DOCSLIB.ORG

Manuales Y Guías 14 Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Manuales Y Guías 14 Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental Manuales y guías 14 Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental Manual de medición e interpretación del nivel del mar Medidores de radar VolumenV UnitedOrganización Nations ComisiónIntergovernmental Educational,de las Naciones Scientific Unidas and OceanográficaOceanographic Culturalpara laOrganization Educación, IntergubernamentalCommission la Ciencia y la Cultura Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Tel: +33 1 45 68 10 10 Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 12 Website: http://ioc.unesco.org JCOMM Technical Report No. 89 Manuales y guías 14 Comisión Oceanográfica Intergubernamental Manual de medición e interpretación del nivel del mar Medidores de radar VolumenV Los términos empleados en esta publicación y la presentación de los datos que en ella aparecen no implican toma alguna de posición de parte de los Secretariados de la UNESCO o de la COI en cuanto al estatuto jurídico de los países, territorios, ciudades o regiones ni respecto de sus autoridades, fronteras o límites. Equipo editorial: Philip L. Woodworth (Director del equipo editorial, NOC, Reino Unido) Thorkild Aarup (COI, UNESCO) Gaël André, Vincent Donato y Séverine Enet (SHOM, Francia) Richard Edwing y Robert Heitsenrether (NOAA, Estados Unidos) Ruth Farre (SANHO, Sudáfrica) Juan Fierro y Jorge Gaete (SHOA, Chile) Peter Foden y Jeff Pugh (NOC, Reino Unido) Begoña Pérez (Puertos del Estado, España) Lesley Rickards (BODC, Reino Unido) Tilo Schöne (GFZ, Alemania) Contribuidores al Suplemento: Experiencias Prácticas: Daryl Metters y John Ryan (Coastal Impacts Unit, Queensland (Australia)) Christa von Hillebrandt-Andrade (NOAA, Estados Unidos), Rolf Vieten, Carolina Hincapié-Cárdenas y Sébastien Deroussi (IPGP, Francia) Juan Fierro y Jorge Gaete (SHOA, Chile) Gaël André, Noé Poffa, Guillaume Voineson, Vincent Donato, Séverine Enet (SHOM, Francia) y Laurent Testut (LEGOS, Francia) Stephan Mai y Ulrich Barjenbruch (BAFG, Alemania) Elke Kühmstedt y Gunter Liebsch (BKG, Alemania) Prakash Mehra, R. G. Prabhudesai, Antony Joseph, Vijay Kumar, Yogesh Agarvadekar, Ryan Luis, M. Soumya, Bharat Harmalkar y Devika Ghatge (NIO, India) Hironori Hayashibara (JMA, Japón) Ruth Farre (SANHO, Sudáfrica) Begoña Pérez (Puertos del Estado, España), Diana López y José María Cortés (SIDMAR, España), y Bernat Puyol (IGN, España) Jeff Pugh, Peter Foden, Dave Jones, Philip Woodworth y Angela Hibbert (NOC, Reino Unido) Travis Mason (Observatorio Costero del Canal, Reino Unido) y Robin Newman (Fugro EMU Ltd., Reino Unido) Richard Edwing y Robert Heitsenrether (NOAA, Estados Unidos) Janice M. Fulford (USGS, Estados Unidos) También aportaron información Les Bradley (NOC, Reino Unido), Pat Caldwell y Mark Merrifield (UHSLC, Hawái (Estados Unidos)), Médéric Gravelle y Guy Wöppelmann (Universidad de La Rochelle, Francia), Lonny Hansen, Vibeke Huess y Klavs Allerslev (Instituto Meteorológico de Dinamarca), y Belén Míguez Martín (EMODnet, Ostende (Bélgica)). Además, cabe dar las gracias a Christoph Blasi (BAFG, Alemania), John Boon (Estados Unidos), John Broadbent (Maritime Safety, Queensland (Australia)), Peter Devine (Director Técnico, VEGA Controls Ltd., Reino Unido), Terry Edwards (Director Técnico, RS Aqua Ltd., Reino Unido) y Øistein Grønlie (Asesor Técnico Superior, Miros, Noruega). El equipo editorial también expresa su agradecimiento a Christoph Blasi (BAFG, Alemania), John Boon (Estados Unidos), John Broadbent (Maritime Safety,Queensland, Australia), Peter Devine (Technical Director, VEGA Controls Ltd., Reino Unido), Terry Edwards (Technical Director, RS Aqua Ltd., Reino Unido) y Øistein Grønlie (Senior Technical Advisor, Miros, Noruega). Diseño de la publicación: Ahmad Korhani, UNESCO. Diseño original: Eric Loddé. Con fines bibliográficos este document debe ser citado como sigue: Manual on Sea-level Measurements and Interpretation, Volume V: Radar Gauges. Paris, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. 