Military Despatches Vol 29 November 2019 We will remember them Facts and figures about World War I Mind games The use of -ops to undermine the enemy The hunt for Bin Laden Who was he and why did it take so long to catch him Forged in Battle Hawker Hurricane, icon of the Battle of Britain

For the military enthusiast CONTENTS October 2019

Click on any video below to view Page 12

How much do you know about movie theme songs? Take our quiz and find out.

Hipe’s Wouter de The old South African Goede interviews former Defence Force used 28’s gang boss David a mixture of English, Williams. Afrikaans, slang and techno-speak that few South Special Forces outside the military could hope to under- stand. Some of the terms Features were humorous, some were clever, while others 6 were downright crude. Ten Nazis hanged at Nuremberg The Nuremberg trials were a 40 series of military tribunals held Rank Structure Part of Hipe’s “On the after World War II by the Allied This month we look at the South Korean military couch” series, this is an forces under international law 24 interview with one of and the laws of war. Messing with your mind author Herman Charles 16 In modern times the techniques 44 Bosman’s most famous The war to end all wars of weakening the moral of op- A matter of survival characters, Oom Schalk We look at some of the facts ponents has become an art form. We look at handling animals Lourens. A taxi driver was shot Hipe spent time in and figures of one of the world’s 30 that you have hunted or trapped. dead in an ongoing Hanover Park, an area most deadly wars in history. plagued with gang The hunt for Bin Laden war between rival taxi 22 Who was he, and why did it take organisations. violence, to view first- hand how Project Heavy metal so long to bring him to justice? Quiz Ceasefire is dealing with While “sticks and stones may 36 31 the situation. break your bones”, weapons made of metal could do a lot Straight Shooting Remember me? Hipe TV brings you videos ranging from actuality to humour and every- more damage on the battlefield. This month we feature the CZ- This month we show you 15 fa- thing in between. Interviews, mini-documentaries and much more. 75, Manurhin MR73, Walther mous figures from military his- PPK, and Walther P38. tory. You tell us who they are. Check out Hipe TV and remember to like, comment, share and subscribe. 00 3 CONTENTS Page 78

Editor’s PUBLISHER Sitrep Hipe Media EDITOR Matt Tennyson

DEPUTY EDITOR o, the year is almost at an a talk about World War I to a John Verster end, and so passes anoth- fairly large group of students PHOTO EDITOR er decade. Hard to believe between the ages of 13 and 17. November in military history S Regine Lord we’re almost 20 years into the I was appalled at their lack of new millennium. knowledge about World War I. CONTRIBUTORS Head-to-Head Forged in Battle Book Review This month, on 11 November, What exactly were they being Raymond Fletcher, Ryan Mur- we commemorate the 101st an- taught in history classes? phy, Matt O’Brien, Matt Tenny- 46 64 76 niversary of the signing of the Another problem is that in son, Lt Cmdr Glen von Zeil. The Elite armistice, bringing the fighting many of us have Strongest military forces Hawker Hurricane The story of the Rhodesian in World War I to an end. become desensitized to violence This month we take a look at World War II workhorse. Military Despatches is pub- SAS. A must read for those in- I sometimes wonder how long and violent death. machine guns of the ten stron- lished on-line every month. terested in military history. society will continue to hold Re- Take into account that during The articles used in Military gest military forces in the world. membrance Day events and pay the Border War a total of 791 Battlefield Despatches are copyrighted Front Cover homage to those that lost their members of the SADF were and may not be used without Famous Figures 70 lives during the World Wars. killed in action or died as a direct prior permission from the edi- Battle of Amiens This month’s front cover shows All of those the fought in and result of combat. In South Africa tor. 58 one of the many cemeteries in The opening of the Allied Of- survived World War I have long more than twice that number are The views stated in this mag- Norman Schwarzkopf Jr France where those that fell since passed on. And there are murdered each month. fensive that would ultimately azine do not necessary reflect Decorated Vietnam veteran, during World War I are buried. not many World War II veterans According to the official crime lead to the end of World War I. the views of Hipe!, the editor, four-star general and command- On 11 November, we remem- still alive. stats 57 people are murdered or the staff, or Hipe Media. er of the United States Central ber them. Many of our readers fought in die violent deaths every day. Gaming Command, he would lead all our own war that lasted from 26 That amount to 1,710 a month or Hipe! coalition forces in the . 74 August 1966 to 21 March 1990. 20,805 per year. So many South P.O. Box 31216, Tokai, 7966 This was Stormin’ Norman. Radio Commander A total of 23 years, six months, Africans don’t really care about South Africa. three weeks and two days. what happened more than 100 Set in the , you use The sad thing is that none of years ago. email only a map and your radio to sort situations outs. us are youngsters anymore and The thing is that we have to [email protected] every year our numbers become remember what happened in the Movie Review fewer. So who will remember us past. Or there is a very real dan- Back Issues when we’re gone?\ ger of us doing the same thing To view any back issues of 75 The problem is that the young- again. Military Despatches, go to Letters from Iwo Jima er generation do not have that Until next month. www.militarydespatches.co.za The battle for Iwo Jima from much knowledge about either of or click here. the Japanese view point. An the World Wars. excellent movie. Last year I was invited to give Matt 4 5 Top Ten Top Ten folio. Minister of the Interior in Ad- ern Front before returning to the Ten Nazis hanged at Nuremberg After the German invasion of olf Hitler’s cabinet from 1933 West as a Staff Officer. In 1918 Poland in 1939, Frank was ap- to 1943 and as the last governor he again won the Iron Cross for The Nuremberg trials were a series of military tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces pointed Governor-General of of the Protectorate of Bohemia gallantry in action. under international law and the laws of war. Their decisions marked a turning point between clas- the occupied Polish territories. and Moravia. sical and contemporary international law. During his tenure, he institut- As the head of the Kriminal- ed a reign of terror against the polizei (criminal police) in Mu- n late 1943, during the Tri- known to the Allies, died in May tion of the International Crimi- civilian population and became nich, Frick took part in Hitler’s partite Dinner Meeting at 1945 and was tried in absentia. nal Court. directly involved in the mass failed Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, the Tehran Conference, the Another defendant, Robert Ley, At the first trial of the Inter- murder of Jews. for which he was convicted of I He engaged in the use of high treason. He managed to Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, committed suicide within a national Military Tribunal, 11 proposed executing 50,000– week of the trial’s commence- of the defendants present were forced labour and oversaw four avoid imprisonment and soon 100,000 German staff officers ment. sentenced to death, and ten of the extermination camps; the afterwards became a leading once the Allies had won the Adolf Hitler and Joseph were executed by hanging. policies of enslavement and ex- figure of the Nazi Party (NS- war. US President Franklin D. Goebbels had both committed termination would later be used DAP) in the Reichstag. Roosevelt joked that perhaps suicide in the spring of 1945 10. Hans Frank extensively in conquered terri- After Hitler became Chancel- 49,000 would do. to avoid capture. Heinrich Born on 23 May 1900, Hans tories of the . By lor of Germany in 1933, Frick Churchill, believing them Himmler attempted to commit 1942 Frank had lost Hitler’s fa- joined the new government to be serious, denounced the suicide, but was captured be- vour, but remained head of the and was named Reich Minister idea of “the cold blooded exe- fore he could succeed; he com- General Government until its of the Interior. He was instru- cution of soldiers who fought mitted suicide one day after be- collapse in early 1945. mental in formulating laws that After the defeat of the Ger- for their country” and that he ing arrested by British forces. Sentenced to death at the consolidated the Nazi regime man Empire in 1918, he contin- would rather be “taken out in Heinrich Müller disappeared Nuremberg trials, he was exe- (Gleichschaltung), as well as ued his career as a professional the courtyard and shot” himself the day after Hitler’s suicide, cuted by hanging on 16 October laws that defined the Nazi ra- soldier with the much-reduced than partake in any such action. the most senior figure of the 1946. cial policy, most notoriously German Army (Reichswehr). However, he also stated that Nazi regime whose fate remains the Nuremberg Laws. He became a general during war criminals must pay for their unknown. 9. Wilhelm Frick Following the rise of the SS, World War II, who served as the crimes and that, in accordance Reinhard Heydrich had been Frick gradually lost favour Chief of the Operations Staff of with the Moscow Document assassinated by Czech partisans within the party, and in 1943 the Armed Forces High Com- which he himself had written, in 1942. Josef Terboven killed he was replaced by Heinrich mand (Oberkommando der they should be tried at the plac- himself with dynamite in Nor- Himmler as interior minister. Wehrmacht). es where the crimes were com- way in 1945. Frick remained in the cabinet as After the war, Jodl was indict- mitted. Churchill was vigorous- Adolf Eichmann fled to - Ar Michael Frank was a German a minister without portfolio un- ed on charges of conspiracy to ly opposed to executions “for gentina to avoid capture but politician and lawyer who til Hitler’s death in 1945. commit crimes against peace; political purposes.” was apprehended by Israel’s in- served as head of the General At Nuremberg he was sen- planning, initiating and waging The first and best known of telligence service (Mossad) and Government in Poland during tenced to death and executed by wars of aggression; war crimes; the trials was that of the ma- hanged in 1962. the Second World War. hanging on 16 October 1946. and crimes against humanity. jor war criminals before the The categorization of the Frank was an early member The principal charges against International Military Tribunal crimes and the constitution of of the German Workers’ Party, 8. Alfred Jodl him related to his signature of (IMT). the court represented a juridical the precursor of the Nazi Party Born on 10 May 1890, Alfred the criminal Commando and Held between 20 November advance that would be followed (NSDAP). He took part in the Josef Ferdinand Jodl served Commissar Orders. Found 1945 and 1 October 1946, the afterward by the United Na- failed Beer Hall Putsch, and with a Battery unit on the guilty on all charges, he was Tribunal was given the task of tions for the development of an later became Adolf Hitler’s per- Western Front, being award- sentenced to death and execut- trying 24 of the most important international jurisprudence in sonal legal adviser as well as the Born on 12 March 1877, ed the Iron Cross for gallantry ed in Nuremberg on 16 October political and military leaders of matters of war crimes, crimes lawyer of the NSDAP. In 1933, Frick was a prominent Ger- in November 1914, and being 1946. the Third Reich. against humanity, and wars of Frank joined the Hitler Cabinet man politician of the Nazi Party wounded in action in 1917. Martin Bormann had, un- aggression, and led to the crea- as Reich Minister without port- (NSDAP), who served as Reich He served briefly on the East- 6 7 Top Ten Top Ten 7. Ernst Kaltenbrunner caust during the final years of criminal orders that led to wide- him superficial and lacking in 4. Alfred Rosenberg Nationalist Positive Christiani- the war. spread atrocities such as the ex- talent. He was appointed am- ty. Kaltenbrunner was the high- ecution of Jews and civilians. bassador to the Court of St At Nuremberg he was sen- est-ranking member of the SS He signed numerous orders James’s, the royal court of the tenced to death and executed by to face trial at the first Nurem- calling for soldiers and political United Kingdom, in 1936 and hanging 16 October 1946 for berg trials, where he was found prisoners to be executed. then Foreign Minister of Ger- war crimes and crimes against guilty of war crimes and crimes He was sentenced to death many in February 1938. humanity. against humanity. He was sen- and executed by hanging on 16 Before World War II, he tenced to death and executed by October 1646. played a key role in broker- 3. Fritz Sauckel hanging on 16 October 1946. ing the Pact of Steel (an alli- 5. Joachim von Ribbentrop ance with Fascist Italy) and the 6. Wilhelm Keitel Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (the Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact). He favoured retaining good relations with the Soviets, and opposed the invasion of the Soviet Union. Born 4 October 1903, Ernst In the autumn of 1941, due Kaltenbrunner was an Austrian to American aid to Britain and Born on 31 December 1892, senior official of Nazi Germany the increasingly frequent “in- Alfred Ernst Rosenberg was the during World War II. An Ober- cidents” in the North Atlantic head of the Reich Ministry for gruppenführer (general) in the between U-boats and Ameri- the Occupied Eastern Territo- Schutzstaffel (SS), he held the can warships guarding convoys ries and war criminal during the office of Chief of the Reich to Britain, Ribbentrop worked Nazi era. Main Security Office (Reichs- for the failure of the Japa- A Baltic German, he was a sicherheitshauptamt; RSHA) nese-American talks in Wash- theorist and an influential ideo- between January 1943 and May ington and for Japan to attack logue of the Nazi Party. Rosen- Ernst Friedrich Christoph 1945. the United States. berg was first introduced to “Fritz” Sauckel was born on 27 Kaltenbrunner joined the Born on 30 April 1893 – 16 He did his utmost to support a Adolf Hitler by Dietrich Eck- October 1894 and was a Ger- Nazi Party (NSDAP) in 1930 Wilhelm Bodewin Johann October 1946), Ulrich Friedrich declaration of war on the Unit- art and held several important man Nazi politician, Gauleiter and the SS in 1931, and by Gustav Keitel was born on 22 Wilhelm Joachim von Ribben- ed States after the attack on posts in the Nazi government. of Thuringia and the General 1935 he was considered a lead- September 1882. He was a Ger- trop was Foreign Minister of Pearl Harbor. From 1941 on- The author of a seminal work Plenipotentiary for Labour De- er of the Austrian SS. In 1938, man field who served Nazi Germany from 1938 until wards, Ribbentrop’s influence of Nazi ideology, The Myth of ployment from March 1942 un- Kaltenbrunner assisted in the as Chief of the Armed Forces 1945. declined. the Twentieth Century (1930), til the end of World War II. Anschluss and was given com- High Command in Nazi Ger- Ribbentrop first came to Ado- Arrested in June 1945, Rib- Rosenberg is considered one of Sauckel worked directly un- mand of the SS and police force many during World War II. lf Hitler’s notice as a well-trav- bentrop was tried at the Nurem- the main authors of key Nation- der Göring through the Four- in Austria. In January 1943, Keitel was well known and elled businessman with more berg trials and convicted for his al Socialist ideological creeds, Year Plan Office, directing and Kaltenbrunner was appointed reviled as Hitler’s dependable knowledge of the outside world role in starting World War II in including its racial theory, per- controlling German labour. In chief of the RSHA, succeeding sycophant and habitual “yes- than most senior Nazis and as an Europe and enabling the Holo- secution of the Jews, Lebens- response to increased demands, Reinhard Heydrich, who was man” among his military col- authority on world affairs. He caust. On 16 October 1946, he raum, abrogation of the Treaty he met the requirement for assassinated in June 1942. leagues. offered his house for the secret became the first of those sen- of Versailles, and opposition to manpower with people from A committed anti-Semite and He was Head of Oberkom- meetings in January 1933 that tenced to death by hanging to what was considered “degener- the occupied territories. Volun- fanatical Hitler loyalist, Kalten- mando der Wehrmacht (OKW) resulted in Hitler’s appointment be executed. ate” modern art. tary numbers were insufficient brunner oversaw a period in and de facto defence minister as Chancellor of Germany. He is known for his rejection and forced recruitment was in- which persecution of Jews in- 1938–45. He became a close confidant of and hatred for Christianity, troduced within a few months. tensified. He is considered a He was found guilty, prin- of Hitler, to the disgust of some having played an important role Of the five million foreign major perpetrator of the Holo- cipally for issuing a series of party members, who thought in the development of German workers brought to Germany, 8 9 Top Ten Top Ten around 200,000 came voluntar- Born on 22 July 1892, Arthur Stürmer, which became a cen- in fact hanged. trial did not proceed. ily, according to Sauckel’s testi- Seyss-Inquart was an Austrian tral element of the Nazi propa- Martin Bormann, the suc- Baron Konstantin von mony at Nuremberg. Nazi politician who served as ganda machine. cessor to Rudolf Hess as Nazi Neurath was Minister of For- The majority of the acquired Chancellor of Austria in 1938 Party Secretary, was sentenced eign Affairs from 1932 to 1938. workers originated from the for two days, before the annex- to death in absentia. His re- He later became Reich Protec- Eastern territories, especially ation of Austria by Nazi Ger- mains were found in Berlin in tor of Bohemia and Moravia in Poland and the Soviet Union many (the Anschluss). 1972 and eventually dated to 2 from 1939 to 1943. He resigned where the methods used to gain During World War I, May 1945. He was thought to in 1943 because of a dispute workers were very harsh. Seyss-Inquart fought for the have been killed trying to flee with Hitler. Sentenced to 15 The Wehrmacht was used Austro-Hungarian Army with Berlin in the last few days of years, he was released on 6 No- to pressgang local people and distinction. After the war he be- the war. vember 1954 due to ill health. most were taken by force to the came a successful lawyer, and At Nuremberg, Hermann Franz von Papen was Chan- Reich. Conditions of work were went on to join the governments Göring was convicted of con- cellor of Germany in 1932 and extremely poor and discipline of Chancellors Engelbert Doll- spiracy, crimes against peace, Vice-Chancellor under Hitler in severe, especially for concen- fuss and Kurt Schuschnigg. war crimes and crimes against 1933–34. Although acquitted tration camp prisoners. All the In 1938, Schuschnigg re- humanity at the Nuremberg tri- HERMAN GORING: Head of at Nuremberg, von Papen was latter were unpaid and provided signed in the face of a German als. He was sentenced to death the Luftwaffe. reclassified as a war criminal with starvation rations, barely invasion, and Seyss-Inquart by hanging, but committed su- in 1947 by a German de-Nazi- keeping those workers alive. was appointed his successor. icide on 15 October 1946 by Scotland in 1941 in an attempt fication court, and sentenced to Such slave labour was widely The newly installed Nazis pro- His publishing firm also re- ingesting cyanide, the night be- to broker peace with the United eight years’ hard labour. He was used in many German indus- ceeded to transfer power to Ger- leased three antisemitic books fore the sentence was to be car- Kingdom. He was imprisoned acquitted following appeal after tries, including coal mining, many, and Austria subsequently for children, including the 1938 ried out. for the rest of the war. Tried at serving two years. steel making, and armaments became the German province Der Giftpilz (translated into Karl Dönitz, head of the Nuremberg, he was sentenced Commander In Chief of the manufacture. of Ostmark, with Seyss-Inquart English as The Toadstool or Kriegsmarine (German Navy) to life imprisonment. He was Kriegsmarine from 1928 until He was found guilty of war as its governor (Reichsstatthal- The Poisonous Mushroom), one from 1943 and initiator of the incarcerated at Spandau Pris- his retirement in 1943, Erich crimes and crimes against hu- ter). of the most widespread pieces U-boat campaign, was convict- on for 41 years. On 17 August Raeder was sentenced to life manity, sentenced to death by Following the fall of the Low of propaganda, which warned ed of carrying out unrestricted 1987, at the age of 93, he com- imprisonment. He was released hanging, and executed on 16 Countries in World War II, about the supposed dangers submarine warfare in breach of mitted suicide. on 26 September 1955. October 1946. Seyss-Inquart was appointed Jews posed by using the meta- the 1936 Second London Naval Gustav Krupp von Bohlen Prominent banker and econo- Reichskommissar of the occu- phor of an attractive yet deadly Treaty, but was not punished for und Halbach was C.E.O. of mist Dr. Hjalmar Schacht was 2. Arthur Seyss-Inquart pied Netherlands. He institut- mushroom. that charge because the Unit- Friedrich Krupp AG from 1912 acquitted. ed a reign of terror, with Dutch The publishing firm was fi- ed States committed the same to 1945. He was medically unfit Head of the Hitlerjugend civilians subjected to forced nancially very successful and breach. He was sentenced to 10 for trial as he had been partially from 1933 to 1940, Gauleiter labour and the vast majority of made Streicher a multi-million- years imprisonment. He was re- paralyzed since 1941. Due to an of Vienna from 1940 to 1945, Dutch Jews deported and mur- aire. At the end of the war, Stre- leased on 1 October 1956. error, Gustav, instead of his son Baldur von Schirach was sen- dered. icher was convicted of crimes Popular radio commentator Alfried (who ran Krupp for his tenced to 20 years imprison- He was sentenced to death against humanity in the Nurem- and head of the news of father during most of the war), ment. at Nuremberg and executed by berg trials and was executed by the Nazi Propaganda Ministry, was selected for indictment. Albert Speer was Hitler’s hanging on 16 October 1946. hanging on 16 October 1946. Hans Fritzsche, was acquitted His trial was declared a “no de- friend, favourite architect, and and released early in 1950. cision”. Minister of Armaments from 1. Julius Streicher What happened to the rest? Walther Funk, Hitler’s Min- The trial of Robert Ley, 1942 until the end of the war. In Julius Streicher was born So what happened to the other ister of Economics, was sen- Head of DAF (German Labour this capacity, he was ultimately on 12 February 1885. He was 13 people that were tried during tenced to life imprisonment. Front) was declared a “no de- responsible for the use of slave a prominent member of the the first International Military He was released because of ill cision”. He committed suicide labourers from the occupied Nazi Party. He was the founder Tribunal at Nuremberg? health on 16 May 1957. on 25 October 1945, before the territories in armaments pro- and publisher of the virulent- Two of them were in fact sen- Rudolf Hess was Hitler’s trial began. Indicted but neither duction. He was sentenced to ly anti-Semitic newspaper Der tenced to death, but were never Deputy Führer until he flew to acquitted nor found guilty as 20 years imprisonment. 10 11 following responsibilities: ardization of the black beret company, and one all-female • Domestic and international for all active soldiers) – are company, all divided into four- Special Forces - counter-terrorism tasked with conducting urban teen-man operating teams, as • Law enforcement counter-terrorist missions, and well as support and demolition Part Nine of a series that takes a look at Special Forces units around the world. This month • Executive protection constitute the Army’s quick-re- teams. we look at the Republic of Korea (ROK). • Direct action action force for emergencies. The female operatives are • Special/clandestine opera- The unit’s nickname is ‘White used as bodyguards or for he origins of the elite hostage and killed them along Army Special Warfare Com- tions Tiger’. low-visibility operations such 707th SMB of the Re- with a West German police of- mand (ROKA SOCOM). • Unconventional Warfare as surveillance and undercover Tpublic of Korea (ROK) ficer. In 1984, B Squadron of the • Asymmetric Warfare 707th Special Missions operations. In male-dominat- can be traced back, not to South The 1988 Summer Olympics United States Army Delta Force • Raids Group ed Korean society, women can Korea, but rather to Munich, would be held in Seoul, South travelled to South Korea to con- • Hostage rescue be highly effective, as they are West Germany. Korea and the South Korean duct training with the 707th. Based in Icheon, South Ko- • UN peacekeeping rea, the unit has about 200 men not generally seen as posing a An incident which became government believed that they During the 1986 Asian • Counter-insurgency threat. In crisis situations, such known as the Munich massacre needed to create a counter-ter- Games, the battalion was tasked and women organized in two • Humanitarian missions assault companies, one support as aircraft hijackings, women was an attack during the 1972 rorist unit in time for the Olym- with protecting VIPs and key The unit is South Korea’s can move close to the aircraft or Summer Olympics in Mu- pics. facilities. This was a task re- primary counter-terrorist and even board them without caus- nich, West Germany, in which On 17 April 1981 the 707th peated during the 1988 Sum- quick reaction force. The ing alarm. the Palestinian terrorist group Special Missions Battalion mer Olympics and the 2002 unit’s soldiers – once dis- Extremely well-funded, Black September took eleven (707th SMB) was created as Football World Cup. tinguished by their black the unit has access to Israeli Olympic team members part of the Republic of Korea’s Further more, the unit has the berets (before the stand- some of the very best

