Quantum Computation with Trapped Ions
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Ion Trap Quantum Computer Selected Topics
Ion Trap Quantum Computer Selected Topics Ruben Andrist & Thomas Uehlinger 1 Outline Ion Traps Part I Deutsch-Josza Deutsch-Josza algorithm Problem Algorithm Implementation Part II Scalability Scalability of ion trap Problem Move ions quantum computers Microtraps Photons Charges Part III Roundup Roundup & Outlook Ruben Andrist Thomas Uehlinger 2 0:98.')4Part+8, 6: ,I39:2 .07.:09 $ " % H " !1 1# %1#% Quantum Algorithms H !1 1# %! 1#% 0"0.9743(.6:-(9 ( 5 ! ! 5 &1 ( 5 " "$1&!' 5 249(43,"6:-(9 # H !1 1# %1#%!4389,39( H !1 1# %! 1#% !,$,3.0/) ":,39:2,3,()8+8 ,+;08 9/0 7+,/9,38107 ,1907 ,8+3,(0 20,8:702039 3 W 0:98.)*# ,48.,*!74. # $4. 343/439*;99> W A0B803*C ):,3E*",3/"C*,2-7A/E0; > Implementation of the Deutsch-Josza Ion Traps algorithm using trapped ions Deutsch-Josza Problem ! show suitability of ion traps Algorithm Implementation ! relatively simple algorithm Scalability Problem ! using only one trapped ion Move ions Microtraps Photons Charges Paper: Nature 421, 48-50 (2 January 2003), doi:10.1038/nature01336; Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck ! Roundup ! MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts Ruben Andrist Thomas Uehlinger 4 The two problems Ion Traps The Deutsch-Josza Problem: Deutsch-Josza ! Bob uses constant or balanced function Problem Alice has to determine which kind Algorithm ! Implementation Scalability Problem The Deutsch Problem: Move ions Bob uses a fair or forged coin Microtraps ! Photons ! Alice has to determine which kind Charges Roundup Ruben Andrist Thomas Uehlinger 5 Four -
240 Ion Trap GC/MS External Ionization User's Guide
Agilent 240 Ion Trap GC/MS External Ionization User’s Guide Agilent Technologies Notices © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2011 Warranty (June 1987) or DFAR 252.227-7015 (b)(2) (November 1995), as applicable in any No part of this manual may be reproduced The material contained in this docu- technical data. in any form or by any means (including ment is provided “as is,” and is sub- electronic storage and retrieval or transla- ject to being changed, without notice, tion into a foreign language) without prior Safety Notices agreement and written consent from in future editions. Further, to the max- Agilent Technologies, Inc. as governed by imum extent permitted by applicable United States and international copyright law, Agilent disclaims all warranties, CAUTION either express or implied, with regard laws. to this manual and any information A CAUTION notice denotes a Manual Part Number contained herein, including but not hazard. It calls attention to an oper- limited to the implied warranties of ating procedure, practice, or the G3931-90003 merchantability and fitness for a par- like that, if not correctly performed ticular purpose. Agilent shall not be or adhered to, could result in Edition liable for errors or for incidental or damage to the product or loss of First edition, May 2011 consequential damages in connection important data. Do not proceed with the furnishing, use, or perfor- beyond a CAUTION notice until the Printed in USA mance of this document or of any indicated conditions are fully Agilent Technologies, Inc. information contained herein. Should understood and met. 5301 Stevens Creek Boulevard Agilent and the user have a separate Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these WARNING terms, the warranty terms in the sep- A WARNING notice denotes a arate agreement shall control. -
Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Mass Spectrometer
MASS SPECTROMETRY Product Specifications Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Mass Spectrometer Unmatched analytical performance, revolutionary MS architecture The Thermo Scientific™ Orbitrap Fusion™ mass spectrometer combines the best of quadrupole, Orbitrap, and linear ion trap mass analysis in a revolutionary Thermo Scientific™ Tribrid™ architecture that delivers unprecedented depth of analysis. It enables life scientists working with even the most challenging samples—samples of low abundance, high complexity, or difficult-to-analyze chemical structure—to identify more compounds faster, quantify them more accurately, and elucidate molecular composition more thoroughly. • Tribrid architecture combines quadrupole, followed by ETD or EThCD for glycopeptide linear ion trap, and Orbitrap mass analyzers characterization or HCD followed by CID • Multiple fragmentation techniques—CID, for small-molecule structural analysis. HCD, and optional ETD and EThCD—are available at any stage of MSn, with The ultrahigh resolution of the Orbitrap mass subsequent mass analysis in either the ion analyzer increases certainty of analytical trap or Orbitrap mass analyzer results, enabling molecular-weight • Parallelization of MS and MSn acquisition determination for intact proteins and confident to maximize the amount of high-quality resolution of isobaric species. The unsurpassed data acquired scan rate and resolution of the system are • Next-generation ion sources and ion especially useful when dealing with complex optics increase system ease of operation and robustness and low-abundance samples in proteomics, • Innovative instrument control software metabolomics, glycomics, lipidomics, and makes setup easier, methods more similar applications. powerful, and operation more intuitive The intuitive user interface of the tune editor The Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid MS can perform and method editor makes instrument calibration a wide variety of analyses, from in-depth and method development easier. -