104 pp. (IOC Manuals and Guides No.14, vol. V; JCOMM Technical Report No. 89 (English) Este document tiene un Suplemento denominado Experiencias Prácticas. Impreso en 2016 Por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP © UNESCO 2016 Impreso en Francia (IOC/2016/MG/14Vol.5) 3 Prefacio El Manual de medición e interpretación del nivel del o satélites a un centro y describía varios métodos de mar de la Comisión Oceanográfi ca Intergubernamental procesamiento de datos, así como el papel de diferentes (COI) se publicó por primera vez en 1985 y, tras el centros de medición del nivel del mar. lanzamiento del segundo volumen un decenio más El volumen 3 se publicó en 2002 con el subtítulo tarde, se reimprimió la primera edición con el título Reappraisals and Recommendations as of the Year 2000. Volume 1: Basic Procedures.1 A mediados de los años 80, la mayor parte de los mareógrafos aún consistían en En él se revisaban los dispositivos de fl otador, los de dispositivos con cilindros de amortiguación y fl otadores presión y los acústicos, y por primera vez se mencionaban que representaban las curvas de las mareas mediante los “mareógrafos de radar y otras nuevas tecnologías” en trazo de estilete en un registro de cartas. La primera media página. Se analizaban de nuevo los métodos de parte del volumen 1 presentaba los fundamentos de las transmisión e intercambio de datos. Los volúmenes 2 y ciencias del nivel del mar y continuaba con los aspectos 3 cubrían aspectos similares, aunque los fi rman autores prácticos de la selección de una estación adecuada distintos, y resulta útil leerlos de manera combinada. para el mareógrafo. Después explicaba con detalle El volumen 4 se publicó en 2006 bajo el título An Update cómo instalar y mantener un mareógrafo de fl otador. to 2006. De nuevo, repasaba partes de la teoría de las Las secciones siguientes describían cómo digitalizar las ciencias del nivel del mar y algunas de las tecnologías cartas en papel e identifi car diversos tipos de errores, con de mareógrafos más antiguas, y dedicaba dos páginas a el fi n de obtener una serie temporal del nivel del mar que los medidores de radar. Contaba con una sección sobre se pudiese fi ltrar para proporcionar a los científi cos y a los méritos de cada una de estas tecnologías para usos otros usuarios interesados la información necesaria sobre en determinadas estaciones. El tsunami de Sumatra el nivel medio del mar y la marea. Una sección posterior había tenido lugar en diciembre de 2004. La comunidad examinaba los mecanismos para el intercambio de datos. de medición del nivel del mar sabía ahora que las Además, se mencionaban brevemente otros tipos de estaciones de mareógrafos tenían que estar equipadas mareógrafos (es decir, medidores de presión de burbuja) para medir no solo los niveles del mar convencionales y métodos para el almacenamiento electrónico de datos utilizados para los estudios de los niveles medios del del nivel del mar, en lugar de cartas en papel, para el mar y la marea, sino también para proporcionar datos “control remoto”. en tiempo real para alertas de tsunamis y oleajes de Un decenio más tarde, en 1994, se publicó el segundo tormenta. Este aspecto de riesgos múltiples implicaba volumen del manual, titulado Emerging Technologies. que las estaciones debían contar con más de un tipo Este volumen analizaba otra vez los mareógrafos de sensor (por ejemplo, de radar y de presión). El sensor de fl otador y de presión, pero también introducía principal (radar) registraría, por lo general, valores con un método nuevo para medir el nivel del mar por una frecuencia promedio de 3 minutos o superior, medio de la refl exión de un pulso acústico emitido mientras un transductor de presión diferencial (que por un transductor instalado sobre el agua. Un tipo de mide la diferencia entre la presión del agua y la presión mareógrafo acústico, basado en el transductor Aquatrak, atmosférica) registraría los valores con una frecuencia se convirtió prácticamente en el sistema normalizado de 1 minuto o superior. El medidor de presión sería el del programa del Sistema Mundial de Observación del sensor principal de tsunamis y proporcionaría datos para Nivel del Mar (GLOSS) de la COI, después de haber sido completar cualquier pequeña laguna en el registro del adoptado y utilizado en diversas estaciones de Estados radar. Todos los datos se transmitirían rápidamente. Todas Unidos de América, Australia y otros países. Este volumen las estaciones se diseñarían de forma que fuesen lo más también examinaba cómo registrar los datos en formato resistentes posible frente a los daños producidos durante electrónico para transmitirlos por líneas telefónicas fenómenos extremos. Este volumen contenía secciones sobre telemetría de datos en tiempo real, control de la calidad de los datos y nuevas tecnologías, y era más 1 Se pueden obtener copias de estos volúmenes en http:// www. psmsl.org/train_and_info/training/manuals/. específi co que los volúmenes anteriores al exponer los Manual de medición e interpretación del nivel del mar Volumen V Medidores de radar 4 requisitos del GLOSS. Además, contenía un anexo en el respecto a cotas situadas en las zonas cercanas). El que se presentaban las experiencias de operadores de volumen 2 describía cómo se debería llevar a cabo la mareógrafos, y muchas de ellas recogían información útil nivelación en una red local de cotas e introducía el uso para la operación de medidores de radar. de receptores del sistema