12 13 weaponry and equipment avail- ing and intimidating the South AW50F - .50 BMG anti-ma- Units of the command in- Group ‘White Tiger’ able. Every year, the soldiers of Korean government. The 707th teriel rifle. clude: • Special Warfare School 707th Special Mission Group have been involved in numer- • Accuracy International • 1st Special Forces Brigade train with foreign partners, in- ous fire-fights against North AWM - bolt-action sniper ‘Eagle’ National Police 868 Unit cluding Australian SAS, British Korean operatives. The 707th rifle. • 3rd Special Forces Brigade The 868 Unit was created to SAS, Canadian JTF-2, French has also mounted operations in • Steyr SSG 69 - 7.62×51 mm ‘Flying Tiger’ combat potential terrorist at the GIGN, German GSG-9, Hong against key intel- NATO bolt-action sniper ri- • Oversea deployment Group 1988 Seoul Olympics, howev- Kong SDU, New Zealand SAS, ligence-gathering centres and fle. ‘Whole World’ er, they have remained oper- Russian FSB and Alpha Group, military installations as a mean WHITE TIGER: The cloth em- • M24 - 7.62×51 mm NATO • 7th Special Forces Brigade ational as a highly competent Singaporean STAR and Delta of preventing further attacks blem worn by members of the . ‘Pegasus’ squad ever since. Force, Green Berets and FBI against South Korea. 707th Special Missions Group. • H&K MSG-90 - 7.62×51 • 9th Special Forces Brigade Formed in 1982, this unit is HRT from the United States. mm NATO sniper rifle. ‘Ghost’ tasked with carrying out coun- The purpose of joint train- Selection and Training must reach black- standard • S&T Motiv K-14 - 7.62×51 • 11th Special Forces Brigade ter terrorism and hostage rescue ing is to gain experience and Selection and training re- in tae kwon do or a comparative mm NATO sniper rifle. ‘Golden Bat’ operations. Consisting of about increase relationships and ex- quirements for the 707th are martial art. • Daewoo K-3 - 5.56×45 mm • 13th Special Mission Bri- 90 members, the unit is divided changes with international spe- stringent and vigorous. Only NATO light machine gun. gade ‘Black Panther’ into 12 teams. The unit receives cial forces communities in or- qualified special forces person- Weapons • M60 - 7.62×51 mm NATO • 707th Special Mission training in urban assaults as well der to get to a whole new level. nel from other units are allows The 707th use a wide varie- general purpose machine gun. as hostage rescue from aircraft The 707th Group also owns to apply as potential candidates. ty of both locally-manufactured and other vehicles. and operates a multi-complex Those personnel wishing to ap- and foreign weapons. These in- ROK Army Special Warfare The 868 Unit works in counter-terrorism training site ply for service in the unit need clude: Command collaboration with the for the to pass an intrusive and exten- • H&K USP 9 mm - 9×19 Republic of Korea Army Spe- large 707th Special Special Warfare Command sive background check, then mm Parabellum pistol. cial Warfare Command, also Missions Group. and hosts multi-national coun- endure a gruelling 10 day se- • Beretta M9 - 9×19 mm Par- known as the Republic of Ko- ter-terrorist training. The train- lection process that eliminates abellum pistol. rea Army Special Forces “Black ing facilities includes a mock- almost 90 percent of the appli- • IWI Jericho 941 - 9×19 Berets”(R.O.K-Special Forces) up of a Boeing 747 airliner, cants. mm Parabellum pistol. is the military command of the multiple shooting ranges and Special Forces operator se- • Benelli M4 - semi-automat- Republic of Korea Army re- a close-quarter battle range for lection and training last for a ic shotgun. sponsible for their special oper- improving their assault tech- year and includes six months of • Kel-Tec KSG-12 - ation forces. niques. basic infantry training and six 12-gauge pump-action shot- ROK Special Forces brigades In February 2019, the former months of special warfare train- gun. work in close relationship with 707th Special Mission Battal- ing. It includes parachuting, • B&T MP9 - 9×19 mm Para- their counterparts in the Unit- ion was reorganized and re- martial arts, rappelling, moun- bellum machine pistol. ed States Army Special Forces named into the 707th Special tain warfare, close-quarter bat- • Daewoo K-7 - 9×19mm Par- “Green Berets”. ROK Special Mission Group with addition- tle and demolition techniques. abellum . Forces brigades were modelled al personnel and equipment to Once qualified as operators • H&K MP5 - 9×19 mm Par- after United States Army Spe- ensure higher readiness against within the 707th, new members abellum submachine gun. cial Forces (Green Berets). various threats. It is now com- can look forward to harsh phys- • H&K MP7A1 - 4.6×30 mm U.S. SOF in Korea are un- manded by a Colonel instead of ical training, which involves submachine gun. der the command and con- a Lieutenant Colonel. swimming in freezing water • Daewoo K-1A - 5.56×45 trol of Special Operations The biggest threat to South without any protective clothing, mm NATO assault Command Korea (SOCK- Korea is posed by its neigh- as well as long runs carrying rifle. OR) which is a sub-unified bor the Democratic People’s heavy backpacks. New mem- • Daewoo K-2 - 5.56×45 mm command assigned under the Republic of Korea (North Ko- bers also undergo training in NATO . Combatant Command (CO- rea). North Korea frequently scuba diving and boating skills, • FN SCAR-L - 5.56×45 mm COM) of United States Special mounts clandestine operations as much of their work is done NATO assault rifle. Operations Command (USSO- deep within South Korean ter- on or near the water. • H&K HK417 - 7.62×51 COM) and further delegated to ritory. The incursions are con- In addition to their person- mm NATO assault rifle. the Operational Command of ducted as a mean of destabiliz- al weapons, all special forces • Accuracy International the USFK. 14 15 about 40 million: estimates cannons, while females had down near Amiens. France’s range from 15 to 19 million heavy machine guns. René Fonck (1894-1953) The war to end all wars deaths and about 23 million • “Little Willie” was the first was the Allies’ most suc- This month is the 101st anniversary of the end of World War I. In this article we look at wounded military person- prototype tank in World War cessful fighter pilot, shoot- some of the facts and figures of one of the world’s most deadly wars in history. nel, ranking it among the I. Built in 1915, it carried a ing down 75 enemy planes. deadliest conflicts in human crew of three and could trav- • During World War I, dogs history. The total number of el as fast as 4.8 km/h). were used as messengers he Armistice of 11 No- Count Alfred von Oberndorff, Versailles, which was signed on deaths includes from nine • barrage and mines and carried orders to the vember 1918 was signed from the Foreign Ministry, Ma- 28 June 1919, took effect on 10 to 11 million military per- created immense noise. In front lines in capsules at- Tat 05h45 in a railway jor General Detlof von Winter- January 1920. sonnel. The civilian death 1917, explosives blowing tached to their bodies. Dogs carriage parked at Le Francport feldt, army and Captain Ernst Here are some facts and fig- toll was about eight million, up beneath the German lines were also used to lay down near Compiègne. Vanselow, navy. ures, in no particular order, including about six million on Messines Ridge at Ypres telegraph wires. It ended fighting on land, sea The actual terms, largely about World War I. due to war-related famine in Belgium could be heard • Big Bertha was a 48-ton and air in World War I between written by the Allied Supreme and disease. The Triple En- in London 220 kilometres howitzer used by the Ger- the Allies and their opponent, Commander, Marshal Ferdi- • The date given as the start of tente (also known as the Al- away. mans in World War I. It was Germany. Previous armistices nand Foch, included the cessa- World War I is 28 June 1914. lies) lost about six million • The Pool of Peace is a 12 named after the wife of its had been agreed with Bulgar- tion of hostilities, the withdraw- This was when the Aus- military personnel while the metre deep lake near Mess- designer Gustav Krupp. It ia, the Ottoman Empire and the al of German forces to behind tro-Hungarian heir Arch- Central Powers lost about ines, Belgium. It fills a cra- could fire a 930 kg shell a Austro-Hungarian Empire. the Rhine, Allied occupation of duke Franz Ferdinand and four million. At least two ter made in 1917 when the distance of 15 kilometres. It came into force at 11:00 the Rhineland and bridgeheads his wife were assassinated million died from diseases British detonated a mine However, it took a crew of a.m. Paris time on 11 Novem- further east, the preservation of in Sarajevo. Strangely, the and six million went miss- containing 45 tons of explo- 200 men six hours or more ber 1918 and marked a victory infrastructure, the surrender of number plate of the vehicle ing, presumed dead. sives. to assemble. Germany had for the Allies and a defeat for aircraft, warships, and military in which the Archduke was • The Germans were the first • The most successful fighter 13 of these huge guns or Germany, although not formal- materiel, the release of Allied travelling when he was shot to use flamethrowers in pilot of the entire war was “wonder weapons.” ly a surrender. prisoners of war and interned read A 111 118. The Armi- World War I. Their flame- German fighter pilot Man- • Tanks were initially called For the Allies, the personnel civilians, eventual reparations, stice was signed on 11 No- throwers could fire jets of fred Albrecht Freiherr von “landships.” However, in an involved were all military. The no release of German prisoners vember 1918 or 11/11/18. flame as far as 40 metres. Richthofen (1892-1918), or attempt to disguise them as two signatories were Marshal and no relaxation of the naval • More than 65 million men • Nearly two-thirds of mili- the “Red Baron.” He shot water storage tanks rather of France Ferdinand Foch, the blockade of Germany. from 30 countries fought in tary deaths in World War I down 80 planes, more than than as weapons, the British Allied supreme commander and Although the armistice end- World War I. were in battle. In previous any other World War I pi- decided to code name them First Sea Lord Ross- ed the fighting on the Western • The total number of mil- conflicts, most deaths were lot. He died after being shot “tanks.” lyn Wemyss, the British rep- Front, it had to be prolonged itary and civilian casual- due to disease. resentative. For Germany, the three times until the Treaty of ties in World War I were • In August 1914, German four signatories were Matthias troops shot and killed 150 Erzberger, a civilian politician, civilians at Aerschot. The killing was part of war poli- cy known as Schrecklichkeit (“frightfulness”). Its pur- pose was to terrify civilians in occupied areas so that they would not rebel. • During World War I, Brit- ish tanks were initially cat- egorized into “males” and “females.” Male tanks had

