ASSESSMENT OF WATER SCARCITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN ARUMERU DISTRICT -TANZANIA
BY
MESHACK ELPHACE BAE/12064/61/DF
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS WITH EDUCATION OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
JANUARY 2009 DECLARATION I Meshack Elphace, Registration number BAE/12064/61/DF declare that the work presented in this dissertation is my own and has never been presented in any university or institution.
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i l 1 11 APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION This is to acknowledge that, this dissertation entitled "ASSESSMENT OF WATER SCARCITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN ARUMERU DISTRICT TANZANIA" has been approved under my supervision and ready for submission for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Arts with education of Kampala International University. ~ Signatar eC -::::::::::::.. _------ Date --~~ _Jg~J~j ___ ------ lll DEDICATION This research is dedicated to my wife Elizabeth Meshack, my child Shadrack Meshack, my parents Elphace Lembalai and Bertha Elphace, my brothers Lazaro Elphace, Micheal, Petro Elphace and my sisters Anne, Lilly, Joyce, Einoth Ndavu and Rizick. All you are a great aspiration to my life. Special thanks go to them for their moral and financial support they offered me through out the three years that finally made this research successful. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my thanks to the almighty God for granting me health and all those who assisted me materially and morally to be able to complete this research successfully. Special thanks to my supervisor Mr. Kamulegeya Siraje whose guidance advice and effort made this dissertation a success. I would like also to express my gratitude Elizabeth Edward, Michael E. Molla[, Nyangusi Mathias, Lazaro Elphace, Elphace Sembalai and Petro Elphace for their support, suggestions ideas and encouragement. I am highly indebted to the various persons of Arusha especially Arumeru district and the local people of various areas within Arumeru who responded my research questionnaires and interview, their valuable information helped me to accomplish the requirements for the research objectives. V TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ...... ii APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION ...... iii DEDICATION ...... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v LIST OF TABLES ...... viii LIST OF FIGURES ...... viii LIST OF PLATES ...... ix ABSTRACT ...... x 1.0 CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 Background to the Study ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem ...... 3 1. 3 Purpose of the study ...... 4 1.4 Objectives of the study ...... 4 1.5 Research questions ...... 4 1.6 scope of the study ...... 5 1. 7 Significance of the study ...... 5 CHAPTER TWO ...... 6 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 6 2. 1 Introduction ...... 6 2.1 Sources of water ...... · ...... 6 2.2 water scarcity and its causes ...... 6 2.3 water scarcity and its effects ...... 7 2.4 solutions to water scarcity...... 7 CHAPTER THREE ...... 9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 9 3.1 Introduction ...... 9 3.2 Research design ...... 9 3.3 Area of study and study population ...... 9 3.4 Sample size and sampling techniques ...... 9 3.5 Data collection techniques ...... 10 3.5.1 Questionnaires ...... ,...... 10 3.5.2 Interviews ...... 10 3.5.3 Observation and photograph ...... 10 3.5.4 Secondary data ...... 11 3.6 Data analysis ...... 11 3.6 Limitation of the study ...... 11 VI CHAPTER FOUR ...... 12 PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ...... 12 4.1 Introduction ...... 12 4.1.1 The main source of water ...... 12 4.1.2 The main source of water and its uses ...... 13 4.2.2 Causes of water scarcity in Arumeru district ...... 14 4.2.1 Effects of human activities on water scarcity in Arumeru district ...... 15 4.2.2 Awareness about forest reserves and importance ...... 17 4.3 Effects of water scarcity in Arumeru district ...... 17 4.3.1 Effect of water scarcity to the indigenous of Arumeru district ...... 21 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 23 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 23 5. 1 conclusions ...... 23 5.2 Recommendations ...... 24 REFERENCES ...... 26 APPENDICES ...... 28 QUESTIONNAIRE ...... 28 Vll LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1. Types of water sources 15 Table 2. The main uses of water 17 Table 3. Awareness about causes of water scarcity 17 Table 4. Effects of human activities on water scarcity 19 Table 5. Importance of forest reserves 20 Table 6. Animals affected due to water scarcity 21 Table 7. Women affected due to water scarcity. 