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Heyelan Kontrol Çalişmalarinda Havza Bazli HEYELAN KONTROL ÇALIŞMALARINDA HAVZA BAZLI YAKLAŞIMLARIN KULLANIMI (RİZE ÖRNEĞİ) HAVZA GENEL DOĞU KARADENİZ’DE SEL VE HEYELAN AFETLERİ RİZE MERKEZ YANDERELER VE İYİDERE YUKARI HAVZASI SEL VE HEYELAN KONTROL PROJESİ SEL BOYLARINDA SEL ve HEYELAN KONTROLU İLE ZARAR AZALTMA FAALİYETLERİ SONUÇ VE DEĞERLENDİRMELER İklim değişikliğinin etkileri yanı sıra, insan kaynaklı etkenler doğal dengeleri bozmaktadır. Rize’de 2 günlük yağışın ardından gelişen sel ve heyelanlarda kayıp sayısı 12 ye ulaştı 2010 Rize İyidere ve Hemşin’de meydana gelen sel 4 can aldı 1973 Rize Aşırı yağışların neden olduğu taşkınlar Rize’de 10 kişinin hayatına mal oldu 1985 Rize Son yıllarda özellikle Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde yaşanan sel ve heyelan afetleri nedeniyle Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde oyuntu erozyonu, heyelan ve sel kontrolüne yönelik proje çalışmaları yoğunlaştırılmıştır. Çölleşme ve Erozyonla Mücadele Genel Müdürlüğünün görevleri arasında havza bütünlüğü esas alınarak erozyon, heyelan ve sel kontrolü ile entegre havza ıslah projeleri gerçekleştirilerek, toprağın korunması ve tabii kaynakların geliştirilmesi yer almaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Bakanlığımız yukarı havza erozyon, heyelan ve sel kontrol projelerine yönelik çalışmalar gerçeleştirmektedir. Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde engebeli arazi yapısı, bol yağışlı iklim özellikleri, ayrışma, doğal bitki örtüsünün kaldırılarak fındık ve çay bahçelerine dönüştürülmesi, kırsal yerleşim birimlerinin dağınık yapılaşması, dağınık yapılaşmaya paralel düşük standartlı sık ulaşım ağı sistemi, ulaşım ağınının kontrolsüz yüzey drenaj sistemi oluşturması heyelanların oluşumunu hazırlayan ve tetikleyen faktörlerin başında gelmektedir. DOĞU KARADENİZ’DE SEL VE HEYELAN AFETLERİ Doğu Karadeniz'de 1929'dan 2015’ e kadar meydana gelen 51 sel, taşkınveheyelanda655kişihayatını kaybetti. 20 kişidekayboldu. Bölgedeençokcankaybı,1929yılında Trabzon'un Of ilçesine bağlı Bölümlü beldesinde 146 kişinin hayatını kaybettiği heyelanda yaşandı.Trabzon'da1988yılında meydana gelen Çatak heyelanında 68, 1990'da Trabzon'da aynı anda üç ayrı bölgedeki selde 57, 1990 yılında Rize'nin Çamlıhemşin ilçesindeki heyelanda 51 kişi, 1998'de Trabzon'un Beşköy bölgesindeki sel ve heyelanda ise 50 kişihayatını kaybetti. 24 Ağustos2015,Artvin'inHopailçesindemeydanagelen sel ve heyelanlarda 8 kişiyaşamını yitirdi. Doğu Karadeniz'de 86 yıllık süreçte meydana gelen afetler ve ölü sayıları şöyle: 1929 Trabzon Of, Heyelan, 146 Ölü . 1959 Tirebolu, Görele, Trabzon, Rize, Taşkın, 13 Ölü. 1963 Trabzon Oksu, Taşkın, 3 Ölü. 1963 Trabzon Akçaabat, Taşkın, 2 Ölü. 1965 Giresun, Trabzon, Taşkın, 2 Ölü. 1973 Rize, İyidere ve Hemşin, Taşkın, 4 Ölü. 1973 Rize Güneysu, Kalkandere, Pazarköy, Heyelan , 4 Ölü. 1974 Gümüşhane, Harşit, Taşkın, 3 Ölü . 1977 Rize Pazar, Hemşin Deresi, Taşkın, 6 Ölü. 1981 Rize Pazar, Sel, 27 Ölü . 