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Manuels Et Guides 14 Commission Océanographique Intergouvernementale
    Manuels et guides 14 Commission océanographique intergouvernementale Manuel sur la mesure et l’interprétation du niveau de la mer Marégraphes radar VolumeV Organisation Commission des Nations Unies océanographique pour l’éducation, intergouvernementale la science et la culture Commission océanographique intergouvernementale Organisation des Nations unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP, France Tel: +33 1 45 68 10 10 Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 12 Website: http://ioc.unesco.org JCOMM Technical Report No. 89 Manuels et guides 14 Commission océanographique intergouvernementale Manuel sur la mesure et l’interprétation du niveau de la mer Marégraphes radar VolumeV UNESCO 2016 Les appellations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part des secrétariats de l’UNESCO et de la COI aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays ou territoire, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières. Équipe de rédaction : Directeur : Philip L. Woodworth (NOC, Royaume-Uni) Thorkild Aarup (COI, UNESCO) Gaël André, Vincent Donato et Séverine Enet (SHOM, France) Richard Edwing et Robert Heitsenrether (NOAA, États-Unis) Ruth Farre (SAHNO, Afrique du Sud) Juan Fierro et Jorge Gaete (SHOA, Chili) Peter Foden et Jeff Pugh (NOC, Royaume-Uni) Begoña Pérez (Puertos del Estado, Espagne) Lesley Rickards (BODC, Royaume-Uni) Tilo Schöne (GFZ, Allemagne) Contributeurs au Supplément – Expériences pratiques Daryl Metters et John Ryan (Coastal Impacts Unit, Queensland, Australie) Christa von Hillebrandt-Andrade (NOAA, États-Unis), Rolf Vieten, Carolina Hincapié-Cárdenas et Sébastien Deroussi (IPGP, France) Juan Fierro et Jorge Gaete (SHOA, Chili) Gaël André, Noé Poffa, Guillaume Voineson, Vincent Donato, Séverine Enet (SHOM, France) et Laurent Testut (LEGOS, France) Stephan Mai et Ulrich Barjenbruch (BAFG, Allemagne) Elke Kühmstedt et Gunter Liebsch (BKG, Allemagne) Prakash Mehra, R.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (1460Kb)
    Contributions from the Peruvian upwelling to the tropospheric iodine loading above the tropical East Pacific H Hepach1*, B. Quack1, S. Tegtmeier1, A. Engel1, J. Lampel2,6, S. Fuhlbrügge1, A. Bracher3, E. Atlas4, and K. Krüger5 * [email protected] INTRODUCTION CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK aerosol, ultra-fine particles, HOx and NOx chemistry, ozone chemistry Tradewind inversion I (e.g. IO) MABL y Iy (e.g. IO) +O - 3 I +O HOI 3 I- DOMSML CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ClI I2 HOI, I2 DOM DOM CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ClI CH3I, CH2I2, CH2ClI Biological processes IPO DOM (polysaccharides, uronic acids) Fig. 2: Conclusions and outlook from the M91 cruise. Purple indicates conclusions, green indicates the outlook. Fig. 1: Iodine in the ocean with photochemical production of CH3I and biological production of CH3I, CH2I2 and CH2ClI contributing to the tropospheric iodine (Iy) loading, with HOI and I2 as additrional inorganic source for Iy. Outlook: The sea surface microlayer represents a potentially very significant source for Research: How does the tropical, very biologically active Peruvian upwelling contribute to the iodocarbons due to its unique DOM composition, with direct contact to the air-sea tropospheric iodine loading of the tropical East Pacific? Which factors contribute to the regional interface. This will be investigated during the ASTRA cruise to the Peruvian upwelling in October 2015. distribution of oceanic and tropospheric CH3I, CH2I2 and CH2ClI? M91-CRUISE RELATIONSHIP TO BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS RV Meteor Spearman‘s rank CH3I CH2ClI CH2I2 dCCHOULW TUraULW correlation Diatoms 0.73 0.79 0.72 0.68 0.75 TUraULW 0.83 0.88 0.52 0.94 dCCHOULW 0.82 0.90 0.55 Fig 3: Cruise track CH2I2 0.66 0.59 for M91 with SST in the color CH2ClI 0.83 coding.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Sea Surface Microlayer
