DOCSLIB.ORG

Size Distribution Structure and Harvest of a Kodiak Bear Population

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Size Distribution Structure and Harvest of a Kodiak Bear Population University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1952 Size distribution structure and harvest of a Kodiak bear population Willard A. Troyer The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Troyer, Willard A., "Size distribution structure and harvest of a Kodiak bear population" (1952). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6455. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6455 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SIZE, DISTRIBUTION, STRUCTURE AND HARVEST OF A KODIAK BEAR POPULATION by WILLARD A. TROYER B, S. Oregon State College, 1952 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Wildlife Technology MONTANA s t a t e UNIVERSITY 1962 Approved by a irm an.Æ oahd of Exaiîiîner "Dean, Graduate SchooF MAR 2 y Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37256 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI OiaMrtation PV btiah^ UMI EP37256 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code uest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Invaluable assistance was received from many persons during this study, I am especially grateful to the many temporary employees who assisted with the field investigations, and without whose help the study would not have been possible. Special thanks go to Kenneth E. Dur ley, Stephan Browne, Howard Chrest and Ear 1 J, Fleming, I am especially indebted to Richard J. Hensel, as­ sistant Refuge Manager of the Kodiak National W ildlife Refuge, not only for assisting me in planning and carrying out the study, but also for his constant sense of humor and optimism which raised my morale during the most discouraging aspects of th e stu d y . I deeply appreciate the assistance rendered by Dr. John J. Craighead, leader of the Montana Cooperative W ildlife Re­ search Unit, in evaluating the data and in guidance and prepar­ ation of the thesis. Special thanks go to Dr. P, L, Wright, Chairman of the Department of Zoology, and members of the ad­ visory committee. Dr. R. B, Brunson, Dr, G, W, We i se 1 and Dr, R, D, Tabor, for reviewing and criticizing the thesis. The Refuge Division of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service financed the entire study, W.A.T. Please notes This thesis is not a publication and may not be quoted without the express permission of the author and the Department of Zoology, Montana State University. — i i — Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION . , . ............................ 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY A R E A ............................. 3 G0 G Q 3*^1^ X O L 00 I OTl 3 C11 ni3r ts . 3 p 1 OQÎ'ctphy .. 0 0 ......... 0 0 . 6 F SLtlTïcl ^ '\f G Q G L 311 ori ...................... 8 Sedge-Wî1îow Association .............. 11 C o 11 o od s t and . * @ . o « . « . 11 A* 1 d 0 jT* “G '£* 3. s o A.S soc i a 11 on .. 1B FI z* GW 0 G d ^^G 3. d ow................... 1B .AXj^InG Tandz*a. ................... 13 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES ................. lij. Trapping and Marking ................. ll|_ Census and Composition Counts. ............ l5 G^r C' un,d C o un.t 3........... ......... 1 ^ A. G %* i a 1 G- ount s. ................... 1G Collection of Harvest Data . ............ 17 THE KODIAK BEAR POPULATION ............... l8 Population Enumération ................ l8 Ground Counts. ................... 18 Aerial Counts. .................. 20 Total Population Estimate by the Schnabel Method „ . 21 » i i i - Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. — Î V “ PAGE Total Population Estimate by the Petersen Index 23 Distribution . , « 0*0000 25 Population Density . 