1982 Rize İkizdere, Heyelan, 8 Ölü. 1983 Rize Pazar, Fındıklı,Taşkın-Heyelan, 27 Ölü. 1985 Rize, Sel, 10 Ölü. 1988 Rize, Pazar, Ardeşen, Fındıklı,Heyelan,3Ölü.1988 Trabzon Çatak, Heyelan, 68 Ölü. 1990 Trabzon Değirmendere, Akçaabat, Söğütlü,Sel,57Ölü.1990 Rize Çamlıhemşin, Heyelan, 51 Ölü. 1995 Rize Güneysu, Ardeşen, Pazar, Sel-Heyelan, 9 Ölü. 1996 Trabzon Of, Taşkın, 9 Ölü. 1997 Giresun, Taşkın, 5 Ölü. 1998 Trabzon Sürmene, Beşköy, Sel-Heyelan, 50 Ölü. 2001 Rize Taşlıdere Güneysu, Sel- Heyelan, 10 Ölü. 2002 Rize Taşlıdere Güneysu Çayeli, Sel-Heyelan, 34 Ölü. 2005 Rize İyidere, İkizdere, Sel, 1 Ölü. 2005 Trabzon Of Solaklı Havzası,Sel,7Ölü.2005 Rize Çamlıhemşin, Çayeli, Sel, 4 Ölü. 2005 Rize Taşlıdere, Taşkın, 2 Ölü. 2005 Rize Veliköy, Taşkın, 5 Ölü. 2005 Trabzon Hayrat, Heyelan, 1 Ölü. 2006 Artvin Arhavi, Heyelan, 1 Ölü. 2006 Giresun, Taşkın, 2 Ölü. 2006 Rize Güneysu, Heyelan, 3 Ölü. 2009 Rize Kalkandere, Heyelan ,1Ölü.2009 Artvin Şavşat, Taşkın, 5 Ölü. 2009 Ordu Perşembe, Heyelan, 2 Ölü . 2009 Giresun Bulancak, Sel, 1 Ölü . 2009 Ordu, Sel, 2 Ölü. 2009 Giresun, Sel, 1 Ölü . 2009 Artvin Şavşat, Sel, 5 Ölü.2009 Artvin Borçka, Taşkın, 5 Ölü . 2009 Trabzon, Heyelan, 2 Ölü. 2009 Trabzon, Sel, 2 Ölü. 2010 Giresun Dereli, Sel, 1 Ölü . 2010 Giresun Yağlıdere, Heyelan, 2 Ölü . 2010 Rize Kalkandere, Sel, 1 Ölü. 2010 Rize Gündoğdu, Sel-Taşkın- Heyelan, 15 Ölü. 2010 Rize Gündoğdu, Sel, 11 Ölü. 2011 Trabzon Sürmene, Heyelan, 1 Ölü. 2012 Samsun, Sel, 11 Ölü. 2013 Trabzon Yomra, Sel, 2 ölü. 2015 (24 Ağustos) Artvin Hopa, Sel-Heyelan, 8 Ölü. Ekosistemin bir parçası olan insan, aynı zamanda doğanın bir parçası olarak doğal işleyişe doğrudan müdahil bir varlıktır. Doğal kaynaklarla insanlar arasında sağlıklı ilişkiler kurulmalıdır. HAVZA GENEL ” Su, toprak, bitki örtüsü ve hayvan varlığı ile insan kaynaklarını değerlendirme, yeni kaynaklar bulup geliştirme, doğal kaynaklarla insanlar arasında sağlıklı ilişkiler kurma, mevcut kaynakların sürekliliğini sağlayarak sürdürülebilir kullanımının sağlanması ve geliştirilmesi amacıyla planlama, projelendirme ve uygulamalar yapılmalıdır. Bir başka deyişle havza yönetimi sağlanmalıdır. Havzadaki yerleşim alanları Yerleşim alanları genellikle havzanın alt kısımlarında bulunmaktadır. Bu alanlar yukarı havzada yapılan tüm eylemlerden etkilenmektedir. HAVZA GENEL HAVZANIN UNSURLARI Aşağı Havza: Akarsu havzasında ana nehrin deniz veya göle döküldüğü alt bölümüdür. Yukarı Havza: Yukarı Havza bir akarsu havzasının üst bölümü ve su toplama alanıdır. Alt Havza: Havzanın sularını denize boşaltan ana akarsuya bağlı, daha küçük akarsular veya göller için su toplama alanıdır. Mikrohavza: Yüzey veya yüzey‐altı akışlarla belirli bir drenaj sistemini (ırmak, nehir, veya göl) besleyen en küçük hidrolojik birimdir. Su Ayrım Çizgisi (Hattı): İki komşu havzayı birbirinden ayıran çizgiye su ayrım çizgisi (hattı) denir. Bu çizgi dağların en yüksek kesiminden geçer. Mikrohavza Yukarı Havza Aşağı Havza 8 Yukarı Havzada oyuntu ve dereciklerde meydana gelen kıyı oyulmaları, kıyı göçmeleri, kıyı kaymaları, kontrolsuz-önlemsiz kazılar ile heyelan olayları neticesinde maddi ve manevi zararlar meydana gelmektedir. 