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The Marhsall Plan a Retrospective

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The Marhsall Plan a Retrospective pc - ff /3ff 419 The Marshall Plan Westview Replica Editions The concept of Westview Replica Editions is a response to the continuing crisis in academic and informational publishing. Li- brary budgets for books have been severely curtailed. Ever larger portions of general library budgets are being diverted from the pur- chase of books and used for data banks, computers, micromedia, and other methods of information retrieval. Interlibrary loan struc- tures further reduce the edition sizes required to satisfy the needs of the scholarly community. Economic pressures on the university presses and the few private scholarly publishing companies have severely limited the capacity of the industry to properly serve the academic and research communities. As a result, many manuscripts dealing with important subjects, often representing the highest level of scholarship, are no longer economically viable publishing projects--or, if accepted for publication, are typically subject to lead times ranging from one to three years. Westview Replica Editions are our practical solution to the problem. We accept a manuscript in camera-ready form, typed accord- ing to our specifications, and move it immediately into the produc- tion process. As always, the selection criteria include the impor- tance of the subject, the work's contribution to scholarship, and its insight, originality of thought, and excellence of exposition. The responsibility for editing and proofreading lies with the author or sponsoring institution. We prepare chapter headings and display pages, file for copyright, and obtain Library of Congress Catalog- ing in Publication Data. A detailed manual contains simple instruc- tions for preparing the final typescript, and our editorial staff is always available to answer questions. The end result is a book printed on acid-free paper and bound in sturdy,library-quality soft covers. We manufacture these books ourselves using equipment that does not require a lengthy make- ready process and that allows us to publish first editions of 300 to 600 copies and to reprint even smaller quantities as needed. Thus, we can produce Replica Editions quickly and can keep even very specialized books in print as long as there is a demand for them. About the Book and Editors The L\l(~((,al~crllPlan: A Retrospective edited by Stanley Hoffmann and Charles Maier The Marshall Plan, originally seen as the key factor in Europe's economic reconstruction, was the subject of revisionist thought in the 1960s that viewed it as a self-serving tool of U.S. foreign policy. This volume is a comprehensive discussion of the Marshall Plan by two distinct groups of contributors: those who participated in the implementation of the plan and scholars who have made use of recently opened archives. Based on a conference held at Harvard University on the thirty-fifth anniversary of General George C. Marshall's address there, this book includes memoir contributions from policymakers and assessments of the plan by historians and economists. Their presentations cover the entire spectrum of interpretation of the plan's significance, and their debates provide a rare opportunity for confrontation and interaction between scholars and those directly involved with the Marshall Plan. Stanley Hoffmann is C. Douglas Dillon Professor of the Civilization of France and chairman of the Center for European Studies. His numerous publications include Duties Beyond Borders (1980) and Living With Nuclear Weapons (1983) . Charles Maier is professor of history at Harvard University and resident associate of the Center for European Studies. He is the author of Recasting Bourgeois Europe (1975) . Published in cooperation with the Center for European Studies, Harvard University The Marshall Plan: A Retrospective edited by Stanley Hoffmann and Charles Maier Westview Press / Boulder and London A Westview Replica Fdition All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recordihg, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright @ 1984 by Westview Press, Ins. Published in 1984 in the United States of America by Westview Press, Inc. 5500 Central Avenue Boulder, Colorado 80301 Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Marshall Plan, a retrospective. (A Westview replica edition) Bibliography: p. 1. Marshall Plan, 1948-1952--Congresses. I. Hoffmann, Stanley. 