0OOOOO00OOO 27 Populat ion'Structure 0000000000 29 Litter Size 0 0 0 o o 0 o O O O 0 o o o 29 Age Ratios 0 0 0 0 0 o 31 Sex R a tio ' 0 O « 0 O O eooooooooo 3ll BEAR HARVEST 0 0 0 0*0 00OOOOOOOO0 35 Hunting Regulations and Seasons ooeooooo 35 Hunting Methods. ooooooooe 35 Annua1 Harvest o o o o 0 e 0 36 Hide Measurements ooooeoooooo 36 Sex Composition of the Harvest „ 0 0 0 0 *0 38 RECOMMENDATIONS. ......... k2 SUMMARY. ...... * 00000000000000*0 k k LITERATURE CITED . OOOOO0O0OOOO0OOOOOO 47 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I« Summary of Average Monthly Precipitation and Temperatures Recorded from Through 1960c » 5 II, Adult Red Salmon Migrations Through the Karluk River Weirs for Certain Years Between 192$ and l960coOOOOCOOOOOOOOOCOOOO« 9 I I I . The i960 Bear Population Estimate in the Karluk Lake Drainage as Determined by the Schnabel Method in October^, I960 .,,,, 0 0 0 , 0 ,. 22 IV. Size and Fî'equency of Occurrence of Kodiak Bear L i t t e r s In Karluk Lake^ Alaskaj, 1959-1961 , , , 30 V, Comparison of Cub and Yearling Age Class Counts as Tabulated During the Annual Ground Counts in Karluk Lake from 19$i|."19$6 and 1958-1961 . , 30 VI, Sex and Age Ratios of 11$ Bears Live-trapped in Karluk Lake, Alaska, 1957"196l, , 32 VII, Age Ratios of the Seven Year Mean Karluk Lake Bear Population After Calculating the Number of Cubs a : Determined from Ground Counts, , , , 32 VIII, Total Annual Bear Harvest in the Karluk Lake Drainage, 1950-1961 , ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 37 IX, Mean Hide Measurements of Karluk Lake Bear K ills, ^951—i 960 o , O O O O , O O O , O O , o o o o o 39 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. - v î - TABLE PAGE X* Sex Composition of the Bear Harvest in Karluk Lake, 19^0"" 1^6 1 # •#eooooootteo«<»*o«oo* 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Location of the Study Area. o*.......... I4. 2. Map of the Study Area 7 3o The Karluk Lake Bear Population Trend, 195U*”196l. „ 19 I}-o Distribution of the Bears During the 1961 Census ing P erio d * * . # * . # * . * * « # # » * . * * « 26 -vi Î - Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION Increased pressures of civilization have reduced or eliminated brown and grizzly bears from great portions of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Western United States where the grizzlies (Ursus arctos horribi1 is Rausch 1953) were formerly abundant, they now number less than 1,000, exclusive of Na- tional Parks (Cooney, 1956; Craighead, , I960), In Alaska, where vast wilderness areas still exist, large populations of grizzly and brown bears remain. An ex­ panding human population and modern means of transportation to hunting areas have rapidly increased the bear harvest in Alaska during the last decade. Klein, Troyer, and Rausch (1958) indicated, however, that bear numbers remain at a high l e v e 1. The brown bear of Kodiak Island, more commonly known as the Kodiak bear (Ursus arct os middendorf f ii Rausch 1953)? is one of the most coveted trophies on the North American continent. Because of its reputation of extreme size, hunting pressures are greater on Kodiak Island than on other Alaskan regions (Troyer, 1961). The Kodiak bear>s reputedly larger size over that of the nearby Alaska Peninsula brown bear (Ursus arct os gyas Rausch 1953) may be questionable; however, this belief is somewhat substantiated by current Boone and Crockett Club records which list 12 of the first 13 brown bear Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. —2 * trophies as coming from Kodiak Island (Webb, e_t * 1958). The bear f s aesthetic value and trophy importance led to the dstab 1 ishment by Congress in 19l\.l of the Kodiak National Wild­ life Refuge, which encompasses the greater portion of Kodiak Island. Refuge regulations permit controlled hunting and with proper management assist in perpetuation of the species. The increased hunting pressures led biologists to inau­ gurate studies to obtain adequate knowledge needed in managing this species. Studies, from 1947 to 1956, were primarily concerned with bear-salmon relationships! however, limited data