16 17 • Some Americans disagreed with the United States’ in- itial refusal to enter World War I and so they joined the French Foreign Legion or the British or Canadian army. A group of U.S. pilots formed the Lafayette Esca- drille, which was part of the French air force and became one of the top fighting units on the Western Front. • In early 1917, British cryp- tographers deciphered a tel- egram from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmer- FIRE: The widespread use of the machine gun during World mann to Germany’s minister War I changed the face of warfare. in Mexico. The telegraph en- couraged Mexico to invade herd dogs, and even the mur- as the Great War, the World U.S. territory. The British der of one German-Amer- War, the War of the Nations, kept it a secret from the U.S. ican., people of German and the War to End All Wars. for more than a month. They heritage were suspect in the • World War I was fought STALEMATE: The trench network of World War I stretched approximately 40,200 kilometres wanted to show it to the U.S. U.S. Some protests against from 1914-1918 on every from the English Channel to Switzerland. at the right time to help draw Germans were violent, in- ocean and on almost every the U.S into the war on their cluding the burning of Ger- continent. Most of the fight- stark contrast to British 1,200,000 soldiers on both chine gun, a weapon Hi- side. man books, the killing of ing, however, took place in trenches. German trench- sides were gassed, of which ram Maxim patented in the • During Woodrow Wilson’s German shepherd dogs, and Europe. es were built to last and in- 91,198 died horrible deaths. U.S. in 1884. The Maxim campaign slogan for his sec- even the murder of one Ger- • Russia mobilized 12 mil- cluded bunk beds, furniture, • Approximately 30 differ- weighed about 100 pounds ond term was “He kept us man-American. lion troops during World cupboards, water tanks with ent poisonous gases were and was water cooled. It out of war.“ About a month • During World War I, the War I, making it the largest faucets, electric lights, and used during World War I. could fire about 450-600 after he took office, the Unit- Spanish flu caused about army in the war. More than doorbells. Soldiers were told to hold a rounds per minute. Most ed States declared war on one-third of total military three-quarters were killed, • France, not Germany, was urine-soaked cloth over their machine guns used in World Germany on 6 April 1917. deaths. wounded, or went missing the first country to use gas faces in an emergency. By War I were based on the • To increase the size of the • The war left thousands of in action. against enemy troops in 1918, gas masks with filter Maxim design. U.S. Army during World soldiers disfigured and dis- • The United Sates joined World War I. In August respirators usually provided • The term “dogfight” origi- War I, Congress passed abled. Reconstructive sur- World War I during the final 1914, they fired the first tear effective protection. At the nated during World War I. the Selective Service Act, gery was used to repair fa- year and half of fighting. gas grenades (xylyl bro- end of the war, many coun- The pilot had to turn off the which was also known as cial damage, but masks were • For the span of World War I, mide) against the Germans. tries signed treaties outlaw- plane’s engine from time to the conscription or draft, in also used to cover the most from 1914-1918, 274 Ger- In January 1915, Germany ing chemical weapons. time so it would not stall May 1917. By the end of the horrific disfigurement. Some man U-boats sank 6,596 first used tear gas against • During the war, the U.S. when the plane turned quick- war, 2.7 million men were soldiers stayed in nursing ships. The five most suc- Russian armies, but the gas shipped about 7.5 million ly in the air. When a pilot re- drafted. Another 1.3 million homes their entire lives. cessful U-boats were U-35 turned to liquid in the cold tons of supplies to France started his engine mid-air, it volunteered. • World War I is the sixth (sank 224 ships), U-39 (154 air. In April 1915, the Ger- to support the Allied effort. sounded like dogs barking. • During World War I, people deadliest conflict in world ships), U-38 (137 ships), mans were the first to use That included 70,000 hors- • The French had what Ger- of German heritage were history. U-34 (121 ships), and U-33 poisonous chlorine gas. es or mules as well as near- man soldiers called the Devil suspect in the U.S. Some • Four empires collapsed af- (84 ships). Most of these • During World War I, the ly 50,000 trucks, 27,000 Gun. At 75 mm, this cannon protests against Germans ter WWI: Ottoman, Aus- were sunk near the coast, Germans released about freight cars, and 1,800 loco- was accurate up to 6.4 kilo- were violent, including the tro-Hungarian, German, and particularly in the English 68,000 tons of gas, and motives. metres. The French military burning of German books, Russian. Channel. the British and French re- • World War I introduced the commanders claimed that its the killing of German shep- • World War I was also known • German trenches were in leased 51,000 tons. In total, widespread use of the ma- Devil Gun won the war. 18 19 • During U.S. involvement de Guerre, and a gift of 400 12 years old at the time. in World War I, more than acres of good farmland. • After World War I, Brit- 75,000 people gave about • U.S. troops fought their first ain’s leadership in the world 7.5 million four-minute pro- battle of World War I on economy was gone forev- war speeches in movie thea- November 2, 1917, in the er. It had huge debts, high tres and elsewhere to about trenches at Barthelemont, unemployment, and slow 314.5 million people. France. growth. France suffered as • “Hello Girls,” as Ameri- • The greatest single loss of well. Most of the loans it can soldiers called them, life in the history of the Brit- had made to czarist Russia were American women who ish army occurred during were never repaid, inflation served as telephone opera- the Battle of Somme, when was rampant, and large parts tors for Pershing’s forces in LOST GENERATION: World the British suffered 60,000 of the country were ruined. Europe. The women were War I was the 6th most deadly casualties in one day. • Because mustard gas was fluent in French and English conflict in history. • The Harlem HellFighters unpredictable, it was nev- and were specially trained were one of the few African er the war-winning weapon Tanks were used for the first time during by the American Telephone STEEL MONSTER: always denied being a spy, American units that saw the its users hoped it would be World War I. and Telegraph Company. In the French executed her in front lines. For their extraor- in World War I. Neither side 1979, the U.S. Army finally 1924, nearly 13,000 of them trained to return to the front 1917. dinary acts of heroism, the used it in World War II. gave war medals and veter- served in World War I. lines were dropped into oc- • The most decorated Amer- soldiers received the French • World War I helped hasten an benefits to the few Hello • More than 200,000 African cupied areas by parachutes ican of World War I was Croix de Guerre, a medal medical advances. Physi- Girls who were still alive. Americans served in World and kept there until soldiers Alvin Cullum York (1887- awarded to soldiers from cians learned better wound • During World War I, Amer- War I, but only about 11 per- had messages to send back. 1964). York led an attack Allied countries for bravery management and the setting ican hamburgers (named cent of them were in combat • On Christmas Eve in 1914, on a German gun nest, tak- in combat. However, in the of bones. Harold Gillies, an after the German city of forces. The rest were put in soldiers on both sides of the ing 32 machine guns, kill- U.S their deeds were largely English doctor, pioneered Hamburg) were renamed labour units, loading cargo, Western Front sung carols ing 28 German soldiers, and ignored. skin graft surgery. The huge Salisbury steak. Frankfurt- building roads, and digging to each other. On Christ- capturing 132 more. He re- • Many young men faked their scale of those who needed ers, which were named after ditches. They served in seg- mas Day troops along two- turned home with a Medal age in order to sign up early. medical care in World War Frankfurt, Germany, were regated divisions (the 92nd thrids of the Front declared of Honour, a promotion to The youngest to do so was I helped teach physicians called “liberty sausages,” and 93rd) and trained sepa- a truce. In some places the Sergeant, the French Croix Sidney Lewis, who was only and nurses the advantages and dachshunds became rately. truce lasted a week. A year of specialization and profes- “liberty dogs.” Schools • The Germans were skilled later, sentries on both sides Bloodiest Battles sional management. Total Casualties stopped teaching German, at intercepting and solving were ordered to shoot any- of World War I • The trench network of World and German-language books Allied codes. Germans also one who attempted a repeat War I stretched approxi- were burned. captured one out of four pa- performance. Hundred Day Offensive 1,855,369 mately 40,200 kilometres • Millions of soldiers suffered per messengers. However, • Edith Cavell (1865- October from the English Channel “shell shock,” or post-trau- when a U.S. commander 12 1915) was a British nurse Spring Offensive 1,539,715 to Switzerland. The area matic stress disorder, due to used Choctaw tribe mem- who saved soldiers from all was known as the Western the horrors of trench war- bers form the Oklahoma sides. When she helped 200 Battle of Verdun 976,000 Front. British poet Siegfried fare. Shell-shocked men National Guard unit, they Allied soldiers escape from Sassoon wrote, “When all is often had uncontrollable used an extremely complex German-occupied Belgium, Battle of Passchendaele 848,614 done and said, the war was diarrhoea, couldn’t sleep, language that the Germans the Germans arrested her mainly a matter of holes and stopped speaking, whim- could not translate. The and she was executed by a Serbian Campaign 633,500 ditches.” pered for hours, and twitched eight Choctaw men and oth- German firing squad. Her uncontrollably. While some ers who joined them became death helped turn global First Battle of Marnes 483,000 soldiers recovered, others known as the Choctaw Code opinion against Germany. Battle of Gallipoli 473,000 suffered for the rest of their Talkers. • Margaretha Zelle (1876- lives. • More than 500,000 pigeons 1917), also known as Mata Battle of Arras 278,000 • Even though the U.S. gov- carried messages between Hari, was a Dutch exotic ernment didn’t grant Native headquarters and the front dancer accused of being a Battle of Tannenberg 182,000 Americans citizenship until lines. Groups of pigeons double agent. Though she 20 21 Caucasian Heavy Metal Arrowheads While “sticks and stones may break your bones”, weapons made of metal could do a lot more damage on the battlefield.

ention the phrase about 7000 BC a few neolithic The next great development ‘heavy metal’ and communities begin hammering in metallurgy involved a metal Mmost people tend to copper into crude knives and which is the most abundant in think of loud, aggressive rock sickles, which worked as well the earth’s surface but which music. This style of music nor- as their stone equivalents and is much more difficult to work Assyrian scale armour mally makes use of one or two lasted far longer. Gold had been than copper or tin. This metal Assyrian soldiers wore a sariam, a guitars, a bass guitar and drums. used to make daggers, but these was iron. The Hittites are the long coat made of lamellar armour. In some bands, electronic key- were more ceremonial because first people to work iron, in Bronze scales, such as these, were boards, organs, or other instru- the metal was too soft for it to Anatolia from about 1500 BC. laced together through holes punched ments are used. Black Sabbath be practical as a weapon. The first organized armies, in the side. was the band that invented met- The Bronze Age started in those of the Sumerians, are Date: c. 1800–620 BC al music in the late 1960s, the about 2800 BC A bronze blade recorded in around 3000 BC. Origin: Assyria band played loud, hard rock will take a sharper edge than While heavy war wagons were Date: c.1000 BC music based on blues music. copper and will hold it longer. used, the Sumerians fought Origin :Southern Caucasus But the metal we’re interest- The technology of bronze was largely on foot and carried ed in goes back way before the first developed in the Mid- spears and shields. Assyrian Bow 1960s. In fact it goes all the way dle East. Bronze was in use in Featured here are some of the and Arrow back to around 7000 BC. Prior to Sumer, at Ur, in around 2800 early forms of metal weapons. Archers formed the main part of this, weapons were made from BC, and in Anatolia shortly af- the Assyrian infantry. They oper- Assyrian scale armour wood, stone and bone. From terwards. ated in pairs - one man acting as a shield-bearer, while the other used a The Phoenicians occupied trading cities of the Levantine coast and were bow, such as this one, a replica made known more as merchants than as warriors. from horn, sinew, and wood. Date: c. 750 BC Their dagger and scabbard usually signified the bearer’s wealth and were Origin: Assyria not intended for military use. Date : c. 18th century BC Origin Phoenicia

Persian bronze axehead The blade on this spike-butted ax is set at an angle, which would have been impractical in combat, suggesting that the ax was for ceremonial use. Date: 10th–7th century BC Origin: Persia Assyrian Sappara Helmet of Meskalamdug The sappara, or sickle-sword, was a characteristic weapon of the Assyr- ian foot soldier. This ceremonial, gold-and-silver Date: c. 1300 BC alloy helmet was found in the tomb Origin: Assyria of Meskalamdug at Ur in Sumeria. Persian Akinakes It is known as a wig helmet be- Along with spears, infantrymen also carried akinakes - a short, thrusting Sumerian Dagger cause of the intricately carved imita- sword used for close-quarter combat - worn on their right side. High officials This ornate ceremonial dagger was excavated from the tomb of Queen Pu-Abi at Ur. Its tion of hair on the crown. are frequently depicted wearing them in Persian art. blade and scabbard are crafted in gold, while the hilt is made from lapis lazuli trimmed in Date: c. 2500 BC Date: c. 550–350 BC gold. Origin: Sumeria Origin: Persia Date: c.2500 BC Origin Sumeria 22 23 The British were no slouches when it came to psyops during Messing with your mind World War II. During the lead up to the Allied invasion of Since prehistoric times, warlords and chiefs have recognised the importance of weakening Normandy, many new tactics the morale of opponents. In modern times it has been refined to an art form. in psychological warfare were devised. hese days it is known as the Persian Empire and ancient posters. Operation Bodyguard set out psychological warfare Egypt, the Persians used cats It was also possible to trans- a general strategy to mislead T(PSYWAR) or psycho- and other animals as a psycho- mit propaganda to the enemy German high command as to logical operations (PSYOP). logical tactic against the Egyp- via the use of airborne leaflets the exact date and location of But it has been known by many tians, who avoided harming or through explosive delivery the invasion. other names, including MISO, cats due to religious beliefs. systems like modified artillery Operation Fortitude was in- A German Psy Ops, political warfare, Genghis Khan, leader of the or mortar rounds. OVERSEXED, OVER PAID, AND OVER HERE: tended to convince the Ger- propaganda pamphlet telling British soldiers that while they “Hearts and Minds”, and prop- Mongolian Empire in the 13th At the start of the war, the bel- were fighting and dying, the Americans were back in England mans of a greater Allied mil- aganda. century AD, employed tactics ligerents, especially the British chasing their women. itary strength than existed, The term is used “to denote that made his numbers seem and Germans, began distribut- through fictional field armies, any action which is practiced greater than they actually were. ing propaganda, both domesti- lications, the Report on Alleged many thousands consumed the faked operations to prepare the mainly by psychological meth- During night operations he cally and on the Western front. German Outrages of 1915, had poison”, and POWs admitted to ground for invasion and leaked ods with the aim of evoking a ordered each soldier to light The British had several ad- a great effect on general opinion being disillusioned by the prop- information about the Allied or- planned psychological reaction three torches at dusk to give the vantages that allowed them to across the world. The pamphlet aganda leaflets that depicted the der of battle and war plans. in other people”. illusion of an overwhelming succeed in the battle for world documented atrocities, both use of German troops as mere Elaborate naval deceptions Various techniques are used, army and deceive and intimi- opinion; they had one of the actual and alleged, committed cannon fodder. (Operations Glimmer, Taxable and are aimed at influencing date enemy scouts. world’s most reputable news by the German army against and Big Drum) were under- a target audience’s value sys- He also sometimes had ob- systems, with much experience Belgian civilians. A Dutch il- World War II taken in the English Channel. tem, belief system, emotions, jects tied to the tails of his hors- in international and cross-cul- lustrator, Louis Raemaekers, Adolf Hitler was greatly in- Small ships and aircraft simu- motives, reasoning, or behav- es, so that riding on open and tural communication, and they provided the highly emotional fluenced by the psychological lated invasion fleets lying off iour. It is used to induce con- dry fields raised a cloud of dust controlled much of the under- drawings which appeared in the tactics of warfare the British Pas de Calais, Cap d’Antifer fessions or reinforce attitudes that gave the enemy the im- sea cable system then in oper- pamphlet. had employed during World and the western flank of the real and behaviours favourable to pression of great numbers. His ation. These capabilities were Aerial leaflets were dropped War I, and attributed the defeat invasion force. At the same time the originator’s objectives, and soldiers used arrows specially easily transitioned to the task of over German trenches contain- of Germany to the effects this Operation Titanic involved the are sometimes combined with notched to whistle as they flew warfare. ing postcards from prisoners propaganda had on the soldiers. RAF dropping fake paratroop- black operations or false flag through the air, creating a terri- In August 1914, David Lloyd of war detailing their humane He became committed to the ers to the east and west of the tactics. It is also used to destroy fying noise. George, then British Chancel- conditions, surrender notices use of mass propaganda to in- Normandy landings. the morale of enemies through Another tactic favoured by lor of the Exchequer, appointed and general propaganda against fluence the minds of the- Ger The operations were a strate- tactics that aim to depress the Mongols was catapulting Charles Masterman MP, to head the Kaiser and the German gen- man population in the decades gic success and the Normandy troops’ psychological states. severed human heads over city a Propaganda Agency at Wel- erals. to come. By calling his move- landings caught German de- Target audiences can be walls to frighten the inhabitants lington House. The Germans began shoot- ment The Third Reich, he was fences unaware. Subsequent de- governments, organizations, and spread disease in the be- A distinguished body of lit- ing the leaflet-dropping pilots, able to convince many civilians ception led Hitler into delaying groups, and individuals, and is sieged city’s closed confines. erary talent was enlisted for the prompting the British to devel- that his cause was not just a fad, reinforcement from the Calais not just limited to soldiers. Ci- task, with its members includ- op unmanned leaflet balloons but the way of their future. region for nearly seven weeks. vilians of foreign territories can World War I ing Arthur Conan Doyle, Ford that drifted across no-man’s Joseph Goebbels was ap- also be targeted by technology The start of modern psycho- Madox Ford, G. K. Chester- land. pointed as Propaganda Minister Vietnam and media so as to cause an ef- logical operations in war is gen- ton, Thomas Hardy, Rudyard At least one in seven of these when Hitler came to power in The United States ran an ex- fect in the government of their erally dated to the World War I. Kipling and H. G. Wells. leaflets were not handed in by 1933, and he portrayed Hitler tensive program of psychologi- country. By that point, Western societies Over 1,160 pamphlets were the soldiers to their superiors, as a messianic figure for the cal warfare during the Vietnam There is evidence of psy- were increasingly educated and published during the war and despite severe penalties for that redemption of Germany. Hitler War. The Phoenix Program had chological warfare throughout urbanized, and mass media was distributed to neutral countries, offence. also coupled this with the res- the dual aim of assassinating written history. In the Battle available in the form of large and eventually, to Germany. Even General Hindenburg onating projections of his ora- National Liberation Front of of Pelusium (525 BC) between circulation newspapers and One of the first significant pub- admitted that “Unsuspectingly, tions for effect. South Vietnam (Viet Cong) per- 24 25 sonnel and terrorizing any po- 2014 Russian military interven- destroy their will to fight. referred to pirate ships that flew Terrorism and the use of ter- countries will make use of it. tential sympathizers or passive tion in Ukraine, possibly with Another method is by pro- flags of countries as a disguise to rorist organisations is anoth- Anyone can set up a website supporters. state involvement. jecting repetitive and annoying prevent their victims from flee- er tactic used in psychological or open social media accounts When members of the Viet Military and governments sounds and music for long pe- ing or preparing for battle. Some- warfare. Countries will some- on many different platforms. Cong were assassinated, CIA have engaged in psychological riods at high volume towards times the flag would remain and times use a terrorist organisa- These can be used to create and and Special Forces operatives operations (PSYOPS) and in- groups under siege. the blame for the attack be laid tion as a proxy to carry out op- spread false news and disinfor- placed playing cards in the formational warfare on social An example of this was Op- incorrectly on another country. erations. mation. They can also be used mouth of the deceased as a networking platforms to regu- eration Nifty Package, a 1989 The term today extends be- While their official policy to discredit a government, or- calling card. During the Phoe- late foreign propaganda, which operation designed to capture yond naval encounters to include may be to openly condemn the ganisation or even individuals. nix Program, over 19,000 Viet includes countries like the US, Panamanian leader Manuel countries that organize attacks on organisation, they will clandes- Countries will also employ Cong supporters were killed. Russia, and China. Noriega. When Noriega took themselves and make the attacks tinely support them by provid- highly effective hackers to hack The United States also refuge in the Apostolic Nuncia- appear to be by enemy nations or ing them with finances, weap- into websites and online ac- used tapes of distorted hu- Methods ture of the Holy See (diplomatic terrorists, thus giving the nation ons, training, intelligence, and counts. These cyber attacks are man sounds, known as ‘Ghost One of the most common meth- quarter), deafening music and that was supposedly attacked a sometimes even shelter. used to steal information, gath- Tapes’, and played them during ods of psychological warfare is other psychological warfare pretext for domestic repression Information warfare is now er intelligence, change informa- the night making the Vietnam- to demoralise the enemy. It’s a tactics were used to convince and foreign military aggression. a very real danger, and many tion or even upload false infor- ese soldiers think that the dead process in psychological warfare him to exit and surrender him- The threat of chemical weap- countries make use of it, al- mation. Sometimes a country were back for revenge. with the objective to erode mo- self. ons is another ploy that is used. though most countries will will even hack into accounts, rale among enemy combatants Propaganda radio stations, One country will accuse anoth- deny it. such as e-mail and social media Recent operations and/or non-combatants. This can such as Lord Haw-Haw in er country of having chemical The media is often used, ei- accounts, to keep track of their The CIA made extensive use encourage them to retreat, sur- World War II on the “Germany weapons and will claim that they ther knowingly or unwitting- own citizens. of Contra soldiers to destabilize render, or defect rather than de- calling” station, are still used to have proof that this country is ly, to spread what has become In closing, just remember the the Sandinista government in feating them in combat. this day. planning on using them. This will known as ‘fake news’. old joke, “Just because you’re Nicaragua. Pamphlets are often distribut- False flag events are also give them an excuse to launch an The Internet has become one paranoid doesn’t mean that The CIA used psychologi- ed that encourage desertion or used effectively. A false flag is invasion or military operation of the most valuable tools in there isn’t someone watching cal warfare techniques against supply instructions on how to a covert operation designed to against the other country. psychological warfare and most you.” the Panamanians by delivering surrender. deceive; the deception creates unlicensed TV broadcasts. The Shock and awe (technical- the appearance of a particular United States government has ly known as rapid dominance) party, group, or nation being Click on the photograph below to take a virtual tour of Warrior’s Gate used propaganda broadcasts is a tactic based on the responsible for some activity, and find out more about the Memorable Order of Tin Hats. against the Cuban government use of overwhelming disguising the actual source through TV Marti, based in Mi- power and spectacu- of responsibility. ami, Florida. However, the Cu- lar displays of force The term “false ban government has been suc- to paralyse the ene- flag” originally cessful at jamming the signal of my’s perception of TV Marti. the battlefield and In the , the United States used the shock and awe campaign to psychologically maim and break the will of the Iraqi Army to fight. The Internet has became a val- uable tool used in psychological warfare. In cyberspace, social media has enabled the use of disinformation on a wide scale. Analysts have found evidence of doctored or misleading pho- tographs spread by social me- dia in the Syrian Civil War and 26 27 Sea Cadets excel Sea Cadets from TS Spring excel in Seamanship Training.