10 RİZE MERKEZ YANDERELER VE İYİDERE YUKARI HAVZASI SEL VE HEYELAN KONTROL PROJESİ İli Rize ve Trabzon İlçesi Rize Merkez, Kalkandere, Trabzon- Of Proje Numarası 2017/38/ÇAUP/.. Proje Sahası ile İlgili Yerleşim Merkezi Faaliyet önerilen havzalarda 55 adet köy sınırlarına girmektedir. Ana Havza Doğu Karadeniz Havzası Alt Havzalar İyidere (Kalkandere, Değirmendere Deresi, Kale Deresi) Pafta Numaraları F44C4-F44C3-F45D4-G44B1-G44B2-G44B3-G45A1-G45A4 Genel Alanı 30162,92 Ha 12 İklim Proje havzasında tipik Karadeniz iklimi hakimdir. Proje sahasına en yakın meteoroloji istasyonu Rize’dir. Meteoroloji istasyonunun rakımı 4 m’dir. Rize meteoroloji istasyonu verilerine göre yıllık ortalama sıcaklık 14,1 °C, en yüksek sıcaklık 18.0 °C, en düşük sıcaklık 10.9°C, ortalama nispi nem %75, ortalama toplam yağış 2233.5 mm dir. Her mevsim yağışlı olan Rize ilinde uzun süreli (1975-2005) yıllık yağış toplamı 2233.5 mm olup en yağışlı ay Ekim (uzun yıllar ortalaması 314.4 mm), en düşük yağışın olduğu aylar Nisan ve Mayıs Aylarıdır (95.3 mm). En yağışlı mevsim sonbahar (804.6 mm), en az yağışın olduğu mevsim ilkbahar (334.6 mm)’dır Mülkiyet Durumu Proje havzasında uygulama yapılacak dere ve oyuntuların bulunduğu noktalar ağırlıklı olarak orman, tarım arazileri ve hazine arazilerinden oluşmaktadır. Havzada yoğun bir şekilde çay üretimi yapıldığından tarımsal alanlar olarak görülen yerler çay bahçeleridir. 13 Hidroloji Durumu Çalışma havzasında 2 ana dere söz konusudur. Bu dereler; İyidere ve Kalkandere'dir. Kalkandere mansabında İyidere'ye bağlanmaktadır. Bu derelerin dışında pek çok irili ufaklı yan dereler bulunmaktadır. Bu derelerin yıl içerisinde ki debileri çok yüksek olmamakla birlikte ani şiddetli ve düzensiz yağışlarda sel ve taşkınlara neden olmaktadır. Çalışma havzasında drenaj ağı uzunluğu 722,40 km'dir. Faaliyet planlanan drenaj ağı uzunluğu 83,93 km'dir. İyidere Çayının dere yatak alanı 482,65 ha uzunluğu 62,95 km dere yatağının eğimi %4,7' dir İyidere deresi ortalama 28,35 m3 /sn su debisine sahiptir. İyidere'nin yıllık su bilançosu 1224 hm3/yıl dır. Soğanlı Dağları’nda Hayrat ilçesinden doğan İyidere, Rize ili ile Of ilçesi arasından denize ulaşır. Trabzon ve Rize arasında sınıroluşturan İkizdere, Cimil ve Kalkandere gibi dereler birleşerek İyidere deresini beslemektedir. İyidere çalışma havzasında ilk başlangıçnoktası olan Güneyce'den geçerek Karadeniz e kadar ulaşmaktadır. Kalkandere ise Sel Tepesinden doğmakta ve aşağıda İyidere Çayı ile birleşmektedir. Çalışmalar genel itbariyle bu yan derelerin drenaj ağında ve merkeze doğrudan ulaşan derecikler üzerinde planlanmıştır. 14 Yukarı havzalarda ön etütler kapsamında oyuntu ve Heyelan envanter çalışması yapılarak, heyelan dağılımı,drenajağı ve arazi kullanımı birlikte yorumlanmaktadır. Yukarı havzalarda özellikle sığ heyelanlarınçoğunlukla doğal drenaj boylarında olduğugörülmekleberaber heyelanlarındiğer etkili olduğu alanlar da yol boyları ve sosyal problemlerin yoğun yaşandığı çay bahçeleridir (yanlış arazi kullanımı) Bir dere havzasındaki çalışma sırası ve sık yol ağı 15 HEYELAN ENVANTER HARİTASI 315 adet heyelanın %87 si yüzey ve sığ heyelan 16 JEOLOJİ 315 adet heyelan Volkanit-Çökel (Volkanosedimenter Kayaç) Çağlayan Fm %88 Diğer kısım %12 17 ARAZİ KULLANIMI ARAZİ bozuk O. 1,904762 iskan 4,126984 verimli O. 10,15873 ziraat 83,80952 18 DRENAJ AĞI Drenaj Ağına Yakınlık 0‐50 29,84127 50‐100 37,14286 100‐200 18,09524 200‐300 7,936508 300‐400 5,714286 >400 1,269841 19 YOL AĞI Yol Ağına Yakınlık 0‐150 53,01587 150‐300 35,87302 300‐600 6,984127 600‐900 1,904762 900‐1200 1,269841 >1200 0,952381 20 21 PROJE
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