24 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE Figure 1. A pie chart showing types of water sources 16 Figure 2. A pie chart showing effects of human activities On water scarcity in Arumeru 19 Figure 3. A bar chart showing the number of animals lost 22 Due to water scarcity Vlll LIST OF PLATES PLATE PAGE Plate 1. Showing the cow died due to 22 Water scarcity/lack of water Plate 2. Showing a flock of cattle in Migration from Arumeru to Kajuado 23 Plate 3. Showing women and men fetching Water 10 KM from their residential place 25 lX ABSTRACT Though water gives a lot of benefits to the local communities as various activities done by man need water such as washing, cooking, drinking, cooling machines, irrigation transportation, bathing and others. But man through deforestation along water sources, caused a great scarcity of this water. This study was conducted in December 2008 to January 2009 in Arumeru district during the study one hundred and fifty respondents were interviewed from the area. The aim of the study was the assessment on the water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district. The specific objectives was to find out the causes and effects of water scarcity in Arumeru district not only that but the sources and uses of water in Arumeru and lastly the solution to water scarcity in Arumeru district. Data collection involved both qualitative and qualitative methods. Also self administered questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents and key informants. The researcher also used focus group discussions. The data collected was analyzed using the statistical package for social scientists. The study concluded that the government should improves and allocates move boreholes, wells, springs and dams, also they should be protected through afforestation and reforestation also rain water should be harvested, recycling and treating water from sea, oceans, lakes, rivers and others. X y CHAPTER ONE Background to the Study 1.1 Introduction About three quarter (3/4) of the world land area is covered by water bodies, Such water bodies include oceans, seas, lakes, rivers dams and others. These water bodies are man made and natural, but man made water bodies are of small percent compared to natural water bodies. Man made water bodies are dams and lakes and natural water bodies includes oceans, seas, lakes and rivers (Saiya, 2002). Water is the basis for all living things, in the world. Human being animals and birds depend on water, therefore water is life and life depends also on the availability of water. The deep involvement of water in life process makes living water vulnerable due to changes in the quality and quantity of water (Davis, 1991 ). Tanzania is surrounded by water bodies especially lakes such lakes includes lake Tanganyika which found in western Tanzania, lake Victoria which found in northern Tanzania, lake Malawi which found in south western of Tanzania and lastly is Indian ocean which found south eastern Tanzania (Saiyo, 2001 ). In Arumeru district Tanzania there is a great changes of water sources in different places, places such as mount Meru water sources, Olmotony water sources, are experiencing a great shortage of water. In Arumeru district there is a great changes which occurred in the water sources since the early 1990s in many areas of the district. These are changes in water supply for domestic use, fisheries industries, beverage industries, food industries and for livestock keeping (Omin, 2003). 1 Insufficient water for irrigation periodically endangers crops and threatens people due to famine. Permanent streams in Arumeru have become intermittent in flow fresh and salt water in lakes are shrinking also water table and walls have gone dry (Bernston, 1991 ). The main sources of water in Arumeru districts are rainfall, ocean, lakes, rivers, seas, dams and others. During the rain seasons more water are flowing to the oceans, lakes, seas, dams, through surface flow and through flow (underground water) (Naomi, 2004). Water from oceans, seas, lakes is trapped and pumped into sim tanks, bore holes and wells after be treated and cleaned. Then the treated water is used for drinking, cooking, washing, bathing, irrigation to mention a few (Naomi, 2004). 2 1.2 Statement of the problem Arumeru district generally experiences long dry spells arising out of a combination of factors which include poor environmental practices such as deforestation, have consequently caused water scarcity (Tom 1992). The problems associated with such water scarcity include reduced agricultural productivity of the land due to reduction of soil moisture level. There has also been reduced pasture and water for livestock conflicts at water collection points and general degradation of the land especially around the water points, (Tom, 1992). 3 1.3 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study was to assess the water crisis in Arumeru district of Arusha region. 1.4 Objectives of the study The specific objectives of this study were to 1. Find out the sources of water and their distribution in Arumeru district. 2. Find out the effects of water scarcity in Arumeru district 3. Examine the causes of water scarcity in Arumeru district 4. Suggest solutions to water scarcity in Arumeru district 1.5 Research questions 1. What are the sources of water and how are they distributed? 