ix sea cadets and one of- ficer from Training Ship SSprings of the South Af- rican Sea Cadets were recently selected to attend a specialised training course in host- ed by their fellow sea cadets of Training Ship Tiburon. During the September school holidays, the cadets and officer were trained at the Grindrod Shipping Training Academy in the Basic Elements of Sea Sur- vival, First Aid, Fire Fighting and Rope-work. The contents of this and all their courses are based on the syllabus prescribed by the SA Maritime Qualifications Code, and are a requirement before Front Row: Midshipman Charné Hand, Cadet Seaman Kea- any person is allowed to work betswe Maphakela. Cadet Seaman Kgaugeo Maisela, Cadet on-board any ship, and to have Leading Seaman Akeel Brown. Back Row: Cadet Able Sea- such a certificate at this age is a man Tiaan Muller, Cadet Able Seaman Julian Hoole, Cadet tremendous boost to any person Able Seaman David Doller contemplating a career at sea. The discipline and enthusiasm seen the sea in their lives before, (known as TS Springs) has been that these cadets displayed so im- is testament to the training they in existence since 1916, and is pressed the Grindrod Shipping receive that they could success- run by adult volunteers. Training Academy staff, they fully complete these difficult All young adults between the offered two of the cadets free courses. ages of 13 and 17 are invited to entry to the Short Range Marine The South Africa Sea Cadets join the Sea Cadets and experi- Communication course they of- is a non-profit organisation ded- ence “Serious Fun”, impacting fer, valued at over R 7 500 each. icated to training and preparing on their lives in a positive way Cadet Leading Seaman Akeel school-going boys and girls for a by developing confidence, lead- Brown and Cadet Able Seaman career in the maritime industry. ership, team player skills, pos- Julian Hoole are currently still The youth of South Africa are itive habits, adaptable thinking busy with this course and will in desperate need of support, di- and motivation. TS Springs meet compete it in January of next rection and a safe place to grow every Saturday at the Springs year at the next contact session. and develop. They face many Central Scout Hall in Colliery The cadets and officer also un- issues including lack of role Road, Lodeyko. Further enquires derwent a Harbour Craft Course models, crime, drug abuse and can be made to Lieutenant Com- at the Sail Africa Youth Devel- unemployment. By joining the mander Chris Hand at 076 226 opment Foundation during this Sea Cadets, many of these needs 6646 or trainingshipsprings@ period. Considering that some and issues can be positively ad- gmail.com. of these cadets had never even dressed. Training Ship Springs

28 00 many Arabs. by Qatar’s Al Jazeera satellite lamic fighters worldwide. In 1988, he formed al-Qaeda. channel denying responsibility On 4 November 1998, Osa- Hunting bin Laden He was banished from Saudi for the attack. ma bin Laden was indicted by a Arabia in 1992, and shifted his In a videotape recovered by Federal Grand Jury in the Unit- Osama bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) lists of Ten base to Sudan, until U.S. pres- U.S. forces in November 2001 ed States District Court for the Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for 12 years. But who was he really, sure forced him to leave Sudan in Jalalabad, bin Laden was Southern District of New York, and why did it take so long to bring him to justice? in 1996. seen discussing the attack with on charges of Murder of U.S. After establishing a new base Khaled al-Harbi in a way that Nationals Outside the Unit- ven though it was just complex, including the 47-sto- On 2 May 2 2011, nearly ten in Afghanistan, he declared a indicates foreknowledge. The ed States, Conspiracy to Mur- over 18 years ago, most ry 7 World Trade Centre tower, years after the 9/11 attacks, bin war against the United States, tape was broadcast on various der U.S. Nationals Outside the Epeople will still remem- as well as significant damage Laden was shot and killed by initiating a series of bombings news networks on 13 Decem- United States, and Attacks on ber where they were and what to ten other large surrounding United States Navy SEALs in- and related attacks. ber 2001. a Federal Facility Resulting they were doing on 11 Septem- structures. side a private residential com- Bin Laden was on the Amer- In an 18 minute video played in Death for his alleged role in ber 2001. A third plane, American Air- pound in Abbottabad, where he ican Federal Bureau of Investi- on Al-Jazeera in 2004, bin Lad- the 1998 United States embassy On the morning of Tuesday lines Flight 77, was crashed into lived with a local family from gation’s (FBI) lists of Ten Most en abandoned his denials with- bombings in Kenya and Tanza- 11 September 2001 a series of the Pentagon (the headquar- Waziristan, during a covert Wanted Fugitives and Most out retracting past statements. nia. four coordinated terrorist at- ters of the U.S. Department of operation conducted by mem- Wanted Terrorists for his in- In it he said he had personally The evidence against bin tacks were launched against the Defence) in Arlington County, bers of the United States Naval volvement in the 1998 U.S. em- directed the nineteen hijackers. Laden included courtroom tes- United States by the Islamic Virginia, which led to a partial Special Warfare Development bassy bombings. Osama bin Laden was first timony by former al-Qaeda terrorist group al-Qaeda. collapse of the building’s west Group and Central Intelligence Bin Laden initially denied in- indicted by a grand jury of members and satellite phone re- The attacks killed 2,977 peo- side. Agency SAD/SOG operators volvement in the 9/11 attacks. the United States on 8 June 8 cords, from a phone purchased ple (not counting the 19 hijack- The fourth plane, United on the orders of U.S. President On 16 September 2001, 1998 on a charges of for him by al-Qaeda procure- ers who also died), injured over Airlines Flight 93, was initial- Barack Obama. bin Laden read a “conspiracy to ment agent Ziyad Khaleel in the 6,000 others, and caused at ly flown toward Washington, Yet who exactly was Osama statement lat- attack defence United States. least $10 billion in infrastruc- D.C., but crashed into a field bin Laden? And why did it take er broadcast utilities of the However the Taliban ruled not ture and property damage. The in Stonycreek Township near a decade to finally bring him to United States” to extradite Bin Laden on the attacks became known simply Shanksville, Pennsylvania, af- justice? and prosecu- grounds that there was insuffi- as “9/11”. ter its passengers thwarted the tors further cient evidence published in the Four passenger airliners oper- hijackers. Background charged that indictments and that non-Mus- ated by two major U.S. passen- 9/11 is the single deadliest Osama bin Mohammed bin bin Laden was lim courts lacked standing to ger air carriers (United Airlines terrorist attack in human histo- Awad bin Laden was born on the head of the try Muslims. and American Airlines) - all of ry and the single deadliest in- 10 March 1957 in Riyadh, Sau- terrorist organ- Bin Laden became the 456th which departed from airports cident for fire fighters and law di Arabia. He was a son of Yem- ization called person listed on the FBI Ten in northeastern United States enforcement officers in the his- eni Mohammed bin Awad bin al-Qaeda, and Most Wanted Fugitives list, bound for San Francisco and tory of the United States, with Laden, a millionaire construc- that he was a when he was added on 7 June Los Angeles - were hijacked by 343 and 72 killed, respectively. tion magnate with close ties major financial 1999, following his indictment 19 al-Qaeda terrorists. Osama bin Laden is most to the Saudi royal family, and backer of Is- along with others for capital Two of the planes, American well known for his role in Mohammed bin Laden’s tenth crimes in the 1998 embassy at- Airlines Flight 11 and Unit- masterminding the September wife, Syrian Hamida al-Attas tacks. ed Airlines Flight 175, were 11 attacks, which resulted in (then called Alia Ghanem). Attempts at assassination and crashed into the North and the deaths of nearly 3,000 and He attended university in requests for the extradition of South towers, respectively, of prompted the United States to Saudi Arabia until 1979, when bin Laden from the Taliban of the World Trade Centre com- initiate the War on Terror. he joined Mujahideen forces Afghanistan were met with fail- plex in Lower Manhattan. He subsequently became the in Pakistan fighting against the ure before the bombing of Af- Within an hour and 42 min- subject of a decade-long inter- Soviet Union in Afghanistan. ghanistan in October 2001. utes, both 110-story towers col- national manhunt. From 2001 He helped to fund the Mu- In 1999, U.S. President Bill lapsed. Debris and the resulting to 2011, bin Laden was a ma- jahideen by funnelling arms, Clinton convinced the United fires caused a partial or com- jor target of the United States, money and fighters from the Nations to impose sanctions plete collapse of all other build- as the FBI offered a $25 million Arab world into Afghanistan, against Afghanistan in an at- ings in the World Trade Centre bounty in their search for him. and gained popularity among tempt to force the Taliban to 30 31 extradite him. ghanistan to capture or kill bin second presidential debate, on about bin Laden’s death were Years later, on October 10, Laden, but the plan was abort- foreign policy, then-presiden- fuelled by the U.S. military’s 2001, bin Laden appeared as ed by the 1999 Pakistani coup tial candidate Barack Obama supposed disposal of his body well on the initial list of the top d’état. pledged, “We will kill bin Lad- at sea, the decision to not re- 22 FBI Most Wanted Terror- In 2000, foreign operatives en. We will crush al-Qaeda. lease any photographic or DNA ists, which was released to the working on behalf of the CIA That has to be our biggest na- evidence of bin Laden’s death public by the President of the had fired a rocket-propelled tional security priority.” to the public, the contradicting United States George W. Bush, grenade at a convoy of vehicles On 18 October 2010, an un- accounts of the incident (with in direct response to the 9/11 in which bin Laden was trav- named NATO official suggest- the official story on the raid ap- attacks, but which was again eling through the mountains ed that bin Laden was “alive pearing to change or directly based on the indictment for the of Afghanistan, hitting one of and well and living comforta- contradict previous assertions), 1998 embassy attack. the vehicles but not the one in bly” in Pakistan, protected by and the 25 minute blackout Bin Laden was among a which bin Laden was riding. elements of the country’s intel- during the raid on bin Laden’s group of thirteen fugitive ter- All of these attempts to cap- ligence services. compound during which a live rorists wanted on that latter list ture or kill bin Laden took place A senior Pakistani official feed from cameras mounted on for questioning about the 1998 before 9/11. denied the allegations and said the helmets of the U.S. special COMPOUND: The compound in Abbottabad where Osama bin embassy bombings. Bin Laden Immediately after the 9/11 that the accusations were de- Laden had been living when it was raided by US Special Forc- forces was cut off. remains the only fugitive ever attacks, U.S. government offi- signed to put pressure on the es. Some believed that bin Laden to be listed on both FBI fugitive cials in the Bush Administration Pakistani government ahead of was working with the U.S. dur- lists. named bin Laden and the al-Qa- talks aimed at strengthening local time by a United States was an imam on board the air- ing the entire war on terror. He Despite the multiple indict- eda organization as the prime ties between Pakistan and the military special operations unit. craft carrier USS Carl Vinson, was killed because they feared ments listed above and multiple suspects and offered a reward United States. The operation, code-named where the burial was said to he would eventually reveal the requests, the Taliban refused to of $25 million for information In April 2011, various intelli- Operation Neptune Spear, was have taken place. truth. extradite Osama bin Laden. leading to his capture or death. gence outlets were able to pin- ordered by United States Presi- Pakistani authorities later de- Others believe that bin Lad- Capturing Osama bin Laden According to The Washington point Bin Laden’s suspected loca- dent Barack Obama and carried molished the compound in Feb- en had been killed years before had been an objective of the Post, the U.S. government con- tion near Abbottabad, Pakistan. It out in a U.S. Central Intelli- ruary 2012 to prevent it from but this information was kept United States government since cluded that Osama bin Laden was previously believed that bin gence Agency (CIA) operation becoming a neo-Islamist shrine. secret until just before the US the presidency of Bill Clinton. was present during the Battle of Laden was hiding near the border by a team of United States Navy In February 2013, Pakistan Presidential Elections in order In 1988 US Clinton had Tora Bora, Afghanistan in late between Afghanistan and Paki- SEALs from the United States announced plans to build a to boost Obama’s ratings. signed a directive authorizing 2001, and according to civil- stan’s Federally Administered Naval Special Warfare Devel- R265 million amusement park the CIA (and specifically their ian and military officials with Tribal Areas, but he was found opment Group (also known as in the area, including the prop- Fact file elite Special Activities Divi- first-hand knowledge, failure 160 km away in a three-story DEVGRU or informally by its erty of the former hideout. Here are a few bits of infor- sion) to apprehend bin Laden by the United States to commit mansion in Abbottabad. former name, SEAL Team Six) mation you may or may not and bring him to the United enough U.S. ground troops to Bin Laden’s mansion was lo- of the Joint Special Operations Conspiracy theories know about Osama bin Laden. States to stand trial. If taking hunt him led to his escape and cated 1.3 km southwest of the Command, with support from Finally, more than 12 years • Osama bin Laden was the bin Laden alive was deemed was the gravest failure by the Pakistan . CIA operatives on the ground. after President Clinton had giv- 17th of an estimated 58 chil- impossible, then deadly force United States in the war against In April 2011, President Oba- The raid on bin Laden’s en the order for bin Laden to be dren of construction mag- was authorized. al-Qaeda. ma ordered a covert operation compound in Abbottabad was captured or killed, Osama bin nate Mohammed bin Awad On 20 August 1998, 66 cruise U.S. and Afghanistan forces to kill or capture bin Laden. launched from Afghanistan. Af- Laden was dead. bin Laden. missiles launched by United raided the mountain caves in On May 2, 2011, the White ter the raid, reports at the time It had cost the United States • Bin Laden received an elite, States Navy ships in the Ara- Tora Bora between 14–16 Au- House announced that U.S. stated that U.S. forces had tak- $450 billion to hunt down and Western-style education in bian Sea struck bin Laden’s gust 2007. The military was Navy SEALs had successfully en bin Laden’s body to Afghan- kill bin Laden. But had bin Lad- Saudi Arabia and attended training camps near Khost in drawn to the area after receiv- carried out the operation, kill- istan for positive identification, en really been killed on 2 May a Quaker school in Lebanon Afghanistan, missing him by a ing intelligence of a pre-Ram- ing him in his Abbottabad com- then buried it at sea, in accord- 2011? The death of Osama bin for a year. few hours. adan meeting held by al-Qaeda pound in Pakistan. ance with Islamic law, within Laden in May 2011 gave rise • Bin Laden graduated with In 1999 the CIA, together members. After killing dozens 24 hours of his death. to various conspiracy theories, a degree in civil engineer- with Pakistani military intel- of al-Qaeda and Taliban mem- Operation Neptune Spear Subsequent reporting has hoaxes, and rumours. ing in 1979 from King Ab- ligence, had prepared a team bers, they did not find Osama Osama bin Laden was killed called this account into ques- These include the ideas that dulaziz University in Jedda, of approximately 60 Pakistani bin Laden. in Abbottabad, Pakistan, on 2 tion - citing, for example, the bin Laden had been dead for Saudi Arabia. commandos to infiltrate Af- On 7 October 2008, in the May 2011 shortly after 01h00 absence of evidence that there years, or is still alive. Doubts • The CIA supported extrem- 32 33 ist Islamic groups in the marrying her and killing her in 2003. He immediately 1980s - including bin Lad- husband, Bobby Brown. passed the info on to the Quiz en’s - with weapons and • Bin Laden forbade his fol- FBI. When bin Laden was over $1 billion when they lowers from listening to mu- killed in that very hiding were fighting the Soviet Un- sic as well as drinking iced place in 2011, Lee sought Remember me? ion in Afghanistan. water. the advertised $25 million his month we show you 15 famous figures from military history. All of them have featured in • While his father married 22 • Knowing that the United reward, but was ignored by our Famous Figures in Military History feature in Military Despatches. You tell us who they times and fathered 58 chil- States could not be defeated the FBI. Tare. Answers on page 102. dren, bin Laden married at militarily, bin Laden’s long- • Osama bin Laden was killed least five women and fa- term strategy was to draw on May 2nd, 2011 by Unit- thered approximately 24 out the United States into a ed States Navy SEALs, with 1 2 3 children. costly war of attrition. He his body disposed of at sea • Bin Laden received between believed he could bankrupt the same night. $25 to $30 million in in- the U.S. economy by forcing • The person who broke the heritance after his father’s the country into wars across news of bin Laden’s death death, which he funnelled to the globe. to the public was none oth- jihadist activities in Afghan- • After the United States er than Dwayne “The Rock” istan. launched missile attacks Johnson. In a tweet that • Bin Laden was expelled against Al Qaeda’s com- went out over an hour before 4 5 6 from Saudi Arabia in 1991. pound in Afghanistan by the president addressed the He and other Al Qaeda tracking satellite phone nation, Johnson, likely act- members then relocated to use, Bin Laden didn’t use a ing on a tip from his Navy Sudan with an estimated phone after 1998. SEAL cousin, was the first $250 million that they used • According to biographers to hint at the historic news to grow their terror network. and associates, bin Laden that would soon be shared • The United States and Sau- loved westerns, which is with the world. di Arabia agreed to match largely why he owned so • The Centre for Public In- 7 8 9 funding to jihadi groups many horses and took to tegrity calculates the cost of in 1991, when over $400 wearing cowboy hats at his tracking and killing Osama million was given to what Abbottabad compound. Bin Laden at $450 billion, would later become the Tal- • In an elaborate attempt to making him the most expen- iban. fake his death, Al Qaeda sive assassination target in • After radical Islamists first staged a funeral for bin Lad- world history. struck the World Trade Cen- en in the Tora Bora moun- • While the exact method used tre with a car bomb in 1993, tains of Afghanistan in 2001. to ultimately locate Osama 10 11 12 bin Laden was implicated as • Bin Laden penned a letter bin Laden prior to the op- a co-conspirator. to President Barack Obama eration that ended with his • Bin Laden was a passionate in 2011 urging him to act on death hasn’t been released fan of British football team climate change. by the U.S. government, Arsenal F.C. and reportedly • Bin Laden was between most accounts point to a Pa- visited their stadium twice 1.95 ( 6’4”) and 2.01 metres kistani intelligence officer during a trip to London in tall (6’6”) but weighed only who disclosed his location 1994. 73 kilograms. for a $25 million reward. 13 14 15 • According to Kola Boof, a • A gem dealer from Michi- • No physical evidence of Sudanese writer who claims gan named Tom Lee claims Osama bin Laden’s death to have been made bin Lad- to have learned of Osama has been released to the pub- en’s sex slave in the 1990s, bin Laden’s hiding place in lic. he was obsessed with Whit- Abbottabad, Pakistan from ney Houston, and regular- a friend in Pakistani intel- ly spoke of his dreams of ligence all the way back 34 35 Straight Shooting Straight Shooting Straight Shooting Manurhin MR73 Gendarmerie ly pleased with the Gendarme- Every month we will feature two to four modern that are used by the world’s rie Model of the MR73 because counter-terrorist units. This month we feature the CZ-75, Manurhin MR73, Walther PPK, of its adjustable sights and its and Walther P38. availability in different barrel lengths. CZ-75 The MR73 was standard issue with France’s Gendarmerie and The CZ-75 was developed in some police units including by Czechoslovakia for the ex- Special Weapons and Tactics port market because they do teams (RAID, GIGN and com- not use the 9 x 19 mm round parable units). in their military. The operating The MR73 has an adjusta- system is taken from several ble trigger weight in both dou- earlier weapons with the lock- ble-action and single-action ing system being a modified slide release lever’s transverse modes, a feature found in other Browning design and the firing pin. After the first few milli- The Manurhin is the first re- high-end revolvers such as Ko- mechanism being similar to the metres of the recoil stroke, the volver developed and designed rth and Janz. These adjustments Walther designs. barrel is cammed downwards in France since 1892. The MR73 do not alter the strength of the The result of this combina- at the rear, enabling the slide to models were created to answer main spring, ensuring reliable tion is an accurate and reliable continue the recoil stroke and a demand for good quality re- primer ignition. This is due to design that has not been adopt- eject the spent . • Designer: Not known volvers for use by the French the use of roller bearings in the ed by any major group. Most models have the capa- • Designer: Josef and Fran- • Designed: 1973 police forces and especially the trigger mechanism along with The pistol was not sold in bility of being fired in both sin- tišek Koucký • Manufacturer: Manurhin presidential security units. extensive hand fitting and pol- Czechoslovakia until 1985, gle and double-action modes, • Designed: 1975 • Weight unloaded: 1.17 kg Until the advent of the Ma- ishing of components during when it became popular among and feature a frame-mounted • Manufacturer: Česká • Weight unloaded: 1.26 kg nurhin design, the demand was assembly. The MR73 requires sport shooters (sport shooting is manual safety. Some recent zbrojovka • Length: 334 mm filled with custom produced more than 12 hours of hand-fit- the third most widespread sport models have a decocking lever • Weight unloaded: 980 g • Barrel length: 203 mm Smith & Wessons and the MR73 ting at the factory, making it in the Czech Republic, after that doubles as a manual safety. • Weight unloaded: 1.12 kg • Cartridge: .357 Magnum has borrowed heavily from the about 50% more expensive football and ice hockey. It was Starting in the early 1990s, all • Length: 206.3 mm • Action: Double action re- S&W design. An interchange- than competing U.S.-manufac- adopted by the Czech armed CZ 75s have been made with • Barrel length: 120 mm volver able cylinder is available for tured brands. forces only after the Velvet firing pin blocks, designated by • Cartridge: 9×19 mm Para- • Rate of fire: 24 rounds per the MR73 allowing 9 x 19 mm The frame, cylinder, and bar- Revolution in 1989. the letter B (as in CZ 75B). bellum minute ammunition to be used, but be- rel of the MR73 are made from The CZ 75 is a short recoil op- The CZ 75 was one of the • Action: recoil, tilting bar- • Muzzle velocity: 504 m/s cause of its relative inaccuracy ordnance-certified, alloyed erated, locked breech pistol. It first high-capacity 9mm pistols rel, double/single • Type of fire: Double ac- in firming and some difficulties steel. Barrels are manufactured uses the Browning linkless cam with a manual safety similar to • Rate of fire: 1,000 rounds tion in extraction, this option is rare- by cold-hammering. The rifling locking system similar to that that of the Browning Hi-Power. per minute • Feed system: Swing out ly used. is formed during the forging used in the Browning Hi-Pow- This allows the CZ 75 to be car- • Muzzle velocity: 369 m/s six round cylinder With an excellent trigger pull process, eliminating the need er pistol, where the barrel and ried with the hammer cocked • Type of fire: Semi-auto- • Sights: Adjustable, open and quality manufacturing, the to cut the rifling as a separate slide are locked together on fir- with safety applied and a round matic iron MR73 has gone a long way manufacturing step. This cre- ing, using locking lugs milled chambered, ready for use sim- • Feed system: 12 round de- • Sight radius: 24.3 cm toward converting many Eu- ates an extremely hard and mi- into the barrel mating with re- ply by switching the safety off, tachable box magazine ropeans to the use of a revolv- croscopically smooth internal cesses in the roof of the slide. a configuration known as con- • Sights: Front blade, rear er, although automatic pistols barrel surface. An enclosed cam track integral dition 1. square notch have been popular for a long with the barrel is actuated by the • Sight radius: 16 cm time. The GIGN are particular-

