mistletoes, in particular, there is an alert due to the ecosistemas, por encima de la abundancia o producción de serious damage they are causing to trees in the urban envi- materia seca. En el caso de los muérdagos, en particular, se ronment. The contribution to the knowledge of these plants ha levantado la voz de alarma por el daño grave que están is necessary in all disciplines to find ways to control them causando a los árboles del entorno urbano. La contribución and, or even, to take advantage. al conocimiento de estas plantas es necesaria en todas las disciplinas a fin de encontrar la manera de controlarlas y, Knowledge of the mineral composition of plants is important por qué no, de aprovecharlas. for several reasons: to know the nutritional needs of crops, recover depleted and contaminated soils using metal bio- El conocimiento de la composición mineral de las plantas accumulating plants, and to improve human and animal diet es importante por varias razones; para saber las necesidades based on the availability of minerals and other compounds. nutrimentales de los cultivos, recuperar los suelos agotados Mineral composition has been studied in annual crops of y contaminados con el uso de plantas bioacumuladoras de anthropocentric interest, mainly on grasses and little on trees, metales, así como para mejorar la dieta humana y animal for the purpose of replacing the missing or deficient items. It con base en la disponibilidad de minerales y otros compues- is important to include no significant elements considered in tos. La composición mineral se ha investigado en cultivos nutrition and plant physiology, such as silicon (Si). It is known anuales de interés antropocéntrico, principalmente sobre that N, P and K should be available to the plant permanently herbáceas y poco sobre árboles, a fin de suplir los elementos for a good development. Phosphorus is an element with low faltantes o en deficiencia. Es importante incluir elementos mobility in soil, but in the plant can be removed, via symplas- considerados no significativos en la nutrición y fisiología tic, from older to younger parts. Moreover, it has been deter- vegetal, como el silicio (Si). Se conoce que el N, P y K deben mined that K may constitute up to 8 % of the dry weight of the estar a disposición de la planta de manera permanente para plant, element that is very important as a solute, while Si may lograr un buen desarrollo. El P es un elemento con escasa constitute up to 10 % dry weight in some species such as rice movilidad en el suelo, pero dentro de la planta puede ser re- (Epstein, 1994). Calcium is abundant in the lithosphere, but movido, vía simplástica, desde las partes más viejas hacia las percolation can provoke deficiencies; plants tend to storage Ca más jóvenes. Por otra parte, se ha determinado que el K pue- in the vacuole. Parasitic plants such as Cuscuta spp. are able to de constituir hasta 8 % del peso seco de la planta, elemento accumulate large amounts of Na and K that act as osmolytes que, además, es muy importante como soluto, mientras que to attract water and minerals from the host plant (Kelly & el Si puede constituir hasta 10 % del peso seco en algunas Horning, 1999; Press et al., 1987; Press & Phoenix, 2005). especies como el arroz (Epstein, 1994). El Ca es abundan- Hemiparasitic plants such as Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. te en la litosfera, pero la percolación puede ocasionar defi- keep the stomata open even in the dark, and under water stress ciencias; en la planta tiende a ser almacenado en la vacuo- maintain higher concentration of K in leaves, which results in la. Las plantas parásitas como Cuscuta spp. son capaces de an increase in transpiration rate (Smith & Stewart, 1990). Mo- acumular grandes cantidades de Na y K que actúan como reover, parasitic plants can have interesting features such as osmolitos para atraer agua y sales minerales desde la planta high efficiency in the use of Fe and performing photosynthesis huésped (Kelly & Horning, 1999; Press et al., 1987; Press & under saline conditions ������������������������������������(Llugany, Lombini, Dinelli, Poschen- Phoenix, 2005).
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