2. What are the causes of water scarcity in Arumeru district? 3. What are the effects of water scarcity in Arumeru district? 4. What are the possible solutions to water scarcity in Arumeru district? 4 1.6 scope of the study The study on the assessment of water scarcity was carried out in Arumeru district in the areas of Kisongo, ilikerin, Ngaramtoni and Mateves. It was during the period of December to January 2008. The research design was a cross sectional survey. The sample size for the study was 150 respondents from a targeted population 1100. The study used a range of data collection, techniques which include interviews, questionnaires and observation for the case of primary data. Secondary data got by reviewing literature related to the study. 1. 7 Significance of the study The study on the assessment of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district is hoped to benefit the district's officials, policy makers and local communities on how to effectiveiy utilize the scarce water resources to over come the water scarcity in the area. 5 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Introduction This chapter discussed the literature related to the assessment of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district Tanzania. It particularly focused on finding out the sources of water and its distribution the causes of water scarcity the effects of water scarcity and the solutions to water scarcity. These were considered to be the core areas of the study. The literature was therefore presented in subsections which are related to the objectives of the study. 2. 1 Sources of water Water is one of the essential elements of life. We human depend not only on an intake of water to replace the continuous loss of body fluids, but also on food sources. Therefore, to a great extent, man depend on water for his/her survival. Also various activities done by man need water, such as washing, cooking, drinking, cooling machines for irrigation, transportation example navigation, bathing and others. (Tirtenberg, 1990). The main sources of water are rain fall, wells, springs, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. 2.2 water scarcity and its causes Water scarcity is the main problem in Arumeru district. Many areas especially Kisongo, Olmotonyi, ilikenin are experiencing a great shortage of water. The main causes of this scarcity of water are human activities such as deforestation 6 around water resources shortage of rainfall which causes drought especially in the years of 1984, 1994 and 2004. These different periods of years were too dry rain was hardly available almost in many areas of Tanzania regions and districts. That resulted in water scarcity in Arumeru district (Colow, 1999). 2. 3 water scarcity and its effects Water scarcity in Arumeru district affected the dwellers to a great extent. Many people lost their cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs due to lack of enough water, donkeys run away searching for water and posture. Also there was a very great migration of people from one district to another and other from one district to another and others from their district to others neighboring countries. Example Maasai tribe migrated to a large number from Arumeru to Kajiado in Kenya searching for water and posture. Recently only a small part of the hydrosphere is available for use by human plants and animals. Women in Arumeru district are seriously tortured and others were seriously be beaten and raped due to a great distance following the water location centre (Colow, 1999). A woman can walk about ten twenty kilometers following the water main tap and bore holes. On the other hand, there are many people depended the same centre which took then many hours to get a chance of fetching water (Callow, 1999). 2.4 solutions to water scarcity The problem of water scarcity in Arumeru district recently is almost solved for seventhly percent (70%). This problem is solved through afforestation, preserved water sources areas; the government is still digging under ground water and allocated many centres as possible. The campaign of harvesting rain water and constructing enough dams was done in the district of Arumeru (Buckle and Smith, 1994). 7 Also sim tanks and bore holes which are capable of contains more than 200,000 litres of water are constructed by the government through the prime minister campaign of 2008 known as Edward Ngoyai, Lowasa, campaign. These simtanks and bore holes were allocated to various centres by the government, especially where it's hard to get underground water, Arumeru being among in areas like Ngorbob, Mirongoine, likerine and Mateves (UNEP, 1999). Using the above methods and techniques water problems in Arumeru district is solved. 8 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES 3.1 Introduction This chapter discusses various methods and techniques which were used in research. Research methodology includes the research design such as areas of study, sample, size, sampling techniques, data collection techniques, data analysis, limitation of the study and ethical consideration. 