36 37 Straight Shooting Straight Shooting Walther PPK Walther P38

The most common variant of tion. The firing mechanism ex- the Walther is the Walther PPK, tracts and ejects the first spent a smaller version of the PP with round, cocks the hammer, and a shorter grip, barrel and frame, chambers a fresh round for sin- and reduced magazine capacity. gle-action operation with each A new, two-piece wrap- subsequent shot – all features around grip panel construction found in many modern day was used to conceal the ex- handguns. posed back strap. The smaller The moving-barrel design size made it more concealable mechanism operates by use of than the original PP and hence a wedge-shaped falling locking better suited to plain clothes The Walther P38 (originally block underneath the breech. or undercover work. It was re- written Walther P.38) is a 9 mm When the pistol is fired both leased in 1930. semi-automatic pistol that was the barrel and slide recoil for a “PPK” is an abbreviation for developed as the service pistol short distance together, where Polizeipistole Kriminalmodell of the Wehrmacht at the begin- the locking block drives down, (police pistol - detective mod- expert Geoffrey Boothroyd, ning of World War II. It was disengaging the slide and ar- el). While it’s often thought to though the actual guns carried intended to replace the costly resting further rearward move- be “kurz” (German: short) re- by Bond and Felix Leiter in the Luger P08, the production of ment of the barrel. • Designer: Carl Walther which was scheduled to end in The slide however continues ferring to the police pistol with film were, in fact, Walther PPs. Waffenfabrik • Designer: Carl Walther 1942. its rearward movement on the shorter barrel and frame, the The PP and the PPK were • Designed: 1938 Waffenfabrik The P38 was the first locked- frame, ejecting the spent case manufacturer’s selection of the among the world’s first suc- • Manufacturer: Carl Walther • Designed: 1929 breech pistol to use a double-ac- and cocking the hammer before name “Kriminal” appears in cessful double action semi-au- Waffenfabrik, Mauser • Manufacturer: Carl Walther tion/single-action (DA/SA) reaching the end of travel. Two early original advertising bro- tomatic pistols. They are still Werke, Spreewerk GmbH Sportwaffen trigger (the earlier double-ac- return springs located on either chures from Walther and the manufactured by Walther and • Weight unloaded: 772 g • Weight unloaded: 675 g tion PPK was an unlocked side of the frame and below the 1937 GECO German catalogue. have been widely copied. • Weight unloaded: 970 g • Weight unloaded: 782 g blowback design, but the more slide, having been compressed Adolf Hitler committed The design inspired other • Length: 216 mm • Length: 155 mm powerful 9×19mm Parabellum by the slide’s rearward move- suicide with his PPK (.32 pistols, among them the So- • Barrel length: 125 mm • Barrel length: 83 mm round used in the P38 mandated ment, drive the slide forward, ACP/7.65mm) in the Führ- viet Makarov, the Hungarian • Cartridge: 9×19 mm Para- • Cartridge: 9×17 mm Short a locked breech design). stripping a new round from erbunker in Berlin. FEG PA-63, the Polish P-64, bellum • Action: Straight blowback The shooter could chamber a the magazine, driving it into South Korean dictator Park the American Accu-Tek AT-380 • Action: Short recoil, • Rate of fire: 30 rounds per round, use the safety-decocking the breech and, in the process, Chung-hee was shot and killed II, and the Argentinian Bersa locked breech minute lever to safely lower the ham- re-engaging the barrel; ending by Kim Jae-gyu, using the Thunder 380. The PP and PPK • Rate of fire: 32 rounds per • Muzzle velocity: 244 m/s mer without firing the round, its return travel with a fresh Walther PPK. were both popular with Europe- minute • Type of fire: Semi-auto- and carry the weapon load- round chambered, hammer The Walther PPK pistol is fa- an police and civilians for being • Muzzle velocity: 320 m/s matic, double action ed. This lever can stay down, cocked and ready to repeat the mous as fictional secret agent reliable and concealable. • Type of fire: Semi-auto- • Feed system: Six round keeping the pistol “on safe” or process. James Bond’s gun in many of During World War II, they matic, double action detachable box magazine be immediately returned to the The falling locking block de- the films and novels: Ian Flem- were issued to the German mil- • Feed system: Eight round • Sights: Fixed iron sights, straight position, keeping the sign provides good accuracy ing’s choice of the Walther PPK itary (officers), including the detachable box magazine rear notch and front blade weapon safely “ready” with a due to the in-line travel of the directly influenced its populari- Luftwaffe, as well as the police. • Sights: Rear notch and ty and its notoriety. Singer Elvis Presley owned • Sight radius: 11 cm double-action trigger pull for barrel and slide. front blade post the first shot. For many years the P38 was Fleming had given Bond a .25 a silver-finish PPK, inscribed • Sight radius: 16.5 cm Beretta 418 pistol in early nov- “TCB” (“taking care of busi- Pulling the trigger cocks the the standard service issue for els, but switched to the PPK in ness”). hammer before firing the first the (SAP). Dr. No on the advice of firearms shot with double-action opera- 38 39 Rank Structure - South Korea

Over the next few months we will be running a series of articles looking at the rank structure of various armed forces. This month we look at the Republic of Korea (ROK) Armed Forces.

he Republic of Korea (the length of military service Commissioned officer ranks (ROK) Armed Forces is will be reduced to 18 – 22 are subdivided into Jang- Tdivided up into four ser- months by 2022.). seong-level (general) officers, vice branches. These are the ROK Commissioned officers, war- Yeonggwan-level (field-grade) Army, ROK Navy, ROK Marine rant officers, and non-com- officers, and Wigwan-level Corps, and ROK Air Force. missioned officers are volun- (company-grade) officers. Byeongjang Hasa Jungsa Conscription in South Korea teer-based, and serve longer All three branches of the (Sergeant) (Staff Sergeant) (Sergeant First Class) requires male citizens over the terms than those of enlisted per- South Korean Armed Forces age of 18 to perform compulso- sonnel, or as career. share the same rank insignia ry military service. Non-active duty personnel and titles in Korean Women are not required to such as social work personnel ROK Navy commissioned of- perform military service, but serve for various lengths. After ficer ranks have two distinct sets they may volunteer as officers, conscripts finish their military of rank insignia: On dress uni- warrant officers, or non-com- service, they are automatically form a series of stripes similar missioned officers. placed on the reserve roster. to Commonwealth naval ranks The length of compulsory In the South Korean armed are worn; on service uniforms, military service varies based on forces, ranks fall into one working uniforms, and special service branches: Active duty of four categories: commis- uniform situations (combat util- enlisted personnel serve 21 sioned officer, warrant officer, ities and flight suits), the rank months in the Army or Marine non-commissioned officer, and insignia are the same as the Corps, 23 months in the Navy, junior enlisted (), in de- equivalent rank in the Army or and 24 months in the Air Force creasing order of authority. the Air Force. Sangsa Wonsa Jungsa (Master Sergeant) (Sergeant Major) (Warrant Officer) NCO’s & Warrant Officer Officers

Ideungbyeong Ildeungbyeong Sangdeungbyeong (Private) (Private First Class) (Corporal)

Sowi Jungwi Daewi (Second Lieutenant) (Lieutenant) (Captain)

40 41 Soryeong Jungnyeong Daeryeong (Major) (Lieutenant Colonel) (Colonel)

Bush War Books has probably one of the finest collections of military titles available. Especially on the South African Border War.

Junjang Sojang Jungjang () () () Click here to visit their website.