    REVIEW published: 30 May 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00165 The Ocean’s Vital Skin: Toward an Integrated Understanding of the Sea Surface Microlayer Anja Engel 1*, Hermann W. Bange 1, Michael Cunliffe 2, Susannah M. Burrows 3, Gernot Friedrichs 4, Luisa Galgani 1, 5, Hartmut Herrmann 6, Norbert Hertkorn 7, Martin Johnson 8, Peter S. Liss 8, Patricia K. Quinn 9, Markus Schartau 1, Alexander Soloviev 10, Christian Stolle 11, 12, Robert C. Upstill-Goddard 13, Manuela van Pinxteren 6 and Birthe Zäncker 1 1 GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 2 The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, United Kingdom, 3 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (DOE), Richland, WA, United States, 4 Kiel Marine Science, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany, 5 Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy, 6 Chemistry of the Atmosphere, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany, 7 Helmholtz Zentrum München (HZ), Munich, Germany, 8 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, 9 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Seattle, WA, United States, 10 Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States, 11 Biological Oceanography, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende, Warnemuende, Germany, 12 Institute for
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Surface Microlayer and Bacterioneuston Spreading Dynamics
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published February 27 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Sea surface microlayer and bacterioneuston spreading dynamics Michelle S. Hale*,James G. Mitchell School of Biological Sciences. Flinders University of South Australia. PO Box 2100. Adelaide, South Austrialia 5001. Australia ABSTRACT: The sea surface microlayer (SSM) has been well studied with regard to its chemical and biological composition, as well as its productivity. The origin and dynamics of these natural communi- ties have been less well studied, despite extenslve work on the relevant phys~calparameters, wind, tur- bulence and surface tension. To examine the effect these processes have on neuston transport, mea- surements of wind-dr~vensurface drift, surfactant spreading and bacter~altransport in the SSM were made in the laboratory and in the field. Spreading rates due to surface tension were up to approxi- mately 17 km d-' (19.7 cm S-') and were not significantly affected by waves. Wind-induced surface drift was measured in the laboratory. Wind speeds of 2 to 5 m S-' produced drift speeds of 8 to 14 cm S-', respectively We demonstrate that bactena spread with advancing sl~cks,but are not distributed evenly. Localised concentrat~onswere found at the source and at the leadlng edge of spreading slicks The Reynolds ridge, a slight rise in surface level at the leading edge of a spreading slick, may provide a mechanism by which bacteria are concentrated and transported at the leading edge. Bacteria already present at the surface were not pushed back by the leading edge, but incorporated and spread evenly across the sllck The spread~ngprocess d~dnot result in the displacement of extant bacterioneuston communities The results ind~catesurface tension and wind-lnduced surface drift may alter distribu- tions and introduce new populat~onsinto neustonlc communltles, including communities d~stantfrom the point source of release.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Viral Activity in the Surface Microlayer of the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans
    microorganisms Article Enhanced Viral Activity in the Surface Microlayer of the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans Dolors Vaqué 1,*,† , Julia A. Boras 1,† , Jesús Maria Arrieta 2 , Susana Agustí 3 , Carlos M. Duarte 3 and Maria Montserrat Sala 1 1 Institut de Ciències del Mar-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (J.A.B.); [email protected] (M.M.S.) 2 Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias (Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO), Farola del Mar 22, Dársena Pesquera, 38180 Tenerife, Spain; [email protected] 3 Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (C.M.