Methods of Ion Generation
Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 361−375 361 Methods of Ion Generation Marvin L. Vestal PE Biosystems, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701 Received May 24, 2000 Contents I. Introduction 361 II. Atomic Ions 362 A. Thermal Ionization 362 B. Spark Source 362 C. Plasma Sources 362 D. Glow Discharge 362 E. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) 363 III. Molecular Ions from Volatile Samples. 364 A. Electron Ionization (EI) 364 B. Chemical Ionization (CI) 365 C. Photoionization (PI) 367 D. Field Ionization (FI) 367 IV. Molecular Ions from Nonvolatile Samples 367 Marvin L. Vestal received his B.S. and M.S. degrees, 1958 and 1960, A. Spray Techniques 367 respectively, in Engineering Sciences from Purdue Univesity, Layfayette, IN. In 1975 he received his Ph.D. degree in Chemical Physics from the B. Electrospray 367 University of Utah, Salt Lake City. From 1958 to 1960 he was a Scientist C. Desorption from Surfaces 369 at Johnston Laboratories, Inc., in Layfayette, IN. From 1960 to 1967 he D. High-Energy Particle Impact 369 became Senior Scientist at Johnston Laboratories, Inc., in Baltimore, MD. E. Low-Energy Particle Impact 370 From 1960 to 1962 he was a Graduate Student in the Department of Physics at John Hopkins University. From 1967 to 1970 he was Vice F. Low-Energy Impact with Liquid Surfaces 371 President at Scientific Research Instruments, Corp. in Baltimore, MD. From G. Flow FAB 371 1970 to 1975 he was a Graduate Student and Research Instructor at the H. Laser Ionization−MALDI 371 University of Utah, Salt Lake City. From 1976 to 1981 he became I. -
Single Ion Addressing of up to 50 Ions
Single Ion Addressing of up to 50 Ions A master's thesis submitted to the Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics of the Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MSc.) presented by Lukas Falko Pernthaler supervised by o.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Blatt and Dr. Christian F. Roos carried out at the Institute for Quantumoptics and Quantuminformation (IQOQI) August 2019 dedicated to my parents 2 Abstract Quantum computers are believed to revolutionize the way of solving problems classical computers aren't able to. Related to the universal quantum computer, which can be programmed as wished, is the quantum simulator, which can be initialized with a certain problem or also only a single task of a greater problem. The problem is solved by evolving and measuring the state of the used qubits. My work deals with a quantum simulator using linear chains of 40Ca+ ions in a Paul trap. An optical setup was designed using the ZEMAX software to obtain an addressing range of more than 230 µm along with a spot size on the order of 2 µm for a 729 nm laser. This is achieved using an acousto-optical deflector (AOD) and an optical setup, which projects the output of the AOD on the focussing objective, while enlarging the laser beam at the same time. The system was characterized first in a test setup by putting a small-pixelsized CCD camera in the focal plane of the objective. Then, the old addressing system was replaced by the new one, allowing the addressability of 51 ions with comparable spot size of the 729 nm laser relative to the old setup. -
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Quantum information processing with trapped ions Rainer Blatt Rainer Blatt is Professor of Physics at the Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck in Austria, and Institute Director of the Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Innsbruck, Austria; His main fields of research activity are: Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Precision Spectroscopy, especially with laser cooled trapped ions. Participation in EU projects: QUEST, CONQUEST, QGATES, SCALA, National Projects: FWF program “Control and measurement of coherent quantum systems”. Andrew Steane Andrew Steane is Professor of Physics at the Center for Quantum Computation, Atomic and Laser Physics, University of Oxford, England and Tutorial Fellow of Exeter College. His main fields of research activity are: experimental quantum optics, especially laser cooling and trapped ions, theoretical quantum information, especially quantum error correction. Participation in EC projects: QUBITS, QUEST, CONQUEST, QGATES, SCALA; national projects: QIPIRC. Andrew Steane received the Maxwell Medal of the Institute of Physics (2000). Abstract Strings of atomic ions confined in an electromagnetic field configuration, so-called ion traps, serve as carriers of quantum information. With the use of lasers and optical control techniques, quantum information processing with trapped ions was demonstrated during the 1 last few years. The technology is inherently scalable to larger devices and appears very promising for an implementation of quantum processors. Introduction The use of strings of trapped ions in electromagnetic traps, so-called Paul traps, provides a very promising route towards scalable quantum information processing. There are ongoing investigations in several laboratories whose direction is towards implementing a quantum computer based on this technique. In the following, the methods will be briefly described and the state-of-the-art will be highlighted with some of the latest experimental results. -