were gathered on population, food habits, and harvest. In 1957 the investigations were greatly expanded with a live- trapping and ear-tagging program. The author, as Refuge Mana­ ger of the Kodiak National W ildlife Refuge, was in charge of the bear studies from August 1955 through 1961. This phase of the investigation was conducted in the Karluk Lake drainage on Kodiak Island. The area is considered optimum bear habitat and comprises approximately 10 per cent of the total refuge bear population. The primary objectives of the study were : 1. To determine the size, structure, and density of the Kodiak bear population in the Karluk Lake d ra in a g e .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kodiak 18 Bear Essentials
    The Grizzlies of Kodiak: up close and personal An unique, exclusive, six person photographic experience to the remote bear habitat of Alaska’s Kodiak Island with Andy Skillen. September 2018 GBP6,595; US$8,350 (based on double occupancy) The Bear Essentials… The largest bear ever killed in North America was from Kodiak Island with a total skull size of 30.75 in (78.1 cm), and 8 of the top 10 brown bears listed in the Boone and Crockett record book are from Kodiak. The Kodiak Brown Bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), is the largest subspecies of brown bear. These bears can weigh up to 1500 lb. (682 kg) or more and they occupy the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in Southwestern Alaska. The bears’ traditional name in the Alutiiq language is Taquka-aq (Tah-goo-kuk) Taxonomy Taxonomist C.H. Merriam was the first to recognize Kodiak bears as unique and he named the species in honor of the celebrated Russian naturalist Dr. A. Th. von Middendorff. Subsequent taxonomic revisions merged most North American brown bears into a single subspecies (Ursus arctos horribilis), but Kodiak bears are still considered to be a unique subspecies (Ursus arctos middendorffi). Recent investigations of genetic samples from bears on Kodiak have shown that they are closely related to brown bears on the Alaska Peninsula and Kamchatka, Russia. It appears that Kodiak bears have been genetically isolated since at least the last ice age (10,000 to 12,000 years ago) and there is very little genetic diversity within the population. Although the current population is healthy and productive and has shown no overt adverse signs of inbreeding, it may be more susceptible to new diseases or parasites than other more diverse brown bear populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Deepp Patel 5/1/15 Polar Bears and Kodiak Bears Kodiak Bears And
    Deepp Patel 5/1/15 Polar Bears and Kodiak Bears Kodiak bears and Polar bears are alike and different in many ways. They both are the largest bear families. They both eat animals but eat different things. Kodiak bears and Polar bears don’t live near each other. However they both live in the same hemisphere. Kodiak bears and Polar bears have a large appearance. They both are the two largest bear families. Polar bears appear white but the fur is actually transparent, but on the other hand Kodiak bears have color that ranges from blonde to orange to dark brown fur. Kodiak bear females are 500-700 pounds, but Polar bear females are 330-650 pounds. Kodiak bear males are 800-1500, however Polar bear males are 755-1600 pounds. The average Kodiak bear male is eight feet up to ten feet tall, but on the other hand Polar bears may be up to 12 feet tall. Polar bears and Kodiak bears both have cubs. The two kinds of cubs live in dens Kodiak cubs are born during January or February, but Polar cubs are born during November to January. Both kinds of cubs stay with their mother for a few years. Kodiak cubs stay with their mother for three years but Polar cubs stay a little over two years. A typical Kodiak bear litter has 2 or 3 cubs but a typical Polar bear litter has 1 to 2 cubs. Kodiak bears and Polar bears eat a lot of things. They both eat animals. They both are carnivores too.
