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Downloaded for Personal Non-Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Data: Author (Year) Title. URI [dataset] University of Southampton Faculty of Social Sciences School of Law Reconceptualising the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A Social Empathy Approach by Karmelia Yiannakou ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8062-1015 Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2020 University of Southampton Abstract The thesis explores the citizenship and migration discourses within the AFSJ and argues that this area, which functions beyond its legal and geographical frameworks, is a space within which communication and meaning takes place. The inclusive and securitisationnarratives around the legal subject of the EU, triggered by the free movement framework, indicate the close connection between the politico-legal structures of the AFSJ with questions on identity. Incorporating elements from Foucault’s notion of power, the thesis argues for a reconceptualisation of the AFSJ by looking at the EU as an entity in motion. Through Aristotle’s concepts of actuality and potentiality the main objectives of the EU are identified placing the individual at the centre of EU law and policy. The thesis argues for a social empathy approach that encompasses reflexivity and recognises vulnerability but also requires acknowledgment of social responsibility. The theoretical aspect is explored through a practical application of social empathy in the context of the Court of Justice. Faculty of Social Sciences School of Law Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Reconceptualising the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: A Social Empathy Approach by Karmelia Yiannakou Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... i Research Thesis: Declaration of Authorship ................................................................... v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. ix Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 Evolution of the European treaties ........................................................... 13 1.1 Integrating economies: Treaty of Paris (1951) and Treaty of Rome (1955) ............ 13 1.2 Groundwork for the socio-political dimension ........................................................ 17 1.2.1 Free movement and non-discrimination ......................................................... 17 1.2.2 Judicial activism and the nature of EU law: 1960s -1970s ............................... 21 1.2.3 Developing the legal subject: Special rights for the future citizen .................. 27 1.3 In pursuit of the subject: Single European Act (1986) ............................................. 35 1.4 Institutionalisation of citizenship: Treaty of Maastricht (1992) .............................. 45 1.4.1 European citizenship ........................................................................................ 46 1.4.2 Immigration and asylum .................................................................................. 49 1.5 Security and human rights dimensions: Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and Treaty of Nice (2001) ............................................................................................................... 54 1.5.1 Identifying the substantive elements of citizenship: First steps ...................... 60 1.6 Democratisation: Treaty of Lisbon (2007) ............................................................... 66 1.6.1 Immigration and asylum: general provisions ................................................... 69 1.6.2 Citizenship and democracy .............................................................................. 71 1.6.3 The legal subject in the post-Lisbon case law .................................................. 75 1.6.3.1 No movement, no dependency, no residence for TCN family members ............................................................................................................... 76 1.6.3.2 Children in education, dependency, and enjoyment of citizenship rights ............................................................................................................... 77 1.6.3.3 Non-economically active EU citizens..................................................... 82 1.6.3.4 Family reunification and substance of citizenship rights ...................... 87 1.7 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................. 90 i Dedication Chapter 2 Theoretical dimension: A Union in motion ................................................ 97 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 97 2.2 Approaching the EU’s entelecheia ........................................................................... 99 2.3 Bridging Bourdieu with Aristotle ........................................................................... 104 2.4 Exploring Bourdieu’s sociological tools and their application to free movement. 107 2.5 Capital, fields and power over mobility ................................................................. 113 2.6 Bridging Bourdieu with Social Psychology ............................................................. 118 2.7 Concluding Remarks............................................................................................... 126 Chapter 3 A social empathy approach .................................................................... 129 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 129 3.2 Justice and emotion ............................................................................................... 132 3.3 Political and moral philosophical perspectives...................................................... 135 3.4 Exploring empathy ................................................................................................. 140 3.5 Interdisciplinary approaches to empathy and its definitions ................................ 142 3.6 Two important elements of empathy .................................................................... 144 3.6.1 First element: other-orientated perspective-taking ...................................... 144 3.6.2 Second element: positive action and social responsibility ............................ 148 3.7 Social empathy ....................................................................................................... 149 3.8 (Empowering) vulnerability as intrinsic to social empathy.................................... 153 Chapter 4 Exploring social empathy elements in the Court’s case law ..................... 157 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 157 4.2 Points of clarification ............................................................................................. 161 4.3 General Principles of law ....................................................................................... 163 4.3.1 Proportionality and fundamental rights as general principles ...................... 165 4.4 Proportionality in asylum and immigration ........................................................... 170 4.5 Analysis of case law................................................................................................ 174 4.5.1 Housing Rights ............................................................................................... 174 4.5.2 Irregular Migrants and pre-removal detention ............................................. 178 4.5.3 Extending the free movement – subsidiary protection ................................. 183 4.5.4 Transfer of a seriously ill asylum applicant - Article 4 Charter ...................... 189 ii Table of Contents 4.6 Concluding remarks ................................................................................................ 200 Chapter 5 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 203 Table of cases ........................................................................................................... 213 List of Legislation ...................................................................................................... 218 Bibliography ............................................................................................................
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