A Researcher's Guide to Mass Spectrometry‐Based Proteomics
Proteomics 2016, 16, 2435–2443 DOI 10.1002/pmic.201600113 2435 TUTORIAL A researcher’s guide to mass spectrometry-based proteomics John P. Savaryn1,2∗, Timothy K. Toby3∗ and Neil L. Kelleher1,3,4 1 Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA 2 Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA 3 Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA 4 Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA Mass spectrometry (MS) is widely recognized as a powerful analytical tool for molecular re- Received: February 24, 2016 search. MS is used by researchers around the globe to identify, quantify, and characterize Revised: May 18, 2016 biomolecules like proteins from any number of biological conditions or sample types. As Accepted: July 8, 2016 instrumentation has advanced, and with the coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) for high- throughput LC-MS/MS, a proteomics experiment measuring hundreds to thousands of pro- teins/protein groups is now commonplace. While expert practitioners who best understand the operation of LC-MS systems tend to have strong backgrounds in physics and engineering, consumers of proteomics data and technology are not exposed to the physio-chemical principles underlying the information they seek. Since articles and reviews tend not to focus on bridging this divide, our goal here is to span this gap and translate MS ion physics into language intuitive to the general reader active in basic or applied biomedical research. Here, we visually describe what happens to ions as they enter and move around inside a mass spectrometer. We describe basic MS principles, including electric current, ion optics, ion traps, quadrupole mass filters, and Orbitrap FT-analyzers. -
Ion Trap Quantum Computing with Ca+Ions
Quantum Information Processing, Vol. 3, Nos. 1–5, October 2004 (© 2004) Ion Trap Quantum Computing with Ca+ Ions R. Blatt,1,2 H. Haffner,¨ 1 C. F. Roos,1 C. Becher,1,3 and F. Schmidt-Kaler1 Received April 6, 2004; accepted April 22, 2004 The scheme of an ion trap quantum computer is described and the implementation of quantum gate operations with trapped Ca+ ions is discussed. Quantum infor- mation processing with Ca+ ions is exemplified with several recent experiments investigating entanglement of ions. KEY WORDS: Quantum computation; trapped ions; ion trap quantum com- puter; Bell states; entanglement; controlled-NOT gate; state tomography; laser cooling. PACS: 03.67.Lx; 03.67.Mn; 32.80.Pj. 1. INTRODUCTION Quantum information processing was proposed and considered first by Feynman and Deutsch.(1,2) The requirements for a quantum processor are nowadays known as the DiVincenzo criteria.(3) Storing and processing quan- tum information requires: (i) scalable physical systems with well-defined qubits; which (ii) can be initialized; and have (iii) long lived quantum states in order to ensure long coherence times during the computational pro- cess. The necessity to coherently manipulate the stored quantum informa- tion requires: (iv) a set of universal gate operations between the qubits which must be implemented using controllable interactions of the quantum systems; and finally, to determine reliably the outcome of a quantum compu- tation (v) an efficient measurement procedure. In recent years, a large vari- ety of physical systems have been proposed and investigated for their use in 1Institut fur¨ Experimentalphysik, Universitat¨ Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. -
Quadrupole and Ion Trap Mass Analysers and an Introduction to Resolution a Simple Definition of a Mass Spectrometer
Quadrupole and Ion Trap Mass Analysers and an introduction to Resolution A simple definition of a Mass Spectrometer ◗ A Mass Spectrometer is an analytical instrument that can separate charged molecules according to their mass–to–charge ratio. The mass spectrometer can answer the questions “what is in the sample” (qualitative structural information) and “how much is present” (quantitative determination) for a very wide range of samples at high sensitivity Components of a Mass Spectrometer Atmosphere Vacuum System Sample Ionisation Mass Data Detector Inlet Method Analyser System How are mass spectra produced ? ◗ Ions are produced in the source and are transferred into the mass analyser ◗ They are separated according to their mass/charge ratio in the mass analyser (e.g. Quadrupole, Ion Trap) ◗ Ions of the various m/z values exit the analyser and are ‘counted’ by the detector What is a Mass Spectrum ? ◗ A mass spectrum is the relative abundance of ions of different m/z produced in an ion source -a “chemical fingerprint” ◗ It contains – Molecular weight information (generally) – Structural Information (mostly) – Quantitative information What does a mass spectrum look like ? ◗ Electrospray mass spectrum of salbutamol + 100 MH 240 OH NH tBu HO Base peak HO % at m/z 240 241 0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 What information do you need from the analysis ? ◗ Low or High Mass range ◗ Average or Monoisotopic mass (empirical) ◗ Accurate Mass ◗ Quantitation - precision, accuracy, selectivity ◗ Identification ◗ Structural Information -