11. Maier, Charles S. HC240.M27183 1984 338.91'73'04 84-7426 ISBN 0-86531-859-X Printed and bound in the United States of America 1098765432 Con tents Preface, Charles S. Maier .............ix PART I THE AMERICAN ORIGINS OF THE MARSHALL PLAN 1 European Integration and the Marshall Plan, Michael J. Hogan ................1 2 The American Origins of the Marshall Plan: A View From the State Department, Charles P. Kindleberger ............ 7 3 Recalling the Work of the Harriman Committee, W. Averell Harriman ..............15 4 Discussion .................. 19 PART I1 THE EUROPEAN RESPONSE: STRATEGIES FOR RECONSTRUCTION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM 5 Supranational Concepts and National Continuity in the Framework of the Marshall Plan, Charles S. Maier ............... 29 6 The Marshall Plan As Anglo-American Response, Eric Roll ...................39 7 Discussion.................. 4 7 PART 111 THE ECONOMICS OF THE MARSHALL PLAN 8 Lessons From the Marshall Plan: Successes and Limits, Lincoln Gordon .......... 53 9 "If There Had Been No Marshall Plan.. ... Harold van B. Cleveland ............59 10 Discussion .................. 65 PART IV INTERNATIONAL LEGACIES OF THE MARSHALL PLAN 11 The Continuing Institutions: An Assessment, MiriamCamps. ................ 71 12 Lessons for Administration and Policy, MiltonKatz........... .......77 13 American Influence and Atlantic Community As Embodied in the European Recovery Program, Richard F. Kuisel ...............81 14 Discussion .................. 85 PART V CONCLUSION 15 Final Remarks on the Marshall Plan, Stanley Hoffmann. .............. 91 APPENDIXES A Conference Participants ........... 95 B Secretary of State George C. Marshall's Address at Harvard Commencement, June 5, 1947 .....99 C Thanking America: Twenty-Five Years After the Announcement of the Marshall Plan, Speech by Chancellor Willy Brandt, June 5, 1972 ... 103 D Orlgins of the Marshall Plan, Memorandum by Mr. Charles P. Kindleberger, July 22, 1948 . 115 E Organizational Chart of the Economic Cooperation Administration ..........123 F Glossary ...................126 G Biographical Identifications ......... 132 Bibliography ................... 138 Preface June 5, 1982 marked the thirty-f if th anniversary of Secretary of State George C. Marshallls noted commencement address at Harvard University. In that speech Marshall admitted that "the rehabilitation of the economic structure of Europe quite evidently will require a much longer time and greater effort than had been foreseen." United States policy had to aim at "the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist." But assistance had finally to be more than a piecemeal or crisis-by-crisis approach. Aid would be available for any country that was willing to cooperate loyally in recovery, although "political parties or groups which seek to perpetuate human misery in order to profit therefrom politically or otherwise will encounter the opposition of the United States." Finally, the Secretary declared, "The initiative, I think, must come from Europe. The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be practical for us to do so. The program should be a joint one, agreed to by a number, if not all European nations. " June 1982 also marked the tenth anniversary of Chancellor Willy Brandtls announcement of the establishment of the German Marshall Fund, which included a special gift for the Harvard Center for European Studies. The time was thus appropriate for commemoration and reflection. The historical colloquium on the Marshall Plan that the Center scheduled for the occasion has continued a tradition of anniversary symposia. In 1979, scholars gathered on the tenth anniversary of the death of Charles de Gaulle to assess his historical role; in the spring of 1980, a gathering reviewed the latest scholarship concerning the defeat of France forty years before. These earlier symposia were made available in publications the Center itself produced. For this colloquium we are able to initiate a series of Westview Press publications based on Center colloquia and entitled overall "Reflections on Europe." Since the Marshall Plan symposium, the Center has continued with seminars concerning Italian fascism on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the March on Rome, and concerning the rise of Nazism at the time of the fiftieth anniversary of the National Socialist seizure of power; a colloquium assessing the impact of German and Austrian refugee social scientists in the United States (and America's impact upon them), which was held in conjunction with the Federal Republic's commemoration of the three hundredth anniversary of the initial German migration to the New World; and most re- cently, a symposium on interwar Austria sponsored by the Austrian Institute in New York
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