3.2 Research design This describes the nature of the pattern the research intends to follow. This study of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district Tanzania involved both quantitative and qualitative research designs and cross sectional survey design. 3.3 Area of study and study population Arumeru is located north east of Arusha city. Arumeru has about 206000 inhabitants. The border areas to Arumeru are monduw, Simanjiro, Arusha Munispal and high district. It compiises of different tribes including Maasai and Wambulu (Iraq). The study of the assessment of water scarcity was carried out in Arumeru especially in Kisongo, Likerin, Ngaramoni and Mateves. This study was carried out during the period of December to January 2009. 3.4 Sample size and sampling techniques The study on the assessment of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district comprised a sample size of 150 respondents from a target population of 1100 from each ward which made a total population 206000 of Arumeru district. The study used a simple random sampling or probability sampling. This method or techniques is where by each and every item in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. 9 3.5 Data collection techniques During the field research, various methods were used by the researcher to collect data. They include primary and secondary techniques. The questionnaires, interviews and observation were used to collect primary data, while literature review was used to collect the secondary data. 3.5.1 Questionnaires The researcher used a questionnaire which had open ended and close ended questions in all, respondents were given a questionnaire. 3.5.21nterviews The researcher used purposive and random interview with various groups of individual in Arumeru district. These included 20 officers to give their views in water management, 40 villagers, 50 social workers from each ward and 10 local leaders. The questions were open ended and closed ended questions. A total of 120 respondents were interviewed. 3.5.3 Observation and photography The researcher used direct observation in observing various parts of Arumeru district and its nearest environment on the problem of water scarcity. Various areas of interest were observed buy the researcher to see what are present and what lack, for instance sources of water and shortage of water in the specified areas. These helped the researcher to see what is happening in the field and then compare it with the literature review. Photographs and give more evidence on the information obtained during the study. 10 3.5.4 Secondary data The researcher used various text books, journals, magazines and pamphlets as major sources of data. These were sought from various libraries in Kampala, Arusha and Daressalam and from the internet. 3.6 Data analysis Data analysis involved the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyze data generated through observation and interviews. The data involved are narrative analysis and interpretation of the imaging issues. For quantitative data generated using the questionnaires, it involved descriptive and inferential analyses. Further, the data was then presented inform of frequencies and percentages as a way of illustrating the magnitude of the problem of study. 3.6 Limitation of the study When carrying out the study of assessment of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district, the likely anticipated constraints were:- Money being inadequate, limited time, respondents failure to fill and return the questionnaire on time, suspicious from some of the people, especially the local chiefs, and some of the residents in Arumeru district, that the researchers are explorers, and others are spies, others said I have nothing to gain when I fill those questionnaires, and that it is just wastage of time. Upon this background, the findings of the study are bound to be limited in their generalization. 11 CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 4. 1 Introduction This chapter presents the research on the assessment of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district, sources of water and the distribution, causes of water scarcity in Arumeru district, effects of water scarcity in Arumeru district and lastly, the possible solution to water scarcity in Arumeru district. The data collected was analyzed under the question "what are the sources of water? The results are presented in subsections below. 