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Science, Technology and Socialism 39 Science, technology and socialism .... — Romaine Rutnam In 1978 the relationship between and technology, and the manager of a local technological change and employment under affiliate of a Swiss-based aluminium capitalism became the centre of a major company) produced a report in 1980 which industrial dispute when technicians working glossed over the concerns publicised by the for Telecom Australia took industrial action Telecom technicians, and settled on a position to try to stop the installation of a new that the process of technological change was telephone exchange system. The issues raised inevitable and, in the long run, would be during that dispute included: the elimination beneficial to all. of jobs; the deskilling of the majority of jobs One of the most serious defects of this that remain; the increase in managerial report was its failure to point out the growing control in the workplace; and the import o? dependence of all sectors of Australian foreign technology and the neglect of research industry — agriculture, mining, and development of Australian technologies. manufacturing, tertiary sector on decisions One of the consequences of the public with regard to the development and/or interest raised by this dispute was the introduction of technology being made by establishmnt in 1979 of a Committee of multinational corporations. Expenditure on Inquiry into Technological Change in research and development in the private Australia. Perhaps predictably, the sector declined considerably during the 1970s. committee (on which the federal secretary of While the government sector continues to the Telecommunications Employees' fund a very high proportion of research and Association was "balanced" by the Vice- development, much of this is devoted to basic Chancellor of a major university for science scientific research related to the agricultural (Based on a paper delivered at an international round table conference in Cavtat, Yugoslavia, in 1981.) L 40 ALR industry. Another view of the government's mechanised and/ or autom ated. lack of enthusiasm for sponsoring Australian In the tertiary sector — both public and science and technology development can be private — most of the workforce can be gained from comparing the approximately categorised as "white-collar", but even within $115 million it allocated for such programs in this broad category there appears to have 1979-80, with the $507.6 million effective cost been a shift to a slightly greater proportional of its investment allowance in that year. increase in the senior managerial and The highly optimistic, and technologically professional positions. This has mainly determinist view of the government is now resulted from the growing establishment of being increasingly opposed by the trade separate electronic data processing unions on the basis of growing numbers of departments, and the setting-up of elaborate studies being undertaken of the concrete work studies. Time and motion study, effects of technical changes in workplaces and organisation and methods and management communities within advanced capitalist training groups within individual companies countries. The widespread introduction of and government departments. There has been computers into the labour process in most a corresponding decline in the routine clerical industries has quite clearly been the major functions, as these have been computerised. technical change of the 1970s. Its effects on While the 1970s saw a sharp pruning of the employment in Australia have been labouring jobs in the rural, mining and significant. manufacturing industries, the 1980s are expected to see a massive decline in clerical Employment Implications of Technical and sales operations in the finance, Change in Australia in the 1970s and 1980s commercial and public administration sectors as a consequence of the massive investment in The shift towards tertiary-trained computer and communications technologies occupations in the late 1970s. The most noticeable trend to be observed in the changes in occupational structure recorded in the last three Population Censuses has been the increase in "white- collar" occupations, and the corresponding decline in "blue-collar" ones. Large gains have been made in the professional white-collar category which includes teachers and engineers with university degrees, and in the para-professional (technician), clerical and sales occupations, while substantial losses were experienced in the relatively unskilled labouring jobs. These changes are best described as the result of the transition from experience-based to science-based technologies. Organisation­ ally, this has meant a shift within primary and manufacturing industries from production work to maintenance and central services work (the latter including research and development, engineering, financial planning and training functions), as the actual tasks of production have been Technology & socialism 41 The question of skill procedures and instructions. While at this stage it may appear that the The elimination of unskilled labouringjobs need for greater numbers of technicians, and the shift towards tertiary-trained engineers, researchers, financial and occupations has been the basis of the much- computer systems analysts, etc means that vaunted claim by employers that higher levels of skills are exercised, much of computerisation has led to the need for their actual work has already been formalised increasing skills in the workforce. This claim and standardised through computerisation. should only be substantiated by a close In the near future, the process will be greatly examination of the concrete tasks people intensified when the use of computer perform in their work, and not by resorting to numerically controlled lathes and computer- statistical analysis based on broad aided design systems becomes more occupational classifications — on which most widespread, and when the more reliable new- of the employers' arguments have rested. generation machines with micro-processor There can be no doubt that the controls of fewer moving parts are mechanisation and automation of production introduced here. As the Telecom technicians processes have led to a reduction or a noted, there is great potential for complete elimination of the human skills maintenance work to be deskilled to the level involved in such production. The continuous of removing a defective module and slotting casting process in the steel industry, for in a new one. Engineering design and instance, has eliminated almost a dozen draughting work is also rapidly being different operations: ingot casting, ingot autom ated. Effective com puter control is seen reheating, blooming, slabbing, and connected as a substitute for a lengthy training and materials handling and transport operations. skilled manpower. The skills that the operating staff had to learn, There are some exceptions to this process often through years of experience, based on of human deskilling and that is at the higher their direct observations of changes in, e.g. levels of management. Here, decisions are the colour, sound and heat of materials, are now made on the basis of much greater now transferred to machines which can sense, volumes of information than ever before, test and monitor such changes. Human made possible by the computerisation of the judgments are increasingly based on the results of each section or branch or reading of instrument indications, department of the labour process. This has led interpreting their meaning and their inter­ to an increase in management training in relations, and drawing conclusions from techniques of work measurement, and them. "The sources of data for decisions have planning, programming and budgeting based been moved from furnace, converter and on — often — daily reports of output, rolling train to instrument panels and control performance, achievements of targets, etc. pulpits." It is common to find that while most areas Mechanisation and automation thus of industry are working shorter hours require the workforce to reach some level of through a drastic reduction in overtime or the literacy and numeracy to understand the achievement of a 35-hour week, senior meaning of instrumentation and respond management staff are working longer hours correctly to its signals. However, automation than ever to keep up with the floods of has also tended to simplify and trivialise many information with which they are inundated. of the human decisions that remain to be While some exceptions to the rule can be made within the labour process. Operations found, the way automation has been work often just means sitting around and implemented so far in Australia has led to a waiting for a light or buzzer to warn of a much greater centralisation of information, malfunction. Clerical workers merely have to decision-making and, consequently, power respond in a routine way to standardised and control within the workplace. 42 ALR The intensity of work pace dangerous, excessively hot or cold or polluted work environments and into air-conditioned Computerisation has led to a speeding-up control rooms or offices. However, workers of most work processes in the 1970s, and are also discovering harmful health effects especially in the "information sector" associated with continuous operation of such previously considered immune to "speed-up". new equipment as word processors and visual Not only has the Work pace been increased display terminals, and work in air- through a more accurate control of conditioned
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