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-932309592 † Contributed equally to the elaboration of the study and manuscript. Abstract: The ocean surface microlayer (SML), with physicochemical characteristics different from those of subsurface waters (SSW), results in dense and active viral and microbial communities that may favor virus–host interactions. Conversely, wind speed and/or UV radiation could adversely affect virus infection. Furthermore, in polar regions, organic and inorganic nutrient inputs from melting ice may increase microbial activity in the SML. Since the role of viruses in the microbial food web of the SML is poorly understood in polar oceans, we aimed to study the impact of viruses on prokaryotic communities in the SML and in the SSW in Arctic and Antarctic waters. We hypothesized that a higher viral activity in the SML than in the SSW in both polar systems would be observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Eukaryotic Community Composition in the Sea Surface Microlayer Across
    Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east-west transect in the Mediterranean Sea Birthe Zäncker1,2, Michael Cunliffe2,3, Anja Engel1 1GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany 5 2Marine Biological Association of the UK, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, United Kingdom 3School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom Correspondence to: Anja Engel ([email protected]) Abstract. The sea surface microlayer (SML) represents the boundary layer at the air-sea interface. Microbial eukaryotes in the SML potentially influence air-sea gas exchange directly by taking up and producing gases, and indirectly by excreting and 10 degrading organic matter, which may modify the viscoelastic properties of the SML. However, little is known about the distribution of microbial eukaryotes in the SML. We studied the composition of the microbial community, transparent exopolymer particles and polysaccharides in the SML during the PEACETIME cruise along a west-east transect in the Mediterranean Sea, covering the western basin, Tyrrhenian Sea and Ionian Sea. At the stations located in the Ionian Sea, fungi – likely of continental origin and delivered by atmospheric deposition - were found in high relative abundances making up a 15 significant proportion of the sequences recovered. Concomitantly, bacterial and picophytoplankton counts decreased from west to east, while transparent exopolymer particle (TEP) abundance and total carbohydrate (TCHO) concentrations remained constant in all basins. Our results suggest that the presence of substrates for fungi, such as Cladosporium known to take up phytoplankton-derived polysaccharides, in combination with decreased substrate competition by bacteria might favour fungal dominance in the neuston of the Ionian Sea and other low nutrient low chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ocean Surface Microlayer and Biogeochemical Feedbacks in the Earth System
    The Ocean Surface Microlayer and Biogeochemical Feedbacks in the Earth System International Workshop from 1 – 3 July at Wissenschaftszentrum Kiel | Fraunhoferstraße 13 | Kiel, Germany Information and Abstracts Picture by Anique Stecher Welcome to the International Workshop “The Ocean Surface Microlayer and Biogeochemical Feedbacks in the Earth System” in Kiel, Germany At the ocean surface important ex- change processes between the water and the atmosphere take place. The Anja Engel exchange is controlled by physical, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre biological and chemical factors and, for Ocean Research Kiel due to the complexity of the system, [email protected] there are still many unknown links. This makes it difficult to entirely un- derstand and predict the oceans role in the climate system. The three-day workshop brings together 40 nation- Hermann Bange al and international experts to work GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre on this issue, to highlight main gaps for Ocean Research Kiel and to identify fundamental next [email protected] steps. The workshop is organized as part of the Future Ocean semester topic “Ocean Interfaces – From Nanoscales Gernot Friedrichs to Global Impact”, focusing on pro- Institute of Physical cesses at the ocean-atmosphere Chemistry, Kiel University interface and aiming to investigate [email protected] and better constrain its role for the earth system. As environmental change modulates biogeochemical feedbacks, the effect of warming, Anke Schneider acidification and eutrophication will Scientific Coordination be critically discussed. The results of Semester Topic the workshop will be summarized in “Ocean Interfaces” a white paper. [email protected] We welcome you to Kiel and wish, for all of us, inspiring and creative days together! LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the State of the Ocean