4.1.1 The main source of water Water is a substance that is colorless liquid found naturally on land surface, atmosphere and underground reservoirs. Water can exist in liquid or solid or gas state. The main sources of water are rainfall, wells, springs, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. Fresh water is normally produced freely in the process of hydrological cycle. Various activities done by man need water such as washing, cooking, drinking, cooling machines, irrigation, transportation, bathing and others. Table 1 below show the main water sources. TABLE 1 water sources Types of sources Frequency Percent% Valid percent% Cumulative percent% Rainfall 20 40.0 40.0 40.0 Wells 2 4.0 4.0 44.0 Springs 2 4.0 4.0 48.0 Oceans 11 22.0 22.0 70.0 Lakes 8 16.0 16.0 86.0 Rivers 7 14.0 14.0 100.0 Total 50 100 100.0 Source: field Survey !L 4.1.2 The main source of water and its uses As presented by the large number of respondents, the main source of water are rainfall, wells, springs, rivers, lakes seas and oceans. Also some of the respondents revealed the main uses of water in Arumeru district. The study indicated that 48% of the water is for domestic use such as washing, drinking, cooking and for bathing, and 34% is for industrial use such as cooling machines, making beverages, washing and others, then 14% is for irrigation and mainly used by farmers and lastly 04% is for transportation. 13 Table 2 below show the main uses of water in percentage in Arumeru district. Table 2: showing the main uses of water in Arumeru district. Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent Valid domestic use 24 48 48 48 Industrial use 15 30 30 78 Irrigation 07 14 14 92 Transportation 04 08 08 100 Total 50 100 100 Source: researcher in the field 4.2.2 Causes of water scarcity in Arumeru district Water scarcity is the main problem in Arumeru district. Many areas of Kisongo, Olmotonyi, llkerin and Mateves are experiencing a great shortage of water. It was shown that 86% of the respondents were aware that human activities are the main causative of water scarcity in Arumeru district and 14% were not aware as shown below in table 3 Table 3 showing awareness about causes of water scarcity Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent Valid yes 43 86 86 86 No 07 14 14 100 Total 50 100 100 Source: field survey As shown above in table 2; the 86% of the respondents revealed that, human activities such as deforestation around water sources, farming or cultivation along rivers banks and near sources of water and catchment areas, construction of industries, over population in a given area are the main causative of water 14 scarcity in Arumeru district. The remained 14% were not aware on that for them they insisted that water scarcity in Arumeru district caused by the great sun rays which are brought by God naturally. They insisted that, due to the great sin done by the people, God became angry and he is punishing people in order to repent. Therefore we concluded that, human activities are the main causative. 4.2.1 Effects of human activities on water scarcity in Arumeru district During the field study, a large number of respondents and interviewee observed that human activities like deforestation farming, construction and over population are the main causative of water scarcity in Arumeru district. Farming is where by the people engage in the cultivation of crops, either cash crops or food crops. Poor farming mainly is the main causative of water scarcity, over cultivation along the water sources or river banks and catchment areas can cause water scarcity since the area must be cleared and left bare. The researcher observed that poor farming caused water scarcity by 12% in Arumeru district. The respondents also revealed that deforestation in Arumeru district is the leading causative of water scarcity in Arumeru district by 20 %. People are cutting down trees and leave the forest bare which lead to desertification as a result shortage of water. Roads construction, railway, building such as industries and residential building also caused water scarcity for 13% in Arumeru district, as people normally clear the forest which is the main in the attraction of rain. 15 Over population by 05%, the researcher observed that, as the number of people increases, human activities also increase which leads to the creation of new settlement along water sources and catchments as a result water shortage. Table 4 below summarized the effects of human activities on water scarcity in Arumeru district Table 4 Showing The Effects Of Human Activities On Water Scarcity In Arumeru District. Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent Deforestation 20 40 40 40 Farming 12 24 24 64 Construction 13 26 26 90 Over population 05 10 10 100 Total 50 100 100 Source: field survey 16 4.2.2 Awareness about forest reserves and importance Also in Arumeru district, during the field study the study revealed that 100% of the respondents knew the importance of forest reserves which can help to reduce water scarcity in Arumeru district and other problems of the human daily life. Where by 36% of the respondents said the forest are the source of rainfall, 30% said that forest are the source of income, 24% said forest produce resources of which are for domestic use such as fire wood, charcoal, fruits, etc 10% said forests are essential components of biodiversity and habitats for animals. Table 4 below summarized their views Table 5 importance of forest reserve Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent Valid source of 18 36 36 36 rainfall Source of income 15 30 30 66 Domestic use 12 24 24 90 Biodiversity 01 02 02 92 Habitat 04 08 08 100 Total 50 100 100 Source: Field survey Therefore, it's very important to note that, others other than any other forest important of forest, it's vital in the formation of rainfall, that Arumeru residents need to be sensitized that, forest reserves reduce the scarcity of water in their district. 