Daejang Wonsu (General) (General of the Army) “War does not determine who is right - only who is left”

42 43 A matter of survival - Handling the kill Over the next few months we will be running a series of articles looking at survival, something that has always been important for those in the military. This month we look at handling animals that you have hunted or trapped.

kay, so you’ve managed eaters that in turn may become torted or discoloured around to hunt something. But trapped. the head (such as a rabbit with Obefore you break out Use the entrails to re-bait the symptoms of myxomatosis) the knives and forks there are a traps. Only carry back to camp should be boiled. There is then few things that you’re going to what you can manage without little risk of infection from eat- have to do first. exertion. In cool climates cache ing it. However, care should te Place the pole along the belly and use a clove You’re going to have to skin the rest for collection later. taken in preparation when there hitch around each pair of legs. Lash the animal to and gut your prey before you In territories with vultures and is a risk. the pole and finish with a clove hitch around the can even think about cooking other large carrion eaters it will It is essential that any cut or pole. it. But before that you’ll have be almost impossible to protect sore in your skin be covered to get it back to your camp. it, so carry what you can. when slaughtering or handling and recover offal. If you’ve hunted or trapped What you leave behind is un- meat, for if an animal carries • Jointing - to provide suitable cuts for cooking. something you must make sure likely to keep in a hot climate. disease a break in the skin pro- that it’s actually dead before Blood is a valuable food, vides easy entry to your body. Next month we will look at each of these steps in you try and handle it. Wound- containing vital minerals. Car- greater detail. ed and trapped animals can be ry a vessel for taking it back Preparing the kill dangerous to camp. Keep it covered, cool In a survival situation you Use a spear or tie your knife and out of the way of flies. cannot afford to be fussy. No to a long stick and stab a largish part of a carcase should be animal in its main muscles and wasted. Have you visited the library yet? neck. Loss of blood will weaken Careful preparation will give it, enabling you to move closer WARNING you the maximum food value Looking for a specific article or subject of interest? Then why not pay a visit to the library on our ad club it on the head. Health and make full use of the parts website. Most of the articles that have appeared in Military Despatches are available in separate Once its dead you will now Hazards you cannot eat. pages on our website. have to transport it back to your Set about it in four stages. All you need to do is click on a book in the library and it will open a page with a list of all the camp. If you have a compan- Diseased animals • Bleeding - which is essen- articles that we have published on that topic. ion, it is easier to carry a large There are lymph glands in tial if the meat is to keep, You can also access video clips and doc- animal by tying it firmly to a the cheeks of animals. They are and without which the taste umentaries from the library, all of which you bough, which can be carried on more noticeable on large ani- is very strong. can view without having to download them your shoulders. mals. • Skinning - so that the hide first. The library is constantly updated, with new Don’t take it all the way back If they are large and dis- or fur can be used for shelter articles being added each week. into your camp. It’s only going coloured they are a sign of and clothing. To go to the library just click on the image to attract flies and scavenging illness. Any animal that is dis- • Gutting - to remove the gut to the left. animals. Even large animals can be dragged to a more convenient location if turned on their backs. Hiding the Kill If the animal has horns cut off Suspend a carcase from a bough, too high for scavengers on its head or they will make it dif- the ground and out of reach from the branch. ficult. A cache in the crook of a tree will keep meat away from It is preferable to butcher all ground predators but will still be accessible to felines and other game on the trap line. It will climbing predators. attract predators and carrion 44 45 head to head head to head Heckler & Koch MG5 Military Strength Will become the new stand- ard general-purpose machine In the fifth of a series of articles, we examine the machine guns used by the ten stron- gun of the German Army; re- gest current military forces. placing the MG3

ast month we looked military forces. that each of these forces use, • Manufacturer: Heckler & at assault rifles used by This month we are going to including light, medium and Koch NATO metres the ten strongest current take a look at the machine guns heavy machine guns. • Weight: 11.2 kg L • Action: Gas-operated short- • Feed system: Disintegrating • Length: 690–1,037 mm stroke piston, rotating bolt DM60/M13 belt in 50 round stock extended • Rate of fire: 800 rpm belt bag or 120 round in sep- • Cartridge: 7.62×51mm • Effective firing range: 300 arate belt box 10. Germany Total military personnel – 210,305 Standard heavy machine gun German Army. Bundeswehr Heckler & Koch MG4 designation “Maschinengewehr Light machine gun also Kaliber .50”. Used mostly as known as the HK123, it was vehicle armament. developed in the late 1990s and was first seen publicly in Sep- • Manufacturer: General Dy- NATO metres tember 2001. It has been select- namics • Action: Short recoil-operat- • Feed system: Belt-fed (M2 ed to replace the 7.62 mm MG3 • Weight: 38 kg general-purpose machine gun ed or M9 links) • Length: 1,030 mm stock ex- ing bolt • Length: 1,654 mm in the Bundeswehr at the squad • Rate of fire: 450–600 rpm tended; 830 mm stock fold- • Rate of fire: 890 rpm • Cartridge: 12.7×99 mm support level • Effective firing range: 1,800 ed • Effective firing range: 1,000 • Cartridge: 5.56×45 mm metres • Manufacturer: Heckler & NATO • Feed system: Belt fed. Koch • Action: Gas-operated, rotat- • Weight: 8.15 kg 9. Turkey Total military personnel – 891,300

Rheinmetall MG 3 MG 3 Standard general-purpose Standard issue Light Ma- machine gun of the German chine Gun. Produced in license Army; it was derived from the by MKEK. World War II MG 42. Will be replaced by the MG5. • Manufacturer: MKEK • Weight: 11.5 kg • Manufacturer: Rheinmetall • Length: 1,225 mm • Rate of fire: 1,000-1,300 belt (can be combined in a • Max firing range: 600 me- grating DM6/M13 belt • Weight: 11.5 kg • Cartridge: 7.62×51mm rpm drum); 100-round disinte- tres • Length: 1,225 mm NATO • Max firing range: 600 me- grating DM6/M13 belt • Feed system: 50 round • Cartridge: 7.62×51mm • Action: Recoil-operated, tres non-disintegrating DM1 NATO roller locked • Feed system: 50 round belt (can be combined in a • Action: Recoil-operated, • Rate of fire: 1,000-1,300 non-disintegrating DM1 drum); 100-round disinte- roller locked rpm 46 47 head to head head to head FN Minimi This SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon) is now in service with 8. United Kingdom more than 75 countries. Stand- Total military personnel – 157,500 ard variant in use by Special Forces Command. FN Minimi • Manufacturer: FN Herstal FN Minimi” and “FN Mini- bolt 100 round or 200 round soft • Weight: 7.1 kg mi Para” is the designated light • Rate of fire: 700–1,150 rpm pouch, or 200 round box or • Length: 1,040 mm machine gun. One LMG is is- • Effective firing range: 1,000 30 round M16-type STAN- • Cartridge: 5.56×45 mm sued per four man infantry fire- metres AG magazine NATO team for sustained suppressive • Feed system: 100 or 200 • Action: Gas-actuated, open fire out to 300 metres. round belt contained in a • Action: Gas-actuated, open round belt contained in a • Manufacturer: FN Herstal bolt 100 round or 200 round soft • Weight: 7.1 kg • Rate of fire: 700–1,150 rpm pouch, or 200 round box or • Length: 1,040 mm PKM machine gun • Effective firing range: 1,000 30 round M16-type STAN- • Cartridge: 5.56×45 mm This Russian-designed LMG metres AG magazine NATO was bought from ex-GDR • Feed system: 100 or 200 stockpile after German unifica- tion. Secondary standard issue L7A2 LMG. The designated GPMG for sustained fire out to 1,800 m. • Manufacturer: Degtyaryov Used by two-men teams in spe- • Action: Gas-operated, open • Feed system: Non-disinte- plant cialised machine gun platoons bolt grating metal 50 round belts • Weight: 7.5 kg for battalion-level fire support. • Rate of fire: 650 rpm in 100 and 200/250 round • Length: 1,192 mm • Effective firing range: 1,000 ammunition boxes • Cartridge: 7.62×54 mm R • Manufacturer: FN Herstal • Action: Gas-operated long- • Feed system: 1Non-disinte- metres • Weight: 11.8 kg stroke piston, open bolt grating DM1 or disintegrat- • Length: 1,040 mm • Rate of fire: 650–1,000 rpm ing M13 linked belt • Cartridge: 7.62×51 mm • Effective firing range: 800 NATO metres

L111A1 M2 Browning The L111A1 is the British Standard issue heavy ma- Army version of the Ameri- chine gun. It is most mounted can M2 Browning. It can be on vehicles or used in a static attached to both armoured and role. soft-skin vehicles, or a ground- mount tripod.. • Manufacturer: General Dy- NATO • Feed system: Belt-fed (M2 namics • Manufacturer: General Dy- • Action: Short recoil-operat- • Feed system: Belt-fed (M2 • Action: Short recoil-operat- or M9 links) • Weight: 38 kg namics ed or M9 links) ed • Length: 1,654 mm • Weight: 38 kg • Rate of fire: 450–600 rpm • Rate of fire: 450–600 rpm • Cartridge: 12.7×99 mm • Length: 1,654 mm • Effective firing range: 1,800 • Effective firing range: 1,800 NATO • Cartridge: 12.7×99 mm metres metres 48 49 head to head head to head K6 7. Republic of Korea Copy of the Browning M2HB with additional modification. Total military personnel – 3,699,000 Parts of K6 and M2 are not in- terchangeable. K3 • Manufacturer: Yeohwa Standard-issue squad auto- Shot-gun matic weapon. Will be replaced • Action: Short recoil-operat- • Feed system: Belt-fed (M2 • Weight: 38 kg by the K15. ed or M9 links) • Length: 1,654 mm • Rate of fire: 450–600 rpm • Cartridge: 12.7×99 mm • Manufacturer: Daewoo Pre- • Effective firing range: 1,800 NATO cision Industries metres • Weight: 6.85 kg • Rate of fire: 900 rpm round box magazine (rare) • Length: 1,030 mm • Effective firing range: 800 or 30 round NATO STAN- • Cartridge: 5.56×45 mm metres AG magazine NATO • Feed system: 200 round 6. Japan • Action: Gas-actuated, rotat- disintegrating-link belt, 70 Total military personnel – 310,457 ing bolt M60D Sumitomo Minimi The M60D is a mounted var- Made under license by Sum- iant of the standard American itomo, standard squad machine M60. It can be mounted on gun. It is a copy of the FN Min- boats, vehicles and as a pin- imi. tle-mounted door gun in heli- copters. • Manufacturer: Sumitomo • Weight: 7.1 kg • Cartridge: 57.62×51mm • Effective firing range: 1,100 • Rate of fire: 700–1,150 rpm pouch, or 200 round box or • Manufacturer: Daewoo Pre- • Length: 1,040 mm NATO metres • Effective firing range: 1,000 30 round M16-type STAN- cision Industries • Cartridge: 5.56×45 mm • Action: Gas-operated, short- • Feed system: Disintegrating metres AG magazine • Weight: 10.5 kg NATO stroke gas piston, open bolt belt with M13 Links • Feed system: 100 or 200 • Length: 1,105 mm • Action: Gas-actuated, open • Rate of fire: 500-650 rpm round belt contained in a bolt 100 round or 200 round soft

S&T Motiv K12 Sumitomo Type 62 This General Purpose Ma- Made by Sumitomo. Still chine Gun is set to replace the used for infantry support as a M60. It was first shown to the Medium machine gun. Also public in 2009. used in vehicle-mounted roles.

• Manufacturer: S&T Dae- • Manufacturer: Sumitomo woo • Weight: 10.15 kg • Action: Gas-operated, rotat- • Feed system: Disintegrating • Rate of fire: 650 rpm • Weight: 12 kg • Length: 1,200 mm ing bolt M13 belt • Effective firing range: 1,000 • Length: 1,234 mm • Cartridge: 7.62×51 mm • Rate of fire: 650–950 rpm metres • Cartridge: 7.62×51mm NATO • Effective firing range: 800 • Feed system: Belt-fed NATO • Action: Gas-operated metres 50 51 head to head head to head Sumitomo M2 FN MAG Made under license by Sumi- This general purpose ma- tomo. It is a copy of the Ameri- chine gun, designed in the ear- can Browning M2. ly 1950s and has been used by more than 80 countries • Manufacturer: Sumitomo • Weight: 38 kg • Manufacturer: F a b r i q u e • Length: 1,654 mm Nationale ed metres • Action: Gas-operated long- • Feed system: Non-disinte- • Cartridge: 12.7×99 mm • Weight: 11.8 k • Rate of fire: 450–600 rpm • Feed system: Belt-fed (M2 stroke piston, open bolt grating DM1 or disintegrat- NATO • Length: 1,263 mm • Effective firing range: 1,800 or M9 links) • Rate of fire: 650–1,000 rpm ing M13 linked belt • Action: Short recoil-operat- • Cartridge: 7.62×51 mm • Effective firing range: 800 NATO metres M2 Browning 5. France Standard American M2 Total military personnel – 426,265 Browning. It can be attached to both armoured and soft-skin vehicles, or a ground-mount tri- FN Minimi pod.. This SAW (Squad Automatic • Manufacturer: General Dy- NATO • Effective firing range: 1,800 Weapon) is standard issue for namics • Action: Short recoil-operat- metres many French units. • Weight: 38 kg ed • Feed system: Belt-fed (M2 • Length: 1,654 mm • Rate of fire: 450–600 rpm or M9 links) • Manufacturer: FN Herstal • Cartridge: 12.7×99 mm • Weight: 7.1 kg • Length: 1,040 mm • Rate of fire: 700–1,150 rpm 100 round or 200 round soft • Cartridge: 5.56×45 mm • Effective firing range: 1,000 pouch, or 200 round box or NATO metres 30 round M16-type STAN- • Action: Gas-actuated, open 4. India • Feed system: 100 or 200 AG magazine bolt Total military personnel – 2,598,921 round belt contained in a

The Indians make use of 10 different light, heavy and general purpose machine guns from a va- riety of countries. ANF1 This is basically a French AA- IWI Negev NG-7 52 GPMG that was changed Standard Squad Automatic from the French 7.5×54 mm Weapon (SAW) of special forc- round to the 7.62×51 mm es, especially Para(SF). NATO round • Manufacturer: Israel Mili- • Manufacturer: MAS tary Industries • Weight: 9.970 kg blowback non-disintegrating belt • Weight: 7.95 kg • Cartridge: 7.62×51 mm • Effective firing range: 300- • Length: 1,080 mm • Rate of fire: 900 rpm • Length: 1,100 mm stock NATO 800 metres • Cartridge: 7.62×51 mm • Effective firing range: 600 extended; 1,030 mm stock • Action: Gas operated, rotat- • Feed system: 100 and 125 NATO metres folded ing bolt round disintegrating M13 • Action: Lever-delayed • Feed system: 50 round • Rate of fire: 600-750 rpm NATO ammunition belts 52 53 head to head head to head M249 This GPMG is used by the NSG. It is basically a modified 3. China FN Minimi. Total military personnel – 2,545,000

• Manufacturer: FN Herstal The People’s Liberation Army makes use of a staggering 21 different types of light, heavy, GPMG • Weight: 10 kg and multi-barrel machine guns. • Length: 1,041 mm • Action: Gas-actuated, open • Effective firing range: 1,000 • Cartridge: 5.56×45 mm bolt metres QBZ-95 LSW NATO • Rate of fire: 700–1,150 rpm • Feed system: 200 round belt Standard light support weap- on (LSW) used by the PLA.

• Manufacturer: Norinco • Weight: 3.25 kg • Length: 745 mm • Cartridge: 5.8×42 mm MAG 58 DBP87 • Rate of fire: 650 rpm • Feed system: 30 round de- • Action: Short-stroke piston, Standard section-Medium • Effective firing range: 400 tachable box magazine; 75 rotating bolt Machine Gun for infantry bat- metres round detachable drum talions, Indian-made version of the FN MAG. QJY-88 Also known as the Type 88 • Manufacturer: F a b r i q u e LMG it replaced the Type 67 Nationale • Action: Gas-operated long- • Feed system: Non-disinte- GPMG. • Weight: 11.8 k stroke piston, open bolt grating DM1 or disintegrat- • Length: 1,263 mm • Rate of fire: 650–1,000 rpm ing M13 linked belt • Manufacturer: China North • Cartridge: 7.62×51 mm • Effective firing range: 800 Industries Corporation NATO • Weight: 7.6 kg metres • Action: Gas-operated 1,000 metres • Length: 1,151 mm • Rate of fire: 650–700 rpm • Feed system: 100 & 200 • Cartridge: 5.8×42 mm • Effective firing range: 800- round cartridge case DBP88

PKM machine gun PKM machine guns are used Type 77 as co-axial weapons in Rus- The Type 77 is described as sian produced T-90S Bhishma, China’s first generation de- T-72M Ajeya and BMP-2S Sar- signed 12.7 mm heavy machine ath and used as general purpose gun. machine gun. Also used by Special Forces as section LMG. • Manufacturer: Norinco • Weight: 28 kg • Manufacturer: Degtyaryov • Action: Gas-operated, open • Feed system: Non-disinte- • Effective firing range: 650- bolt grating metal 50 round belts • Length: 2,150 mm 700 metres plant • Cartridge: 12.7×108 mm • Weight: 7.5 kg • Rate of fire: 650 rpm in 100 and 200/250 round • Feed system: 30 round de- • Effective firing range: 1,000 ammunition boxes • Action: Gas tachable 60 round belt • Length: 1,192 mm • Rate of fire: 650 rpm • Cartridge: 7.62×54 mm R metres 54 55 head to head head to head

2. Russia 1. United States Total military personnel – 3,586,128 Total military personnel – 4,397,128

PKM machine gun M249 Based on a heavily modified American adaptation of the Kalashnikov design, it is the Belgian FN Minimi, main service general purpose machine gun. • Manufacturer: FN Herstal • Weight: 10 kg • Manufacturer: Degtyaryov • Length: 1,041 mm plant • Cartridge: 5.56×45 mm bolt metres • Weight: 7.5 kg NATO • Rate of fire: 700–1,150 rpm • Feed system: 200 round belt • Length: 1,192 mm • Rate of fire: 650 rpm grating metal 50 round belts • Action: Gas-actuated, open • Effective firing range: 1,000 • Cartridge: 7.62×54 mm R • Effective firing range: 1,000 in 100 and 200/250 round • Action: Gas-operated, open metres ammunition boxes bolt • Feed system: Non-disinte- M240 This general purpose machine PKP Pecheneg gun is the American version of Based on and designed to re- the FN MAG. place the PKM as General Is- sue. • Manufacturer: F a b r i q u e Nationale • Weight: 11.8 k • Manufacturer: Degtyaryov stroke piston, open bolt grating DM1 or disintegrat- • Length: 1,263 mm plant • Rate of fire: 650–1,000 rpm ing M13 linked belt • Cartridge: 7.62×51 mm • Weight: 8.2 kg • Effective firing range: 800 NATO • Length: 1,200 mm metres • Action: Gas-operated long- • Cartridge: 7.62×54 mm R • Rate of fire: 600-800 rpm • Feed system: Belt feed: 100, • Feed system: Non-disinte- • Action: Gas-operated • Effective firing range: 1,500 200, 250 round metres

PKP Pecheneg M2 Browning Replacing the NSV as the Probably the most popular main service heavy machine and used heavy machine gun in gun. the world..

