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Manuels Et Guides 14 Commission Océanographique Intergouvernementale Manuels et guides 14 Commission océanographique intergouvernementale Manuel sur la mesure et l’interprétation du niveau de la mer Marégraphes radar VolumeV Organisation Commission des Nations Unies océanographique pour l’éducation, intergouvernementale la science et la culture Commission océanographique intergouvernementale Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Tel: +33 1 45 68 10 10 Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 12 Website: http://ioc.unesco.org JCOMM Technical Report No. 89 Manuels et guides 14 Commission océanographique intergouvernementale Manuel sur la mesure et l’interprétation du niveau de la mer Marégraphes radar VolumeV UNESCO 2016 Les appellations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part des secrétariats de l’UNESCO et de la COI aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays ou territoire, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières. Équipe de rédaction : Directeur : Philip L. Woodworth (NOC, Royaume-Uni) Thorkild Aarup (COI, UNESCO) Gaël André, Vincent Donato et Séverine Enet (SHOM, France) Richard Edwing et Robert Heitsenrether (NOAA, États-Unis) Ruth Farre (SAHNO, Afrique du Sud) Juan Fierro et Jorge Gaete (SHOA, Chili) Peter Foden et Jeff Pugh (NOC, Royaume-Uni) Begoña Pérez (Puertos del Estado, Espagne) Lesley Rickards (BODC, Royaume-Uni) Tilo Schöne (GFZ, Allemagne) Contributeurs au Supplément – Expériences pratiques Daryl Metters et John Ryan (Coastal Impacts Unit, Queensland, Australie) Christa von Hillebrandt-Andrade (NOAA, États-Unis), Rolf Vieten, Carolina Hincapié-Cárdenas et Sébastien Deroussi (IPGP, France) Juan Fierro et Jorge Gaete (SHOA, Chili) Gaël André, Noé Poffa, Guillaume Voineson, Vincent Donato, Séverine Enet (SHOM, France) et Laurent Testut (LEGOS, France) Stephan Mai et Ulrich Barjenbruch (BAFG, Allemagne) Elke Kühmstedt et Gunter Liebsch (BKG, Allemagne) Prakash Mehra, R.G. Prabhudesai, Antony Joseph, Vijay Kumar, Yogesh Agarvadekar, Ryan Luis, M. Soumya, Bharat Harmalkar et Devika Ghatge (NIO, Inde) Hironori Hayashibara (JMA, Japon) Ruth Farre (SAHNO, Afrique du Sud) Begoña Pérez (Puertos del Estado, Espagne), Diana López et José María Cortés (SIDMAR, Espagne) et Bernat Puyol (IGN, Espagne) Jeff Pugh, Peter Foden, Dave Jones, Philip Woodworth et Angela Hibbert (NOC, Royaume-Uni) Travis Mason (Channel Coastal Observatory, Royaume-Uni) et Robin Newman (Fugro EMU Ltd., Royaume-Uni) Richard Edwing et Robert Heitsenrether (NOAA, États-Unis) Janice M. Fulford (USGS, États-Unis) Des renseignements complémentaires ont été fournis par Les Bradley (NOC, Royaume-Uni), Pat Caldwell et Mark Merrifield (UHSLC, Hawaii, États-Unis), Médéric Gravelle et Guy Wöppelmann (Université de La Rochelle, France), Lonny Hansen, Vibeke Huess et Klavs Allerslev (Institut météorologique danois) et Belén Míguez Martín (EMODnet, Ostende, Belgique). Nous souhaitons également remercier Christoph Blasi (BAFG, Allemagne), John Boon (États-Unis), John Broadbent (Maritime Safety, Queensland, Australie), Peter Devine (Directeur technique, VEGA Controls Ltd., Royaume-Uni), Terry Edwards (Directeur technique, RS Aqua Ltd., Royaume-Uni) et Øistein Grønlie (conseiller technique principal, Miros, Norvège). Graphiste : Ahmad Korhani, UNESCO. Maquette originale par Eric Loddé. L’utilisation de ce document comme référence bibliographique doit se faire sur la forme suivante : Manuel sur la mesure et l’interprétation du niveau de la mer, Volume V : Marégraphes radar. Paris Commission Océanographique Intergouvernementale de l’UNESCO 106 pp (COI Manuels et Guides No 14, vol. V; JCOMM Rapport Technique No 89 (français traduit de l’anglais). Ce manuel comprend un supplément intitulé Practical Experiences (Expériences pratiques) en anglais seulement. Imprimé en 2016 Par l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP © UNESCO 2016 Imprimé en France (IOC/2016/MG/14Vol.5) 3 Avant-propos La première édition du Manuel de la COI sur la mesure et traitement et présentait un certain nombre de méthodes l’interprétation du niveau de la mer date de 1985 et, suite de traitement des données tout en précisant le rôle des à la parution de la deuxième édition, dix ans plus tard, diff érents Centres de données du niveau de la mer. elle a été rééditée sous le titre Manuel 14, « Volume I : Procédures de base ».1 Vers le milieu des années 1980, la Le Volume III a été publié en 2002 sous l’intitulé plupart des marégraphes se présentaient sous la forme « Reappraisals and Recommendations as of the Year de dispositifs classiques avec puits de tranquilisation 2000 » (Réévaluations et recommandation à compter de et fl otteurs, les courbes de marée étant tracées au l’an 2000). Il y était à nouveau question des dispositifs à stylet sur un enregistreur à diagramme. La première fl otteur, à capteurs de pression ou à impulsion acoustique, partie du Volume I présentait des généralités d’ordre mais aussi, pour la première fois, de