4.3 Effects of water scarcity in Arumeru district As presented by the respondents the study revealed that, water scarcity in Arumeru district affected the animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, pigs and donkeys for 100% some of the animals died due to lack of water and pasture and other animals like donkeys run away searching for water and pasture. 17 Table 5 below summarized the data given Table 6 showing the number of animals affected due to water scarcity in Arumeru district in three years 1984, 1994 and 2004 Animals Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent Cattle 20 40 40 40 Goats 11 22 22 62 Sheep 07 14 14 76 Pigs 06 12 12 88 Donkeys 06 12 12 100 Total 50 100 100 Source: field survey As revealed by the table above, during the periods of three years the farmers in Arumeru district lost their animals, as shown above in table 6, 40% of the cattle died in 2004 due to lack water and pasture, 22% of the goats also died, 14% of the sheep1 12% of pigs and 12% of the donkeys died. The remained percentage decided to migrate to other towns and districts. There was a very great migration of people from one district to another and others from their district to other neigbouring countries. A large number of Maasai who are cattle keepers (pastoralists) migrated from Arumeru to Kenya in Kajiado district searching for water and pasture. Observe the bar chart below which is constructed from table 6, showing the number of animals affected due to water scarcity in Arumeru district. 18 Fig 3 A bar chart from table 6 showing the no of animals lost due to water scarcity in Arumeru District. 45 It?;JSerles1 Cattle Goats Sheep Pigs Donkeys Source: Field survey Plate 1 picture showing the cow died in Arumeru district, mateves wards due o lack of water 19 As shown in the picture above, many cattle in Arumeru district within various wards and villages like Mateves, Murongoine, llikerin and Olmontoyi died due to water scarcity. This one above which became the pray of wild dogs is just a sample among many. Pastoralists in Arumeru district were crying to the government to rescue their animals from dying. But the government had only one choice that was to advice the pastoralists to migrate to other regions of Tanzania with lakes like Mwanza, Mayayr, Tanga and others went to Kenya in Kajiado district, since the pastoralists especially Masaai have no boundaries, they do not care whether this not our country or not, the only thing they bother is to achieve their objective, that is getting water and pastures. Plate 2: picture showing a flock of cattle in migration from Arumeru to Kajiado due to lack of water and pastures. As shown in the picture above, a flock of cattle of Maasai tribe in Arumeru district are migrating to Kajiado the district in Kenya as shown above, the environment is totally dried, it looks like a desert but its not a desert, it is arid environment. The cattle become thin and thinner, due to lack of pasture and water, the environment lacked the rain for the whole year of 2007, also in 2008 the rain was little and therefore, dams and rivers continue drying in Arumeru district. As revealed on the picture above, the environment was too hot and 20 cattle were very hungry, hard to walk and some of them were hardly reached the destination minus falling down. 4.3.1 Effect of water scarcity to the indigenous o_f Arumeru district The study revealed that women were the one affected mainly more than men due to scarcity of water in Arumeru District. With reference to information brought by the respondents and interviewed indigenous Arumeru district 76% percent of the women were affected while 24% of them were not. The table below summarized the number of women affected and those who were not. Table 7 The number of women affected and those who where not due to water scarcity in Arumeru district No of women Frequency Percent Valid percent Cumulative percent Affected 38 76 76 76 Not affected 12 24 24 100 Total 50 100 100 Source: Field Survey As shown by the table above 76% of the women in Arumeru district was really affected due to water scarcity in Arumeru district. Women in Arumeru district are seriously beaten by their husbands and others are raped when they are on the way from fetching water due to a greater distance from the borehole. A women can walk more than 10 kms following the water than six hours on the line waiting to fetch water. 24% of the women are not affected by the. situation since they are rich and they have means of transport and money to simplify the hard situation. 