• Manufacturer: V.A. Degt- • Manufacturer: General Dy- yarev Plant namics • Weight: 38 kg • Weight: 25.5 kg ed • Feed system: Belt-fed (M2 • Length: 1,654 mm • Length: 1,980 mm • Rate of fire: 450–600 rpm or M9 links) • Cartridge: 12.7×99 mm • Cartridge: 12.7×108 mm ing bolt metres • Effective firing range: 1,800 NATO • Action: Gas-operated, rotat- • Rate of fire: 650-750 rpm • Feed system: 50 round metres • Effective firing range: 2,000 linked belt • Action: Short recoil-operat- 56 57 Famous figures in military history Famous figures in military history long interest in Middle Eastern Airborne Infantry Regiment, he thought that career advance- culture. The family moved to 101st Airborne Division at Fort ment could be most quickly Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. Geneva, Switzerland, in 1947, Campbell, Kentucky. earned in combat. West Point Decorated veteran of the Vietnam War and adviser to the South Vietnamese Army, he would following a new military assign- It was during this time he lat- approved his request in early go on to become a four-star general and commander of the United States Central Command. ment for Herbert Schwarzkopf. er recounted he found chronic 1965 with the stipulation that he He would lead all coalition forces in the Gulf War. This was Stormin’ Norman Schwarzkopf. The senior Schwarzkopf visit- problems in military leader- return and teach the remaining ed Italy, Heidelberg, Frankfurt, ship, amid what historians have two years after his tour. orman Schwarzkopf Schwarzkopf was considered an Schwarzkopf’s birth certificate and Berlin, Germany during his called a larger doctrinal crisis. was highly decorated in exceptional leader by many bi- was amended to make his name military duties, and the young- Schwarzkopf later recounted Vietnam War NVietnam, being award- ographers and was noted for his “H. Norman Schwarzkopf”, re- er Schwarzkopf accompanied many officers and NCOs he met In the Vietnam War, ed three Silver Star Medals, two abilities as a military diplomat portedly because his father hat- him. in this assignment “had no sense Schwarzkopf served as a task Purple Hearts, and the Legion and in dealing with the press. ed his first name. By 1951 he had returned to of duty or honour, and who saw force adviser to the Army of the of Merit. His father was a 1917 gradu- Iran briefly before returning the world through an alcoholic Republic of Vietnam Airborne Rising through the ranks after Early Life ate of the United States Military to the United States. Herbert haze.” Division. He was promoted to the conflict, he later commanded Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Academy and veteran of World Schwarzkopf died in 1958. He was promoted to first lieu- major shortly after arriving in the U.S. 24th Infantry Division Jr. on 22 August 1943 in Trenton, War I. He later went on to be- From a young age, Norman tenant in 1958. In July 1959, Vietnam. and was one of the command- New Jersey. His parents were come founding Superintendent wanted to be a military officer, Schwarzkopf was assigned his After an initial orientation at ers of the Invasion of Grenada Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf of the New Jersey State Police, following his father’s example. first overseas assignment; as a Military Assistance Command, in 1983. Sr. and Ruth Alice (née Bow- where he worked as a lead in- He attended the United States staff officer alternating with du- Vietnam (MACV), headquar- Assuming command of Unit- man). He had two older sisters, vestigator on the 1932 Lind- Military Academy, where he ties as a platoon leader, liaison tered in Saigon, Schwarzkopf ed States Central Command in Ruth Ann and Sally Joan. bergh baby kidnapping case. played football, wrestled, sang officer, and reconnaissance pla- was sent north to Pleiku in 1988, Schwarzkopf was called In January 1952, the younger When Norman Schwarzkopf and conducted the West Point toon leader with the 6th Infantry the central highlands, in the II on to respond to the Invasion was eight years old, his father Chapel choir. Regiment in West Germany. Corps Tactical Zone. of Kuwait in 1990 by the forces returned to the military amid He graduated in 1956, finish- In July 1960, Schwarzkopf He got his first combat expe- of Iraq under Saddam Hussein. World War II. His continuous ing 43rd out of a class of 480. was assigned as aide-de-camp rience on 3 August when he was Initially tasked with defending absence made home life diffi- He earned a Bachelor of Engi- to Brigadier General Charles the senior adviser to a force of Saudi Arabia from Iraqi aggres- cult, particularly for his wife. neering degree and later a Mas- Johnson, who commanded the 1,000 South Vietnamese para- sion, Schwarzkopf’s command As a 10 year-old cadet at Bor- ters of Engineering at the Uni- Berlin Brigade in West Berlin. troopers sent to relieve a belea- eventually grew to an interna- dentown Military Institute, near versity of Southern California. Schwarzkopf was promoted guered South Vietnamese Army tional force of over 750,000 Trenton, he posed for his offi- He was also a member of to captain in July 1961 and re- force at Đức Cơ Camp. troops. cial photograph wearing a stern Mensa and his IQ was tested at assigned for Advanced Infan- The paratroopers took heavy After diplomatic relations expression because – as he said 168. try School at Fort Benning for casualties and a second, larger broke down, he planned and afterwards – “Some day when I eight months. He also earned force was required to relieve led Operation Desert Storm become a general, I want peo- Military career his Master Parachutist Badge in them. That force too came into - an extended air cam- ple to know that I’m On graduating from West that time. heavy contact. Schwarzkopf paign followed by a serious.” Point, Schwarzkopf was com- From June 1962 to June 1964, and his group fought continu- highly successful In 1946, missioned as a second lieuten- Schwarzkopf completed a Mas- ously for several days. 100-hour ground when Norman ant in the Infantry Branch. ter of Science in Engineering at At one point, he braved heavy offensive - which Schwarzkopf was He spent from October 1956 the University of Southern Cali- North Vietnamese fire to recov- defeated the Iraqi 12, he moved with to March 1957 at United States fornia. He then returned to West er and treat a handful of wound- Army and liber- his father to Teh- Army Infantry School at Fort Point to serve as an instructor in ed South Vietnamese soldiers ated Kuwait in ran, Iran. In Iran, Benning, Georgia, where he the Department of Mechanics. and escort them to safety. early 1991. Norman learned earned his Parachutist Badge. He was originally intended By 17 August the 173rd Air- A hard-driv- shooting, horse- His first assignment was as to teach at the Military Acade- borne Brigade arrived and broke ing military back riding, and platoon leader, later executive my for three years, but after his the siege, ending the Battle of commander hunting. officer, of E Company, 2nd first year he volunteered for ser- Đức Cơ. General William West- with a strong Schwarzkopf Airborne Battle Group, 187th vice in South Vietnam because moreland later arrived to review temper, developed a life- 58 59 Famous figures in military history Famous figures in military history the incident and congratulate called this second tour of duty awarded a third Silver Star and a policies to make joint warfare Schwarzkopf. was very different from his first; second Purple Heart for risking and inter-service cooperation For his leadership in the bat- there were 500,000 U.S. troops his life to protect the soldiers, as standard practice in warfare. tle, Schwarzkopf was awarded in Vietnam, the Vietnamization well as three Bronze Star Med- In July 1985, Schwarzkopf the Silver Star. On 14 Febru- strategy was in effect, and re- als and a Legion of Merit for his began an 11 month assignment ary 1966, Schwarzkopf led an cent events such as the Tet Of- command performance. as Assistant Deputy Chief of ARVN paratrooper assault on fensive and My Lai Massacre Still, his experiences in Viet- Staff for Operations and Plans a Viet Cong position, during put troops under increased po- nam embittered him to U.S. for- at the Pentagon. On 1 July 1986, which he was wounded four litical scrutiny. eign policy. he was promoted to lieutenant times by small arms fire. In In December 1969 he gained general, and was reassigned to spite of this, he refused medi- his first field command, taking Rising to general Fort Lewis as commander of I cal evacuation or to relinquish over the 1st Battalion, 6th In- Schwarzkopf was disgusted Corps. He held this post for 14 command until the objective fantry, 198th Infantry Brigade by the treatment of Vietnam MEETING THE BIG BOSS: Norman Schwarzkopf (middle), months before returning to the had been captured. For this, he at Chu Lai. He later said these veterans in the United States then a major, meets with General William Westmoreland (left), Pentagon as Deputy Chief of was awarded a second Silver troops were initially demor- after the war and he considered commander of all US Forces in Vietnam. Staff for Operations and Plans Star and a Purple Heart. alized and in poor condition, leaving the military. He ulti- in August 1987. After ten months of combat racked with rampant drug use mately decided to stay, hoping In July 1978, Schwarzkopf chief army adviser to the overall duty, Schwarzkopf was pulled and disciplinary problems as to fix some of the problems en- became deputy director of plans operation commander. Commander of CENTCOM from the front by MACV and well as a lack of support from countered by the military during at the U.S. Pacific Command in The operation was plagued by In November 1988, reassigned as senior staff advis- home. the war. Hawaii. logistical difficulties, exacerbat- Schwarzkopf was named com- er for civil affairs to the ARVN Despite the brigade’s other- He underwent surgery at Wal- He then served a two-year ed by poor communication and mander of United States Central Airborne Division. wise controversial performance ter Reed Army Hospital shortly stint as assistant division com- lack of cooperation between the Command (CENTCOM). He Then, he returned to the Unit- record, Schwarzkopf was quick- after his return from Vietnam to mander of the 8th Infantry Divi- branches of the United States assumed command of CENT- ed States and finished his teach- ly regarded as one of its best repair long-standing back prob- sion (Mechanized) in Germany. military. COM, with his headquarters at ing assignment at West Point, combat commanders. lems exacerbated by parachute He returned to Washington Schwarzkopf was named dep- MacDill Air Force Base in Tam- where he was an associate pro- He aggressively stepped up jumps. D.C. for an assignment as di- uty commander of the invasion pa, Florida, and was promoted fessor in the Department of Me- patrols and operations to coun- Between 1970 and 1983, rector of personnel manage- at the last minute, leaving him to general. At the time of this chanics. In 1968, he attended ter Viet Cong infiltration in the Schwarzkopf took on a number ment for the Army, subordinate with little say in the planning. appointment, CENTCOM had the Army’s Command and Gen- battalion’s sector. He developed of different assignments. Pro- to the Deputy Chief of Staff for While he initially did not overall responsibility for U.S. eral Staff College at Fort Leav- his leadership attitudes during moted to colonel, Schwarzkopf Personnel, General Maxwell R. think the U.S. should have military operations in 19 coun- enworth, Kansas, completing this command. volunteered for an assignment Thurman. been involved in the conflict, tries, and had 200,000 service the course in June 1969. Fellow commander Hal in Alaska, and in late 1974 be- Schwarzkopf was promoted he later said he considered the members on call should a crisis In this time back home, he Moore (featured in the May came deputy commander of the to major general. In June 1983, mission a success because it arise. also met and then married Bren- 2019 issue) later wrote that 172nd Infantry Brigade at Fort he became commanding gener- re-asserted the dominance of Schwarzkopf immediately da Holsinger, a flight attendant during his time in Vietnam Richardson, Alaska. al of the 24th Infantry Division the U.S. military after the Viet- took to changing the focus of the for Trans World Airlines. The Schwarzkopf acquired his well- In October 1976, he moved (Mechanized) at Fort Stewart, nam War. Following the inva- command, which to that point couple would later have three known temper, while arguing to Fort Lewis, Washington, to Georgia. sion, Schwarzkopf returned to had focused on the “Zagros Doc- children. via radio for passing American command the 1st Brigade of He immediately established the 24th Infantry Division and trine”, a hypothetical ground In June 1969 Schwarzkopf, helicopters to land and pick up the 9th Infantry Division, where an extremely rigorous train- completed his tour as its com- invasion by the Soviet Union recently promoted to lieutenant his wounded men. he impressed his division com- ing regimen and became well mander. through the Zagros Mountains colonel, was sent back to Viet- He also showed a preference mander, Major General Richard known among the troops of the The operation was a learning which the U.S. would counter nam on a second tour of duty. of leading from the front and E. Cavazos. command for his strict training experience for Schwarzkopf, in Iran. Schwarzkopf was more He was assigned as execu- prided himself on avoiding the Having been very successful and aggressive personality. who saw the need to develop concerned with the effects of tive officer to the chief of staff rear areas, which he called a improving the combat readiness On 25 October 1983, greater cooperation between the the Iran–Iraq War on the stabil- at MACV headquarters, based “cesspool”. of the 1st Brigade, he was nom- Schwarzkopf was appointed to services for future joint opera- ity of the region than of an ex- at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in Returning to the United States inated to receive his first star as the command group for the In- tions. ternal threat posed by the Soviet Saigon. Schwarzkopf later re- in 1970, Schwarzkopf was a brigadier general. vasion of Grenada. He was the He would later push for more Union. 60 61 Famous figures in military history Famous figures in military history In testimony before the Sen- a scenario which closely mir- CENTCOM command in Ri- Retirement ate Armed Services Committee rored the rising tension between yadh on 25 August, and on 29 Schwarzkopf returned to the in March 1989, Schwarzkopf Iraq and Kuwait. August he conducted his first United States after the Gulf War maintained that the Soviet Un- One week after the end of front-line tour of the potential as a national hero, and his abil- ion was a threat to the region, these exercises, Iraq invaded combat zone, accompanied by ity to effectively deal with the but when giving an overview of Kuwait on 2 August 1990. reporters. press left him a positive image. the countries in the region, not- Over the next several weeks, Schwarzkopf indicated a de- ed that Iraq posed a threat to its Gulf War Schwarzkopf spoke frequently sire to retire from the military weaker neighbours. Initially believing the Iraqi with both reporters and troops in mid-1991. He was initially He implored that the U.S. Army would only advance to the under his command, conducting considered for promotion alter- “seek to assert a moderating in- Rumailah oil field, Schwarzkopf many high-profile press confer- natively to General of the Army fluence in Iraq.” With regional was surprised when the Iraqis ences and updates to the situa- or to Army Chief of Staff, and turmoil growing, Schwarzkopf captured Kuwait City. tion in Saudi Arabia. was ultimately asked to assume became concerned about the Fearing Iraq would next in- Schwarzkopf worked to help the latter post, but he declined. threat posed by Saddam Hus- vade Saudi Arabia, Schwarzkopf coordinate the contributions of He was later questioned about sein, focusing the attention of ordered contingency plans put the different nations contribut- TALKING TO THE PRESS: Norman Schwarzkopf briefs the running for political office, but, his command to prepare to re- in motion, with the 82nd Air- ing military forces to the effort. media at a press conference in Riyadh. considering himself an inde- spond to what he thought was a borne Division, 101st Airborne The operation was known as pendent, expressed little inter- “more realistic scenario.” Division and 24th Infantry Di- Operation Desert Shield. On 29 By 20 January he announced Within 90 hours, his force had est in doing so. Schwarzkopf That year, his command be- vision put on alert. December 1990, he received a Iraq’s nuclear test reactors had destroyed 42 of 50 Iraqi Army was not vocal about his political gan planning to counter an Iraqi He was then called to an warning order from The Pen- been destroyed, and by 27 Jan- divisions at a cost of about 125 opinions during his military ca- invasion of Kuwait, seeing it as emergency meeting with Presi- tagon to be ready to attack into uary he announced that the coa- killed and 200 wounded among reer. a likely conflict which would dent George H. W. Bush, where Iraq and Kuwait by 17 January. lition had total air superiority in American troops, and about 482 He retired from the military in threaten the interests of the his Internal Look ‘90 strategic Schwarzkopf devised an oper- Iraq. killed, 458 wounded among all August 1991, moving to Tampa, United States. plans were made the basis of ational plan, dubbed “Operation Bush then gave Hussein an ul- of the coalition. Florida. Though he declined to identi- a potential counter-offensive Desert Storm,” to be based on timatum to withdraw from Ku- He ordered his forces to de- In 1992, Schwarzkopf pub- fy Iraq specifically as a threat, plan. By 5 August, Bush opted overwhelming force and strong wait by 12h00 on 23 February stroy as much Iraqi armour and lished a memoir, It Doesn’t he noted a regional conflict was for an aggressive response to infantry attacks supported by or Schwarzkopf’s ground forces equipment as possible in order Take a Hero, about his life; it the most likely event to destabi- the invasion. artillery and armour. would attack. to ensure that Iraq’s offensive became a best seller. In 1993, lize the region, and noted Iraq’s Schwarzkopf then accompa- At 02h40 on 17 January, after At 04h00 on 24 February the capability would be weakened Schwarzkopf was found to have ceasefire with Iran meant it was nied Secretary of Defence Dick 139 days of planning and build ground attack went in, with the in the near term. prostate cancer, for which he continuing to grow and mod- Cheney to meet with Saudi King up, the air campaign against Saudi-led Arab forces attack- Schwarzkopf, who had or- was successfully treated. ernize its military.[79] In ear- Fahd to convince him to allow Iraq began. ing into Kuwait City, while two dered a media blackout during Schwarzkopf died at age 78 ly 1990, he drafted a war plan, U.S. troops into Saudi Arabia to He oversaw the strikes from U.S. Marine Corps divisions the ground offensive, finally on 27 December 2012 from Operations Plan 1002-90, titled counter the Iraqi military. his war room in Riyadh, then struck at the oil fields, and the appeared before journalists on complications following a bout “Defence of the Arabian Pen- With Fahd’s consent, Bush emerged from his command VII Corps and XVIII Airborne 27 February to explain his strat- of pneumonia. insula,” which envisioned an ordered troops into Saudi Ara- centre late in the day on 18 Jan- Corps on the left flank struck egy. On 3 March he arrived in A memorial service was con- Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia bia on 7 August, initially tasked uary to speak to the press, say- quickly to cut off the Iraqi forc- Kuwait City to survey the af- ducted on February 28, 2013, at through Kuwait. to defend Saudi Arabia should ing the air war had gone “just es from the west. termath of the Iraqi occupation the Cadet Chapel at West Point. During CENTCOM military Iraq attack. about exactly as we had intend- Schwarzkopf expected the and negotiate a ceasefire with He was cremated and his ashes exercises in July 1990 termed By 20 August, 20,000 U.S. ed it to go”. war to last several weeks, and Iraqi military leaders, as well as were buried near those of his fa- Internal Look ‘90, Schwarzkopf troops were in Saudi Arabia, The air campaign proved to be had anticipated chemical weap- work out the return of prisoners ther in the West Point Cemetery wrote up a scenario that tested with another 80,000 preparing a success by achieving air supe- on attacks by the Iraqi forces, of war on both sides. in a ceremony attended by ca- how the command would re- to deploy, and a further 40,000 riority and destroying the Iraqi which did not occur. Resistance With this in place, he then be- dets, military leaders, and New spond to a regional dictator in- reserves tapped to augment military communications net- was lighter than Schwarzkopf gan the process of overseeing Jersey State Police Troopers vading a neighbouring country them. work, supplies, as well as many expected, and Iraqi troops sur- U.S. troops returning from the and threatening oil fields there, Schwarzkopf arrived at the tanks and armoured vehicles. rendered in large numbers. conflict. 62 63 Forged in he Hurricane originat- including retractable landing ventional construction methods ed from discussions be- gear and the more powerful so that squadrons could perform battle Ttween RAF officials and Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. many major repairs without ex- aircraft designer Sir Sydney The Air Ministry ordered ternal support. Camm about a proposed mono- Hawker’s Interceptor Mono- The Hurricane was rapidly Hawker Hurricane plane derivative of the Hawker plane in late 1934, and the pro- procured prior to the outbreak of Fury biplane in the early 1930s. totype Hurricane K5083 per- the Second World War in Sep- Despite an institutional pref- formed its maiden flight on 6 tember 1939, when the RAF had Although overshadowed by the Supermarine Spitfire, erence for biplanes and lack of November 1935. 18 Hurricane-equipped squad- the Hawker Hurricane inflicted 60% of the loses sus- interest from the Air Ministry, In June 1936, the Hurricane rons in service. tained by the Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain. Hawker refined their monoplane went into production for the The aircraft was relied on to It also fought in all the major theatres of World proposal, incorporating several Air Ministry; it entered squad- defend against German aircraft War II. innovations which became crit- ron service on 25 December operated by the Luftwaffe, in- ical to wartime fighter aircraft, 1937. cluding dogfighting with Mess- Its manufacture and mainte- erschmitt Bf 109s in multiple nance was eased by using con- theatres of action.

