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CHAPTER 4

ARCHAIC AND EARLY CLASSICAL

M. Mari

The “Origins” of Macedonia, Macedonians, and Macedonian Kings

The Homeric poems mention as a purely geographical point of reference and ignore the lands and populations beyond its northern boundaries, the remaining parts of historical Macedonia. The whole area between Pieria and the Thessalian ethnē, to the south, and the area close to the river Axios which was inhabited by the Paionians, to the north- east, is in the Homeric poems a “no man’s land.”1 Its (quasi-)absence from Homeric geography was probably one of the reasons why fre- quently excluded Macedonia from the Hellenikon. Even more importantly for such judgments, the peculiar character of Macedonian culture, society and institutions was seen by southern Greeks as a mark of backwardness and “non-Greekness.” In Macedonia, as opposed to most other parts of the Greek world, the government was still exercised by a king long after the Heroic Age, and the aristocracy surrounding and counselling him was a reminder of the Homeric world (the Hetaîroi, “Companions”). The royal power was often unsteady, as it was transmitted and managed according to customary rules rather than a body of laws. Macedon’s poleis were sub- ject to the king’s central power and, unlike poleis in many other regions of , were neither the core of Macedon’s political life nor self- determining states in their own right. As far as legislation, military cam- paigns, and foreign policy were concerned, the state was identifijied with its king, so much so that the cities and the Makedones were nearly invis- ible to a foreign observer. In the mid-fourth century bc, all these things looked exotic to the southern Greeks and even influenced characteristics of their historiography about . Until a few decades ago, modern views of the history and institutions of Macedonia were almost exclusively based on ancient (Greek) liter- ary sources, although their picture was often biased and almost always

1 See Klaus Rosen, “Die Gründung der makedonischen Herrschaft,” Chiron 8 (1978), 1–27 (esp. pp. 1–4, with references). 80 m. mari incomplete. The archaeological exploration of Macedonia and Thrace in recent decades has enriched our knowledge of the material culture and the historical geography of these regions during prehistory and the Dark Ages and has also contributed to a change in our views of later periods too. Prior to the Archaic Age, we can now safely maintain that the whole region had close afffijinities both with other parts of the Balkan area and (especially in its southern part) with the Mycenaean world. Regular trade relationships existed between western Macedonia and during the whole Bronze Age, and Mycenaean products widely spread through the whole area of future Macedonia, through mainland (that is, Thessalian) routes and also from the sea, via Chalcidice and the Thermaic gulf. Along with imported objects, many sites show a growing number of local imita- tions, especially during the Late Helladic III C. The analysis of pottery and metal working techniques allows more general conclusions as far as cen- tral Macedonia (between the rivers Axios and Strymon) is concerned.2 In the late Bronze Age, the way the manufacturing processes were organized suggests that in (at least some parts of) Macedonia social structures were more compact and centralized, as in other areas of the Aegean world. However, more and more there is no evidence of palace-centered systems similar to those of central and southern Greece, and no docu- ments have been found so far in Macedonia. In the late Bronze Age and in the period between the Bronze and Iron Ages, a general collapse of central authorities occurred, as in the remaining parts of the Mycenaean world, but a peculiar feature of Macedonia is the decrease of settlements in num- ber and size. Nonetheless, during the Bronze and early Iron Age the area was not isolated, and even during the Dark Ages at least its coastal regions kept contacts with southern Greece. The starting point of the ancient historians’ narratives of the history of Macedonia falls much later. is mainly interested in the ori- gins of the kingdom, and the space of time (i.e., generations) he indicates between the fijirst Temenid king, Perdiccas I, and Alexander I, who reigned

2 Many prehistoric sites, however, have been excavated in recent years also in west- ern and eastern Macedonia. The relevant data can be found in Joulia Vokotopoulou, “La Macédoine de la protohistoire à l’époque archaïque,” in Magna Grecia. Epiro e Macedonia (Taranto 1985), pp. 133–66; Christian Podzuweit, “Der Spätmykenische Einfluss in Makedo- nien,” in Ancient Macedonia 4 (, 1986), pp. 467–84; Stelios Andreou, Michael Fotiadis, and Kostas Kotsakis, “Review of Aegean Prehistory V: The Neolithic and Bronze Age of Northern Greece,” AJA 100 (1996), 537–97; René Treuil, Pascal Darcque, Jean-Claude Poursat, and Gilles Touchais, Les civilisations égéennes du Néolithique et de l’Âge du Bronze, 2nd ed. (Paris, 2008), pp. 477–87.