    | 2021 | Understanding the State of Ocean Understanding the State of the Ocean: United Nations Environment Programme A Global Manual on Measuring SDG 14.1.1, SDG 14.2.1 P.O. Box 30552-00100, Nairobi, KENYA E-mail: [email protected] and SDG 14.5.1 © William Bradberry© | Shutterstock 2021 © Drew Sulock | Shutterstock © Drew © 2021, United Nations Environment Programme ISBN No: 978-92-807-3786-8 Job No: DEW/2284/NA Disclaimers The contents of this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme or contributing organizations. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. For general matters relating to the use of maps in publications please go to http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm Mention of a commercial company or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP. Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profi t services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purposes whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the UNEP. Applications for such permissions with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Communication Division, UNEP, P.O Box 30552, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
    [Show full text]
  • The Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean ATMOSPHERIC and OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES LIBRARY VOLUME 48
    The Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SCIENCES LIBRARY VOLUME 48 Editor Lawrence A. Mysak, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada Editorial Advisory Board A. Berger Université Catholique, Louvain, Belgium J.R. Garratt CSIRO, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia J. Hansen MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. M. Hantel Universität Wien, Austria H. Kelder KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute), De Bilt, The Netherlands T.N. Krishnamurti The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, U.S.A. P. Lemke Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany A. Robock Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A. G.E. Swaters University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada J.C. Wyngaard Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5669 Alexander Soloviev • Roger Lukas The Near-Surface Layer of the Ocean Structure, Dynamics and Applications 1 3 Alexander Soloviev Roger Lukas Nova Southeastern University Department of Oceanography Oceanographic Center University of Hawaii at Manoa Dania Beach Honolulu Florida Hawaii USA USA ISSN 1383-8601 ISBN 978-94-007-7620-3 ISBN 978-94-007-7621-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7621-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2013952814 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2006, 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, re- citation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Organic Sea-Surface Microlayer in the Upwelling Region Off the Coast of Peru and Potential Implications for Air–Sea Exchange Processes
    Biogeosciences, 13, 989–1007, 2016 www.biogeosciences.net/13/989/2016/ doi:10.5194/bg-13-989-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. The organic sea-surface microlayer in the upwelling region off the coast of Peru and potential implications for air–sea exchange processes Anja Engel and Luisa Galgani GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany Correspondence to: Anja Engel ([email protected]) Received: 29 May 2015 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 9 July 2015 Revised: 23 December 2015 – Accepted: 27 January 2016 – Published: 22 February 2016 Abstract. The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is at the upper- 1 Introduction most surface of the ocean, linking the hydrosphere with the atmosphere. The presence and enrichment of organic com- The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is the uppermost layer of pounds in the SML have been suggested to influence air– the water column and the interface between the ocean and sea gas exchange processes as well as the emission of pri- the atmosphere. The accumulation of organic matter, distinct mary organic aerosols. Here, we report on organic matter physical and chemical properties and a specific organismal components collected from an approximately 50 µm thick community (neuston) distinguish the SML as a unique bio- SML and from the underlying water (ULW), ∼ 20 cm be- geochemical and ecological system. It has been suggested low the SML, in December 2012 during the SOPRAN ME- that the SML has a gel-like nature (Cunliffe and Murrell, TEOR 91 cruise to the highly productive, coastal upwelling 2009; Sieburth, 1983) of varying thickness (20–150 µm, Cun- regime off the coast of Peru.