21 Plate 3. Picture showing women and men fetching water from Kisongo well 10 kms from the residential place Source: By researcher in the field. As shown on the picture above, the indigenous of Arumeru district are using heavily polluted water. Men are fetching water for their cattle as it's their responsibility, at the right of the picture above, you can see cattle waiting for water. Also on the middle ground of the picture, you can see women first waiting for men to fetch water, as it's totally forbidden by their custom and tradition for the woman to be close to the man. Not only the men and women, but also students or pupils in secondary and primary schools respectively are affected. by this hard situation, observer on the fore ground of the picture, a pupil is struggling fetching water, no enough time to settle in the glass study as much of the time is being wasted on following the water location. But the government is struggling recently to solve the problem as the prime minister ordered the drilling of under ground water and constructing bore holes. 22 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 conclusions This study investigated the assessment of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district, specifically in areas like Kisongo, Mateves, Murongoine, llikerine and Olmotonyi. It was intended to assess the water crisis in Arumeru using cross sectional survey design with the aim of solving water scarcity in Arumeru. Water crisis can be solved through afforestation, and reafferestation around water source, water catchments, establishing dams and harvesting rain water, recycling and cleaning water and then pumping from Lakes Ocean and sea into sim tanks boreholes and wells. This water scarcity in Arumeru district is associated with reduced agricultural productivity, reduced pasture and water for livestock keeping, conflict at water collection points and general degradation of the land. The study specifically directed to find out the sources of water and their distribution in Arumeru district, examine the causes of water scarcity in Arumeru, find out the effects of water scarcity and lastly the solution to water scarcity in Arumeru district. 23 5.2 Recommendations The assessment of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district was done specification to address the problem of water scarcity in Arumeru district specifically in Kisongo, Mateves, llikerin, Murongoine and Olmotonyi. Water scarcity is solved through afforstation, reafforestation around water sources and catchment, establishing dams, harvesting rainwater, recycling treating and cleaning water. Pumping water from lakes, oceans, seas into sim tanks, bore holes and wells should be done. The research study has also shown that the major sources of water in Arumeru are rainfall for 40% ocean for 22%, cakes for 16%, river for 14% and lastly springs ad wells for 4% each respectively (refer table 1 ). The study also revealed that, the main causes water scarcity in Arumeru were observed as deforestation for 40%, farming for 24% construction of industries, railways, roads for 26% and over population for only 10% (refer to table 4) Due to the effects of water scarcity in Arumeru 40% of the cattle died, 22% of goats, 14% of sheep, pigs and donkeys for 12% which they made the total of 100% of the animals died (refer table 6) In view of these findings the study concludes that the government should improves the boreholes in Arumeru and allocates more to add the presents one. Also wells, springs should be protected through afforestation and reafforestation, more dams should be established and harvesting rain water, recycling, cleaning and pumping water from the sea, oceaning and pumping water from the sea, oceans and rivers into sim tanks and boreholes should be a great deal. 24 Also water which is special for domestic use should be cleared and treated atleast three times per months. Water from industries should be recycled in order to be reused. Also pastoralists should reduce the number of their livestock, the researcher proposing that they should remain with atleast 50 cattle per person, instead of more than 3000 cattle per person. This will reduce environmental degradation. Basing generalization on the findings of this study, the researcher recommends that the government, non governmental organizations (NGOs), individuals who are rich and pastoralists themselves should struggle using their own money to solve this problem of water scarcity in Arumeru district. This problem should be solved through allocation of water projects, drilling bore holes wells springs should be protected and makes the campaign of afforestation and reafforestation, more dams should be established rain water .should be harvested. Water from industries . should recycle, treated and cleaned. Pumping water from the oceans, Seas Rivers into sim tanks and boreholes should be done. Lastly the people in Arumeru district should be sensitized on the important of conservation of environment and water sources so that they can avoid deforestation along the water sources, by some up the recommendation of water scarcity and distribution in Arumeru district, its important to notify that this will not be the end of this research, as_ the researcher observed many during the whole course of this research. The main topic which will be discussed is water scarcity is the main causative of the conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in Arumeru district". 