Realization of the Cirac–Zoller Controlled-NOT Quantum Gate
letters to nature 23. Prialnik, D. & Kovetz, A. An extended grid of multicycle nova evolution models. Astrophys. J. 445, recently developed precise control of atomic phases4 and the 789–810 (1995). application of composite pulse sequences adapted from nuclear 24. Soker, N. & Tylenda, R. Main-sequence stellar eruption model for V838 Monocerotis. Astrophys. J. 5,6 582, L105–L108 (2003). magnetic resonance techniques . 25. Iben, I. & Tutukov, A. V. Rare thermonuclear explosions in short-period cataclysmic variables, Any implementation of a quantum computer (QC) has to fulfil a with possible application to the nova-like red variable in the Galaxy M31. Astrophys. J. 389, number of essential criteria (summarized in ref. 7). These criteria 369–374 (1992). 26. Goranskii, V. P. et al. Nova Monocerotis 2002 (V838 Mon) at early outburst stages. Astron. Lett. 28, include: a scalable physical system with well characterized qubits, 691–700 (2002). the ability to initialize the state of the qubits, long relevant 27. Osiwala, J. P. et al. The double outburst of the unique object V838 Mon. in Symbiotic Stars Probing coherence times (much longer than the gate operation time), a Stellar Evolution (eds Corradi, R. L. M., Mikolajewska, J. & Mahoney, T. J.) (ASP Conference Series, qubit-specific measurement capability and a ‘universal’ set of San Francisco, in the press). 28. Price, A. et al. Multicolor observations of V838 Mon. IAU Inform. Bull. Var. Stars 5315, 1 (2002). quantum gates. A QC can be built using single qubit operations 29. Crause, L. A. et al. The post-outburst photometric behaviour of V838 Mon. Mon. -
Precision Spectroscopy with Ca Ions in a Paul Trap
Precision spectroscopy with 40Ca+ ions in a Paul trap Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Fakult¨at f¨ur Mathematik, Informatik und Physik der Leopold-Franzens-Universit¨at Innsbruck vorgelegt von Mag. Michael Chwalla durchgef¨uhrt am Institut f¨ur Experimentalphysik unter der Leitung von Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Blatt April 2009 Abstract This thesis reports on experiments with trapped 40Ca+ ions related to the field of precision spectroscopy and quantum information processing. For the absolute frequency measurement of the 4s 2S 3d 2D clock transition of 1/2 − 5/2 a single, laser-cooled 40Ca+ ion, an optical frequency comb was referenced to the trans- portable Cs atomic fountain clock of LNE-SYRTE and the frequency of an ultra-stable laser exciting this transition was measured with a statistical uncertainty of 0.5 Hz. The cor- rection for systematic shifts of 2.4(0.9) Hz including the uncertainty in the realization of the SI second yields an absolute transition frequency of νCa+ = 411 042 129 776 393.2(1.0) Hz. This is the first report on a ion transition frequency measurement employing Ramsey’s 15 method of separated fields at the 10− level. Furthermore, an analysis of the spectroscopic 2 data obtained the Land´eg-factor of the 3d D5/2 level as g5/2=1.2003340(3). The main research field of our group is quantum information processing, therefore it is obvious to use the tools and techniques related to this topic like generating multi-particle entanglement or processing quantum information in decoherence-free sub-spaces and ap- ply them to high-resolution spectroscopy. -
Online Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 431–443, 2013 Atmospheric Atmospheric www.atmos-meas-tech.net/6/431/2013/ doi:10.5194/amt-6-431-2013 Measurement Measurement © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Online atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass Open Access n spectrometry (APCI-IT-MS ) for measuring organic acidsClimate in Climate of the Past of the Past concentrated bulk aerosol – a laboratory and field study Discussions A. L. Vogel1, M. Aij¨ al¨ a¨2, M. Bruggemann¨ 1, M. Ehn2,*, H. Junninen2, T. Petaj¨ a¨2, D. R. Worsnop2, M. Kulmala2, Open Access 3 1 Open Access J. Williams , and T. Hoffmann Earth System 1Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-UniversityEarth Mainz, System 55128 Mainz, Germany 2Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Dynamics Dynamics 3Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany Discussions *now at: IEK-8: Troposphere, Research Center Julich,¨ 52428 Juelich, Germany Open Access Correspondence to: T. Hoffmann ([email protected]) Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Received: 15 August 2012 – Published in Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss.: 30 August 2012 Revised: 21 January 2013 – Accepted: 25 January 2013 – Published: 20 February 2013 Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Abstract.