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Community Composition in the Sea Surface Microlayer Off the Peruvian Coast
    fmicb-09-02699 November 15, 2018 Time: 13:25 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 15 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02699 Bacterial Community Composition in the Sea Surface Microlayer Off the Peruvian Coast Birthe Zäncker1*, Michael Cunliffe2,3 and Anja Engel1 1 GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 2 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, United Kingdom, 3 Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom The sea surface microlayer (SML) is located at the air-sea interface, with microorganisms and organic matter in the SML influencing air-sea exchange processes. Yet understanding of the SML bacterial (bacterioneuston) community composition and assembly remains limited. Availability of organic matter, UV radiation and wind speed have previously been suggested to influence the community composition of Edited by: bacterioneuston. Another mechanism potentially controlling bacterioneuston dynamics Alison Buchan, is bacterioplankton attached to gel-like particles that ascend through the water University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States column into the SML. We analyzed the bacterial community composition, Transparent Reviewed by: Exopolymer Particles (TEP) abundance and nutrient concentrations in the surface Zhanfei Liu, waters of the Peruvian upwelling region. The bacterioneuston and bacterioplankton University of Texas at Austin, United States communities were similar, suggesting a close spatial coupling. Four Bacteroidetes Xiao-Hua Zhang, families were significantly enriched in the SML, two of them, the Flavobacteriaceae and Ocean University of China, China Cryomorphaceae, were found to comprise the majority of SML-enriched operational *Correspondence: taxonomic units (OTUs). The enrichment of these families was controlled by a variety of Birthe Zäncker [email protected] environmental factors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Atlantic Ocean Surface Microlayer from 50°N to 50°S Is Ubiquitously
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Plymouth Marine Science Electronic Archive (PlyMSEA) PUBLICATIONS Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER The Atlantic Ocean surface microlayer from 50°N 10.1002/2017GL072988 to 50°S is ubiquitously enriched in surfactants À1 Key Points: at wind speeds up to 13ms • First measurements of surfactant activity (SA) in the sea surface B. Sabbaghzadeh1 , R. C. Upstill-Goddard1 , R. Beale2, R. Pereira3 , and P. D. Nightingale2 microlayer (SML) and in subsurface waters at the ocean basin scale 1School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 2Plymouth Marine Laboratory, • The Atlantic Ocean SML is ubiquitously 3 enriched in SA relative to underlying Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK, Lyell Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK water between 50°N and 50°S and up to À wind speeds ~13 m s 1 • The high-latitude ocean contribution Abstract We report the first measurements of surfactant activity (SA) in the sea surface microlayer (SML) to air-sea gas exchange globally may and in subsurface waters (SSW) at the ocean basin scale, for two Atlantic Meridional Transect from cruises be lower than previously assumed and fi should be reexamined 50°N to 50°S during 2014 and 2015. Northern Hemisphere (NH) SA was signi cantly higher than Southern Hemisphere (SH) SA in the SML and in the SSW. SA enrichment factors (EF = SASML/SASSW) were also higher in À the NH, for wind speeds up to ~13 m s 1, questioning a prior assertion that Atlantic Ocean wind speeds Supporting Information: > À1 • Supporting Information S1 12 m s poleward of 30°N and 30°S would preclude high EFs and showing the SML to be self-sustaining with respect to SA.
    [Show full text]