l’utilisation de scientifi que sur le niveau de la mer, avant de passer aux « marégraphes radar et autres nouvelles technologies », aspects pratiques du choix d’un site approprié pour sur une demi-page. On y passait encore une fois en revue l’implantation d’un marégraphe. Y était ensuite abordée les méthodes de transmission et d’échange. Bien que les en détail la question de l’installation et de l’entretien des sujets traités dans les Volumes II et III soient similaires, marégraphes à fl otteur. Dans les sections suivantes, il était leurs auteurs sont diff érents, ce qui justifi e la lecture des expliqué comment numériser les marégrammes papier et deux volumes qui sont complémentaires. identifi er les diff érents types d’erreurs, de façon à aboutir Le Volume IV a paru en 2006 sous l’intitulé « An Update to à une série temporelle du niveau de la mer pouvant être 2006 » (Actualisation à 2006). Là encore, les connaissances fi ltrée en vue de fournir les informations relatives à la scientifi ques relatives au niveau de la mer et les marée et au niveau moyen nécessaires aux scientifi ques technologies éprouvées en matière de marégraphes y et aux autres utilisateurs intéressés. Une dernière section étaient passées en revue, tout en réservant deux pages aux était consacrée aux procédures d’échange des données. marégraphes radar. On y trouvait également une section D’autres types de marégraphes (à bulles, en l’occurrence) consacrée aux avantages que présente l’utilisation de telle étaient aussi brièvement évoqués, ainsi que les méthodes ou telle technologie relativement au site d’installation. de stockage électronique des données du niveau marin, Avec le tsunami de Sumatra survenu en décembre 2004, préférables aux supports papiers, pour la « surveillance à la communauté du niveau de la mer a pris conscience distance ». du fait que les sites marégraphiques devaient prévoir de Une dizaine d’années plus tard, en 1994, le second mesurer non seulement le niveau marin pour les études Volume du Manuel 14 a paru sous l’intitulé « Emerging classiques du suivi du niveau moyen et des marées, mais Technologies » (technologies émergentes). Ce volume, aussi de fournir des données en temps réel pour l’alerte toujours consacré à l’examen des marégraphes à aux ondes de tempête et aux tsunamis. Compte tenu fl otteur et à pression, présentait une nouvelle méthode de cette dimension « multi-risques », il était devenu de mesure du niveau de la mer au moyen de la préférable que les diff érents sites disposent de plus d’un réfl exion d’une impulsion acoustique émise par un type de capteurs (à pression et radar, par exemple). Le transducteur placé au-dessus de la surface de l’eau. L’un capteur principal (radar) enregistrerait ainsi en règle des marégraphes acoustiques de ce type, basé sur le générale des valeurs moyennes toutes les trois minutes, transducteur Aquatrak, est devenu en quelque sorte un ou à une fréquence plus élevée, tandis qu’un capteur de modèle standard dans le cadre du programme GLOSS pression diff érentielle (dispositif mesurant la diff érence (Système mondial d’observation du niveau de la mer) de entre la pression de fond et la pression atmosphérique) la Commission océanographique intergouvernementale enregistrerait des valeurs au moins toutes les minutes. Le (COI) suite à son utilisation dans plusieurs sites aux marégraphe à pression jouerait donc le rôle de capteur États-Unis, en Australie et dans d’autres pays. Ce volume primaire pour la détection du tsunami et permettrait traitait également de la possibilité d’enregistrer les de pallier les éventuelles lacunes des observations du données de façon électronique et de les transmettre radar. Toutes ces données seraient transmises sans délai. par lignes téléphoniques ou par satellite à un centre de Les stations seraient quant à elles conçues pour résister au mieux aux dégâts occasionnés par les événements extrêmes. Ce volume présentait par ailleurs des sections 1 Les différents volumes du Manuel sont disponibles à l’adresse suivante : http://www.psmsl.org/train_and_info/training/ consacrées à la télémesure des données en temps manuals/. réel, au contrôle qualité des données et aux nouvelles Manuel sur la mesure et l’interprétation du niveau de la mer Volume V Marégraphes radar 4 technologies, tout en énonçant de façon plus détaillée respecter pour assurer le maintien de la référence des les spécifi cations du système GLOSS. Il comprenait aussi mesures du niveau de la mer (c’est-à-dire la stabilité un appendice présentant les expériences d’opérateurs des mesures par rapport aux points de repère situés de marégraphes, certaines incluant des informations sur terre). Dans le Volume II, on décrivait la procédure utiles sur l’utilisation des radars. de nivellement entre les diff érents repères d’une même zone, et on introduisait le recours aux récepteurs GPS Dix ans plus tard, parait le Volume V qui est spécifi quement (système de positionnement universel) dans le cadre de consacré aux marégraphes radar.
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