    [Show full text]
  • Grizzly/Brown Bear
    556 Suggested citation: Schwartz, C. C., S. D. Miller, and M.A. Haroldson. 2003. Grizzly bear. Pages 556-586 in G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson, and J. A. Chapman, editors. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. Second edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Charles C. Schwartz Grizzly Bear Sterling D. Miller _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(Ursus arctos) Mark A. Haroldson__ NOMENCLATURE is considered obsolete (Waits et al. 1998a). As summarized by Common Names. Brown bear, grizzly bear, Kodiak bear Craighead and Mitchell (1982) and Waits et al. (1998a), Rausch Scientific Name. Ursus arctos Linnaeus (1963) identified two extant subspecies of brown bears in North America primarily from skull measurements. He classified bears The grizzly bear inspires fear, awe, and respect in humans to a degree from the mainland as U. arctos horribilis Ord and those from the unmatched by any other North American wild mammal. Like other Kodiak Island archipelago as U. a. middendorffi Merriam. Rausch bear species, it can inflict serious injury and death on humans and (1963) reconsidered his earlier classification (Rausch 1953) of the sometimes does. Unlike the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) of the bears from the Alaska Peninsula as being a distinct subspecies (U. a. sparsely inhabited northern arctic, however, grizzly bears still live in gyas Merriam). Kurtén (1973) used skull measurements from Rausch areas visited by crowds of people, where presence of the grizzly (1963) to propose three North American subspecies, U. a. remains physically real and emotionally dominant. A hike in the middendorffi from Kodiak Island archipelago, U. a. dalli Merriam of wilderness that includes grizzly bears is different from a stroll in a southern coastal regions of the Alaska panhandle, including the forest from which grizzly bears have been purged; nighttime islands of Admiralty, Baranof, and Chichagof (ABC), and U.
    [Show full text]
  • Ak-Mnailia-Fab-Hetc
    Hunt ID: AK-BBearBRBearGBearSheepGoatMooseCaribouSDeer-M1NAILIA-F1AB-HE1TC Welcome to the Big Bear County of Alaska We offer the unique experience of personal attention; we are a small outfit which means that you won't get lost in the shuffle. When you book a hunt with us you will get an experienced, professional hunting guide not a "warm body with a guide's license". We help you prepare for your hunt before you arrive by helping get your gear organized, logistics arranged, and plans ironed out. All of this allows for better service and better success, as our past hunters will attest to. Don't hesitate to ask for our list of references. We are dedicated to making your adventure hunt as successful as possible. We operate in many different remote and scenic parts of Alaska allowing us to choose the area’s best suited to you and the game you wish to pursue. Whether it is brown or grizzly bear, Dall sheep, mountain goat, moose, caribou, Sitka deer, black bear, wolf or wolverine we can make it happen. We hold a sole use guide concession in the Denali Preserve adjacent to Denali Park. Being the only outfitter in this area gives us the opportunity to hunt hundreds of square miles without added pressure from other guides. We hunt Kodiak Island, the Alaska Range, and from our full service hunting/fishing lodge in the Lake Iliamna area. Before we get deep into the hunting I want to fill you in on the processes of getting a license for the big bears.
    [Show full text]
  • Denning Characteristics of Brown Bears on Kodiak Island, Alaska Author(S): Lawrence J
    Denning Characteristics of Brown Bears on Kodiak Island, Alaska Author(s): Lawrence J. Van Daele, Victor G. Barnes, Jr., Roger B. Smith Source: Bears: Their Biology and Management, Vol. 8, A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, February 1989 (1990), pp. 257-267 Published by: International Association of Bear Research and Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3872927 Accessed: 03/01/2009 19:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=iba. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Kodiak Bear Medicine Brochure
    Kodiak Bear Medicine January 25-27, 2019 Twin of the Grizzly Bear Great teachings in physical and spiritual realms The Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi), also known as the Kodiak brown bear, sometimes the Alaskan brown bear, inhabits the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in southwest Alaska. It is the largest recognized subspecies of brown bear, and one of the two largest bears alive today, the other being the polar bear. While there has been much confusion about the taxonomy of brown bears (Ursus arctos), taxonomists agree there are at least two subspecies in North America -- the grizzly bear (U. a. horribilis) and the Kodiak bear (U. a. middendorffi). The bear, an ancient spirit animal worshiped in many traditions The bear as a spirit animal or totem is one of the most ancient worshiped animals. Remains of bears have been found in many archeological sites in Europe especially, where bear bones and skulls were found together with human bones dating back to the Neanderthals. It is said that the Vikings would wear bear skins in times of war to scare off their enemies. They would appear as powerful as these wild animals. Bears symbolize warrior spirit and courage to fight. The bear’s spirit would be invoked to help the warriors in the battle. In ancient Greece and Rome, the bear was a totem animal associated with the Goddess Artemis and Diana, goddesses of fertility. In contrast, for the Celts, the bear would represent the sun. The spirit of the bear and healing Since the bear is often associated with shamans in many traditions, this spirit animal can symbolize healing abilities and stepping into the role of the healer.