25 REFERENCES Calow, P. (1991 ). The Encyclopedia of Ecology and Environmental Management. London Blackwell Science Ltd Publishers. Vol 9. Holmes, M. (1995). Natural Forest Handbook for Tanzania. Morogoro: Daressalam University Vol 1. Kellert, R. (1997). Encyclopedia of Environment. Texas Schuster Macmillan Vol. 2 Kale, B. (2002). Participatory water resources assessment. Daressalam: Misitu Yetu Project Ltd. Kyeyune R. 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Ownership of Traditional information, moral and legal information to compensate for taking. India central Hill publishers. Vol 9. Naomi, B. (2002). Geography for secondary schools. Daressalam: Tanzania institutes of education publishers. Richard, J. (1989). Ownership of traditional information, moral and legal information to compensate for taking India: Nepal publishing company. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for business, a kill building Approach. John New York: John Willy and sons Inc Ltd. Sunderlin, W. (2003). Water and Poverty alleviation center for international water research. Daressalem Arusha University press. Valtherna, T. (2002). Participatory Forest Management in the east Usambara. Tanzania Daressalam University press. Walter, B. (2003) Arusha Urban and Mondulu districts. Tanzania: Tropical resources management publishing Company. Vol 6. 27 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 QUESTIONNAIRE SECTION A PERSONAL INFORMATION Mark the correct answer. 1. Age ...... (i) 18 - 25 CJ (ii) 25 - 30 CJ (iii) 30 - 40 CJ 2. Sex ...... (i) Male CJ (ii) Female CJ 28 3. Number of house hold members (i) 2 ~ (ii) 5 ~ (iii) 8 ~ (iv) 10 4. Occupation ...... (i) Wage employed (ii) Self employed (iii) Not employed 5. Educational level (i) Non D (ii) Primary 1 to primary s j I (iii) Secondary D (iv) Advanced D (v) University 29 6. Marital status (i) Single CJ (ii) Married CJ (iii) Separate CJ (iv) Divorced (v) Widowed 30 SECTION B Sources of water in Arumeru District 1. Is water a problem in your area? (i) YES (ii) NO 2. What problems of water do you face in your area? ( i) Lack of clean water CJ (ii) Water scarcity problem CJ (iii) Shortage of boreholes CJ (iv) All of the above CJ 3. Which sources mainly makes up the largest amount of your water? (i) Rain water (ii) Underground water (iii) Ocean, river and sea water (iv) AU of the above 31 4. How much of what you discard could be raised to recycled? ( i) 25% (ii) 50% CJ (iii) 75% CJ (iv) 100% CJ 5. Are there ways that you could use to add the amount of water in your area? (i) YES CJ (ii) NO If yes please specify the ways ...... ••••••o•oo, .. 000000000000000000,oooooooooooonooooooooooooonoooooooooooooooonooooooooooHoooooooooooooooooouoooooooooooHooooo ♦ ooo, .. ,o,oooooo 0 6. How many times in a week is water cleanness services done by the district council in your area? (i) Once CJ (ii) Twice (iii) None 32 SECTION C Effects of water scarcity to the indigenous of Arumeru district 7. Which problems do you think are caused by water scarcity in this area? Please state ...... 8. Have you ever suffered from any disease due to water scarcity? (i) YES D (ii) NO D If yes please state the diseases ...... ,...... 9. Is there any person you know who has died from any disease caused by water scarcity in your area? (i) YES D (ii) NO D 33 10. ls there any person you know who has lost his/her properties or wealth due to water scarcity in your area? (i) YES D (ii) No D If yes please state the properties and wealth he had lost ...... 34 SECTION D Local efforts to address water scarcity management in Arumeru district 11. Do you have any other method of control water scarcity in your area? (i) Yes D (ii) No □ If yes please state 12. ls the method effective in terms of environmental friendly? (i) Yes □ (ii) No If yes! State how□ ...... 13. Are you enrolled in any water supply and distribution organization in Arusha? (i) Yes □ (ii) No D If yes! Please state ...... 35 14. Have you seen any improvement in any years in term of water scarcity management in the area that advocated by the organization? (i) Yes (ii) No If yes! Please state the progress ...... 15. What other measures do you think can be undertaken to solve the problem of water scarcity management in your area? ...... ...... _...... _ ...... 36 APPENDIX II INTERVIEW GUIDE 1. What are the sources of water in Arumeru District? 2. How are the sources of water distributed in Arumeru? 3. Is there any scarcity of water in Arumeru district? 4. What causes the water scarcity in Arumeru district 5. How does it affect the human and economic activities in the area? 6. Suggest what should be done to overcome the problem of water in the area. 37 APPENDIX Ill Observation List 1. Water distribution points 2. Uses of water 3. Techniques of harnessing water 38