    [Show full text]
  • CASE STUDY #9 the TERROR LAKE CASE1 Background Kodiak Island
    CASE STUDY #9 THE TERROR LAKE CASE1 Background Kodiak Island lies several hundred miles southwest of Anchorage in the Gulf of Alaska. Blanketed in forests and laced with free-flowing rivers, the area provides prime habitat for the Kodiak brown bear, (Ursus arctos middendorffi), bald eagles, mountain goats, Pacific salmon, and other Arctic species. Much of the island falls within the bounds of the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, which was established by executive order in 1941 to protect the feeding and breeding grounds for the Kodiak brown bear and other native species.2 Since then, the boundaries have been altered, but the refuge still encompasses more than two-thirds of the island. Despite its proximity to Anchorage, the island is fairly inaccessible and sparsely populated with somewhere between 5,000 and 7,000 residents, most of whom live in the town of Kodiak. The local economy is based almost entirely on the fishing industry and supports roughly a dozen cannery operations year-round.3 The refuge with its bears and the local residents with their canneries peacefully coexisted until the early 1970s when, faced with rising diesel fuel costs and projected increases in energy demand, the Kodiak Electric Association (KEA) decided to build a 30,000 kilowatt hydroelectric facility on lands within and immediately adjacent to the refuge. In 1976 the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) granted the small, rural electric cooperative a preliminary permit to develop the site, which included Terror Lake and Terror River, both of which are within refuge boundaries. The project was to consist of a dam at Terror Lake, which would raise the water level nearly 150 feet and flood 480 acres, a powerhouse located in the Kizhuyak River Basin adjacent to the refuge, and a diversion tunnel connecting the reservoir and powerhouse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Adoption of Pottery on Kodiak Island: Insights from Organic Residue Analysis
    This is a repository copy of The adoption of pottery on Kodiak Island: Insights from organic residue analysis. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/166463/ Version: Published Version Article: Admiraal, Marjolein orcid.org/0000-0002-9830-8032, Lucquin, Alexandre Jules Andre orcid.org/0000-0003-4892-6323, Von Tersch, Matthew et al. (2 more authors) (2020) The adoption of pottery on Kodiak Island: Insights from organic residue analysis. Quaternary International. pp. 128-142. ISSN 1040-6182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.06.024 Reuse This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licence. This licence allows you to distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as you credit the authors for the original work. More information and the full terms of the licence here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Quaternary International 554 (2020) 128–142 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint The adoption of pottery on Kodiak Island: Insights from organic residue analysis Marjolein Admiraal a,b,*, Alexandre Lucquin b, Matthew von Tersch b, Oliver E. Craig b, Peter D. Jordan a a Arctic Centre, Groningen Institute for Archaeology, University of Groningen, Aweg 30, 9718CW, Groningen, the Netherlands b BioArCh Laboratory, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, YO10 5NG, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Pottery technology, originating in Northeast Asia, appeared in Alaska some 2800 years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Fish and Wildlife
    Alasha Habitat Management Guide Life Histories and Habitat Requirements of Fish and Wildlife Produced b'y State of Alasha Department of Fish and Game Division of Habitat Iuneau, Alasha 1986 @ Tgge BY TTIE AI.ASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AI{D GA}IE Contents Achnowtedgemena v i i Introduction 3 0verview of Habitat l{anagement Guides Project 3 Background 3 Purpose 3 Appl ications 4 Statewide volumes 6 Regional volumes 9 0rganization and Use of this Volume 10 Background 10 Organization 10 Species selection criteria 10 Regional Overview Surmaries 11 Southwest Region 11 Southcentral Region 13 Arctic Region 15 hlestern and Interior regions L7 ,lf{atnmals Mari ne Manmal s --BEfiEti-Thale zr Bowhead whale 39 Harbor seal 55 Northern fur seal 63 Pacific walrus 7L Polar bear 89 Ringed seal 107 Sea otter 119 Steller sea lion 131 ffiTerrestrial Mamrnals Brown bear 149 Caribou 165 Dall sheep 175 El k 187 Moose 193 Si tka bl ack-tai'led deer 209 1,1,L Contents (continued) Birds Bald Eagle 229 Dabbl ing ducks 241 Diving ducks 255 Geese 27L Seabirds 29L Trumpeter swan 301 Tundra swan 309 Fish Freshwater/Anadromous Fi sh en 3L7 Arctic aray'ling 339 Broad whitefish 361 Burbot 377 Humpback whitefish 389 Lake trout 399 Least cisco 413 Northern pike 425 Rainbow trout/steelhead 439 Sa I mon Chum 457 Chinook 481 Coho 501 Pink 519 Sockeye 537 Sheefish 555 l.lari ne Fi sh cod 57L --ffiiTCapel in 581 Pacific cod 591 Pacific hal ibut 599 Pacific herring 607 Pacific ocean perch 62L Sablefish 629 Saffron cod 637 Starry flounder 649 t{al leye pol lock 657 Yelloweye rockfish 667 Yel lowfin sole 673 Contents (continued) Shel I fi sh crab 683 King crab 691 -ungenessRazor clam 709 Shrimp 7L5 Tanner crab 727 Appendi ces A.
    [Show full text]
  • HUSBANDRY MANUAL for the BROWN BEAR Ursus Arctos
    HUSBANDRY MANUAL FOR THE BROWN BEAR Ursus arctos Author: Shontelle Lorenzo Date of preparation: November 2009 TAFE NSW- Richmond college Course name: Captive Animals Management Lecturer: Graeme Phipps TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….…6 1.2 OH & S………………………………………………………….....6-8 2 TAXONOMY……………………………………………………….…9 2.1 Nomenclature……………………………………………………………….….9 2.2 Subspecies……………………………………………………………….....….9 2.3 Recent Synonyms………………………………………………………...….10 2.4 Other Common Names…………………………………………………..….11 3 NATURAL HISTORY………………………………………………12 3.1 Morphometrics……………………………………………….……12 3.1.1 Mass and Basic Body Measurement………………………………….12-13 3.1.2 Sexual Dimorphism………………………………………………...……..13 3.1.3 Distinguishing Features………………………………………….……13-15 3.1.4 Basic Anatomy………………………………………………………..……16 3.2 Distribution and Habitat……………………………………....16-18 3.3 Conservation Status……………………………………………18-19 3.4 Longevity…………………………………………………….……..19 3.5 Techniques Used to Determine Age in Adults……………….…..19 3.6 Physiological notes…………………………………………....……19 3.7 Hibernation/ Aestivation………………………………………19-20 4 HOUSING……………………………………………………………21 4.1 Exhibit/ Enclosure Design……………………………………..21-22 4.2 Holding Area Design………………………………………………22 4.3 Spatial Requirements………………………………………..…22-23 4.4 Position of Enclosure………………………………………....……23 4.5 Weather protection………………………………………….……..23 4.6 Temperature Requirements………………………………...…23-24 4.7 Substrate…………………………………………………..……24-26 4.8 Nesting/ Bedding…………………………………………..……24-26 4.9 Enclosure Furnishing…………………………………………..26-33
    [Show full text]
  • IBN May 2002
    International Bear News Quarterly Newsletter of the International Association for Bear Research and Management (IBA) and the IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group May 2002 vol. 11, no. 2 Contents Council News 2 From the President 4 Secretary's Report: IBA Election 4 Journal News 5 IBA Grants Awarded Eurasia 6 Yakutia Brown Bear Foods 7 IBA Supports USA/Russia Polar Bear Agreement 8 News from Thailand 8 Brown Bears on the Move in LIVINGLIVING Serbia, Slovakia and Turkey 9 Brown Bear Attack in Central Sweden WITH BEARS North America 10 Bear Numbers Decline at McNeil River 14th IBA Conference 11 Alaska: Kodiak Management STEINKJER 2002 13 Central USA and Canada: Michigan Staff & Manitoba Big Bear 13 Updating American Black Bear Management 15 Quebec: Wrong Bear Euthanized 15 Grizzly Bears & Army Cutworm Moths 16 SE USA: Arkansas & North Carolina Harvests Events 18 SW USA & Mexico: Operation Bear Den, 32 Grizzly Bears: Small Populations Workshop Texas Working Groups, Mexico Meeting 32 Eighth Western Black Bear Workshop Zoo News 32 Future IBA Conferences 21 Webcam Cubs in Sweden 32 2nd International Bear Symposium 21 Bear TAG Assists Sun Bear Study 32 Bryoria Workshop Student Forum 33 14th IBA Conference Information 22 New Student List Serve 35 14th IBA Conference Program 23 Data Collection: Nothing but the Facts, Ma'am 37 14th IBA Conference Excursions Bears in Culture 38 14th IBA Post-conference Trips 28 Bear-hunting Dogs 39 14th IBA Registration Form Communications IBA 30 New Bear Safety Videos 40 About the IBA and Contact Information 37 15th E. Black Bear Workshop Proceedings 41 IBA Membership Application & Survey 31 Polar Bear Specialist Group Home Page 43 IBA Publications Order Form IBA website: www.bearbiology.com Council News From the President Harry Reynolds Conferences State of the IBA Economy Alaska Department of Fish and Game The 14th international IBA confer- Although IBA is growing and now 1300 College Road ence will be held in Norway this July includes about 750 members, some Fairbanks, AK 99701, USA (see pages 33-39).
    [Show full text]
  • Mathew Sorum Thesis
    BEHAVIOR-SPECIFIC RESOURCE SELECTION BY KODIAK BROWN BEARS A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science with a Major in Natural Resources in the College of Graduate Studies University of Idaho by Mathew Sorum May 2013 Major Professor: Janet L. Rachlow, Ph.D. ii AUTHORIZATION TO SUBMIT THESIS This thesis of Mathew Sorum, submitted for the degree of Master of Science with a major in Natural Resources and titled “Behavior-Specific Resource Selection by Kodiak Brown Bears” has been reviewed in final form. Permission, as indicated by the signatures and dates given below, is now granted to submit final copies to the College of Graduate Studies for approval. Major Professor Date Janet L. Rachlow Committee Members Date Jon S. Horne Date Charlie T. Robbins Date Paul E. Gessler Department Administrator Date Kerry P. Reese Dean, College of Natural Resources Date Kurt S. Pregitzer Final Approval and Acceptance by the College of Graduate Studies Date Jie Chen iii ABSTRACT For many coastal brown bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi) populations throughout Alaska and British Colombia, bears are subject to changes due to increases in human activity. The world renowned productivity and size of brown bears on Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) has, no doubt, helped to increase tourism within the Refuge over the last decade. This increase in human pressure within ecologically sensitive areas has the potential to displace native species, such as the brown bear. Identifying factors that influence patterns of space use and habitat selection by bears is an important first step to developing a management and conservation strategy that could incorporate increased human activity as well as wildlife needs.
    [Show full text]