64 65 The Hurricane was devel- Camm’s initial submission in combat against the latest fight- was the “workhorse” Hurricane oped through several versions, response to F.7/30, the Hawker er designs that were emerging Hawker Hurricane that scored the higher number of into bomber-interceptors, fight- P.V.3, however it was not among amongst the air services of other RAF victories during this period, er-bombers, and ground support the proposals which the Air powers of the era. accounting for 55 percent of the aircraft as well as fighters. Ministry had selected to be con- The Hurricane was initial- 2,739 German losses, according Versions designed for the structed as a government-spon- ly armed with an arrangement to Fighter Command, compared Royal Navy known as the Sea sored prototype. of eight remotely-operated with 42 per cent by Spitfires. Hurricane had modifications After the rejection of the P.V.3 wing-mounted Browning ma- enabling operation from ships. proposal, Camm commenced chine guns, intended for con- Action on all fronts Some were converted as cata- work upon a new design in- ducting rapid engagements. The Hurricane would go on pult-launched convoy escorts. volving a cantilever monoplane The Hurricane was typically to serve in North Africa, the By the end of production in arrangement, complete with a equipped for flying under both Defence of Malta, as well as in July 1944, 14,487 Hurricanes fixed undercarriage, armed with day and night conditions, being Russia and the Far East. had been completed in Britain four machine guns and powered provided with navigation lights, A total of 25 different variants and Canada. by the Rolls-Royce Goshawk Harley landing lights, complete of the Hurricane would see ac- engine. blind-flying equipment, and tion during World War II. General characteristics • Range: 970 km Development The original 1934 armament two-way radios. The Sea Hurricane became op- • Crew: 1 • Service ceiling: 11,000 me- During the era in which the specifications for what would erational in mid-1941and Fleet • Length: 9.83 metres tres Hawker Aircraft company de- evolve into the Hurricane were France Air Arm Sea Hurricanes were to • Wingspan: 12.19 metres • Rate of climb: 14.1 m/s veloped the Hurricane, RAF for a similar armament fitment On 30 October 1939 Hurri- feature prominently while oper- • Height: 4.001 metres • Wing loading: 145 kg/m2 Fighter Command comprised to the Gloster Gladiator: four canes saw action over France. ating from Royal Navy aircraft • Wing area: 23.92 m2 • Power/mass: 0.15 hp/lb just 13 squadrons, equipped machine-guns, two in the wings Pilot Officer P. W. O. “Boy” carriers. • Empty weight: 2,606 kg (0.25 kW/kg) with the Hawker Fury, Hawk- and two in the fuselage, syn- Mould of 1 Squadron, flying During World War II and af- • Gross weight: 3,479 kg er Demon, or the Bristol Bull- chronised to fire through the Hurricane L1842, was the first ter the war, Hurricanes would be • Max take off weight: 3,951 kg Armament dog, all biplanes furnished with propeller arc. RAF pilot to down an enemy air- used in service by 25 countries, • Power plant: 1 × Rolls- • Guns: 7.7×56 mm Brown- fixed-pitch wooden propellers Camm’s response to this re- craft on the European continent including South Africa. Royce Merlin XX V-12 liq- ing machine guns (four in and non-retractable undercar- jection was to further develop in the Second World War, when Of more than 14,583 Hurri- uid-cooled piston engine, each wing) or 4 × 20 mm riages. the design, during which a re- he shot down a Dornier Do 17P. canes that were built, approx- 1,185 hp (884 kW) at 6,400 Hispano Mk II cannon In 1934, the British Air Min- tractable undercarriage was in- Flying Officer E. J. “Cobber” imately seventeen (including metres • Bombs: 2 × 110 or 230 kg istry issued Specification F.7/30 troduced and the unsatisfactory Kain, a New Zealander, went on three Sea Hurricanes) are in Performance bombs in response to demands within Goshawk engine was replaced to become one of the RAF’s first airworthy condition worldwide, • Maximum speed: 550 km/h the Royal Air Force (RAF) for by a new Rolls-Royce design, fighter aces of the war, being although many other non-flying at 6,400 metres a new generation of fighter air- initially designated as the PV- credited with 16 kills. examples survive in various air craft. 12, which went on to become The Hurricanes performed museums. In July 1934 at a meeting famous as the Merlin engine. reasonably well during the Bat- ricane pilots became aces during “What General Weygand has chaired by Air Ted- This time, the Ministry’s re- tle of France. By 17 May, the Operation Dynamo, led by Ca- called “The Battle of France” Top Ace der, Air Ministry Science Office sponse was favourable, and a end of the first week of fight- nadian Pilot Officer W. L. Wil- is over. The Battle of Britain is South African born Squadron Captain F.W. (“Gunner”) Hill prototype of the “Interceptor ing, only three of the squadrons lie McKnight (10 victories) and about to begin.” Leader Marmaduke Thomas St presented his calculation show- Monoplane” was promptly or- were near operational strength, Pilot Officer Percival Stanley John Pattle, DFC & Bar, usually ing that future fighters must car- dered. but the Hurricanes had managed Turner (seven victories), who Battle of Britain known as Pat Pattle, was the top ry no fewer than eight machine to destroy nearly twice as many served in No. 242 Squadron, Both the Supermarine Spitfire Hurricane ace of World War II. guns, each capable of firing Design German aircraft. consisting mostly of Canadian and the Hurricane are renowned Out of total of 50 kills, with 1,000 shots a minute. The Hawker Hurricane is a During Operation Dynamo personnel. Losses were 22 pilots for their part in defending Brit- two shared, 35 of them were Early in 1933, British air- low-wing cantilever monoplane (the evacuation from Dunkirk), killed and three captured. ain against the Luftwaffe; gen- while flying a Hurricane. All craft designer Sydney Camm outfitted with retractable under- the Hawker Hurricanes operated At the end of June 1940, fol- erally, the Spitfire would in- of his Hurricane kills were had conducted discussions with carriage and an enclosed cockpit from British bases. lowing the fall of France, 31 of tercept the German fighters, achieved over Greece in 1941. Major John Buchanan of the Di- for the pilot. Between 26 May and 3 June Fighter Command’s 61 fighter leaving Hurricanes to concen- He was shot down and killed in rectorate of Technical Develop- A clean, single-seat fighter, 1940, the 14 Hurricane units in- squadrons were equipped with trate on the bombers, but, de- the Battle of Athens. ment on a monoplane based on it was developed to provide a volved were credited with 108 Hurricanes. spite the undoubted abilities of the existing Fury. competent combatant for aerial air victories. A total of 27 Hur- As Winston Churchill said, the “thoroughbred” Spitfire, it 66 67 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Hawker

37 Hurricane

36 14 35 15

34

33 16 32

17

18 31 19 30

28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 29

1. Rudder mass-balance. cockpit. 13. Flame-damping exhaust 19. Oleo undercarriage leg. tanks. 32. Position of oil tank (on port 2. Fin. 8. Combing R/T and oxygen pipe. 20. Retractable undercarriage. 26. Parachute flare tubes. side only). 3. Wireless serial. mask. 14. Port navigation light. 21. Air intake to engine super- 27. Landing flaps. 33. Position of machine guns 4. Light wood fairing structure 9. Ring and bead sight. 15. Fixed-pitch wooden charger. 28. Position of main petrol (four in each wing). to support fabric covering. 10. Gravity petrol tank. airscrew. 22. Fireproof bulkhead. tanks. 34. Tail wheel in retracted position. 5. Upward recognition light. 11. Cooling water header tank. 16. Spinner. 23. Strut to raise undercarriage. 29. Trimming tabs in elevator. 35. Trimming-tab in rudder. 6. Wireless set. 12. 1,020 HP Rolls Royce ‘Mer- 17. Engine-bearers. 24. Undercarriage fairing. 30. Tail plane. 36. Tail navigation lights. 7. Sliding canopy over pilot’s lin’ engine. 18. Hand-turned engine starter. 25. One of two main petrol 31. Ailerons. 37. Rudder. 68 69 The Battle of Amiens was the opening phase of the Al- the south of the British Fourth two months in the Battle of the More often than not they lied Offensive that began on 8 August 1918. It was a Army, should participate. Somme. would have ample time to set battle that would ultimately lead to the end of World Rawlinson opposed this as his The Australians had used up and prepare for the infantry battlefield War I. Amiens was also one of the first major battles and Monash’s plans depended surprise rather than weight at that now attempted to advance on the large-scale use of tanks, Hamel. The artillery had opened over no-man’s land. involving armoured warfare. now finally available in large fire only at the moment the in- In the television sitcom numbers, to achieve surprise, fantry and tanks advanced, and ‘Blackadder goes forth’, which he signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Saint-Mihiel salient and free- by avoiding a preliminary bom- the Germans were rapidly over- was set in the trenches of World with the now revolutionary-controlled ing the railway lines that ran bardment. run. War I, Captain Edmund Black- Russia meant that the Germans were no through Amiens from German T The French First Army lacked A key factor in the final plan adder makes a poignant com- longer fighting a war on two fronts. This meant shellfire. tanks and would be forced to was secrecy. There was to be ment about the effect of the ar- that the Germans were able to transfer thou- bombard the German positions no artillery bombardment a sig- tillery. sands of troops from the Eastern Front. If gave The Plan before the infantry advance be- nificant time before the attack, “Yes, but Jerry is safe under- them a significant, albeit temporary advantage The commander of the Brit- gan, thus removing the element as was the usual practice, only ground in concrete bunkers. in manpower and material. ish Expeditionary Force, Field B of surprise. fire immediately prior to the ad- We’ve shot off over a mil- On 21 March 1918 the German Army Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, al- Eventually, it was agreed that vance of Australian, Canadian, lion cannon shells and what’s launched Operation Michael, the first in a se- ready had plans in place for an a the French would participate, and British forces. the result? One dachshund with ries of attacks planned to drive the Allies back attack near Amiens. but not launch their attack un- For most of the war the stand- a slight limp!” along the length of the Western Front. When the British retreat had t til 45 minutes after the Fourth ard method of launching an of- This time, however, the plan Operation Michael was intended to defeat the ended in April, the headquar- Army. It was also agreed to fensive was pretty much the was to be different. right wing of the British Expeditionary Force ters of the British Fourth Army t advance the proposed date of same. Prior to the offensive the The final plan for the Fourth (BEF), but a lack of success around Arras en- under General Sir Henry Raw- the attack from 10 August to 8 attackers would launch an artil- Army involved 1,386 field guns sured the ultimate failure of the offensive. A linson had taken over the front l August, to strike the Germans lery bombardment on the ene- and howitzers and 684 heavy final effort was aimed at the town of Amiens, astride the Somme. Its left hand before they had completed their my. guns,[3] making up 27 medium a vital railway junction, but the advance had corps was the British III Corps e withdrawal from the Marne sa- These bombardments would artillery brigades and thirteen been halted at Villers-Bretonneux by British under Lieutenant General Rich- lient. often last for days, with tens of heavy batteries, in addition to and Australian troops on 4 April. ard Butler, while the Australian Rawlinson had already final- thousands of shells being fired the infantry divisions’ artillery. Subsequent German offensives - Opera- Corps under Lieutenant Gener- ised his plans in discussion with off. The fire plan for the Fourth tion Georgette (9–11 April), Operation Blüch- al John Monash held the right o his Corps commanders (Butler, During the Battle of the Army’s artillery was devised er-Yorck (27 May), Operation Gneisenau (9 flank and linked up with French Monash, Sir Arthur Currie of Somme in 1916 the Allied bom- by Monash’s senior artillery June) and Operation Marne-Rheims (15–17 armies to the south. f the Canadian Corps and Lieu- bardment on the German posi- officer, Major General C. E. D. July) - all made advances elsewhere on the On 30 May, all the Australian tenant General Charles Kava- tions lasted for seven days and Budworth. British sound rang- Western Front, but failed to achieve a decisive infantry divisions were united nagh of the Cavalry Corps) on a staggering 1,738,000 shells ing advances in artillery tech- breakthrough that the Germans were looking under the corps HQ, for the first 21 July. were fired at the Germans. niques and aerial photographic for. time on the Western Front. A For the first time, the Austral- The problem was that these reconnaissance made it possi- By the end of the Marne-Rheims offensive, The Australians had mounted ians would attack side by side bombardments were not that ef- ble to dispense with “ranging the German manpower advantage had been a number of local counter-at- m with the Canadian Corps. Both fective. The Germans had bun- shots” to ensure accurate fire. spent and their supplies and troops were ex- tacks which both revealed the had a reputation for aggressive kers, often made of concrete, Budworth had produced a hausted. suitability of the open and firm i and innovative tactics and a dug into the sides of the trench- timetable which allowed 504 The Allied general, General Ferdinand Foch, terrain south of the Somme for strong record of success over es. As soon as the bombardment out of 530 German guns to ordered a counter-offensive which led to victo- a larger offensive, and estab- e the past two years. began, the Germans would take be hit at “zero hour”, while a ry at the Second Battle of the Marne, following lished and refined the methods The tactical methods had cover and wait for the artillery creeping barrage preceded the which he was promoted to Marshal of France. which were to be used. n been tested by the Australians to stop. infantry. The Germans, recognising their untenable Rawlinson had submitted in a local counter-attack at the Once the bombardment had There were also to be 580 position, withdrew from the Marne to the north. Monash’s proposals to Haig in s Battle of Hamel on 4 July. The ceased, the Germans would tanks. The Canadian and Aus- Foch now tried to move the Allies back onto the July and Haig had forwarded German defenders of Hamel then leave the safety of their tralian Corps were each allo- offensive. them to Foch. At a meeting on were deeply dug in, and their bunkers and set up machine cated a brigade of four battal- Foch disclosed his plan on 23 July 1918, 24 July, Foch agreed to the plan position commanded a very guns in preparation for the in- ions, with 108 Mark V fighting following the allied victory at the Battle of but insisted that the French First wide field of fire. Similar po- fantry attack they knew would tanks, 36 Mark V “Star”, and Soissons. The plan called for reducing the Army, which held the front to sitions had resisted capture for be coming. 24 unarmed tanks intended to 70 71 carry supplies and ammunition by 11h00. The speed of their the ground lost to the advancing tory. forward. A single battalion of advance was such that a party Allies, but because the morale The British war correspond- Mark V tanks was allocated to of German officers and some of the German troops had sunk ent Philip Gibbs noted Amiens’ III Corps. The Cavalry Corps divisional staff were captured to the point where large num- effect on the war’s tempo, say- were allocated two battalions while eating breakfast. bers of troops began to capitu- ing on 27 August that, “the en- each of 48 Medium Mark A A gap 24 km long was late. emy...is on the defensive” and, Whippet tanks. punched in the German line He recounted instances of re- “the initiative of attack is so The Allies had successfully south of the Somme by the end treating troops shouting “You’re completely in our hands that we moved the Canadian Corps of of the day. prolonging the war!” at officers are able to strike him at many four infantry divisions to Ami- The British Fourth Army who tried to rally them. different places.” ens without them being detect- took 13,000 prisoners, and Five German divisions had Gibbs also credits Amiens ed by the Germans. the French captured a further effectively been engulfed. Al- with a shift in troop morale, This was a noteworthy 3,000. Total German losses lied forces had pushed, on aver- saying, “the change has been achievement and reflected well were estimated to be 30,000 on age, 11 km into enemy territory greater in the minds of men on the increasingly efficient 8 August. The British, Australi- by the end of the day. The Cana- than in the taking of territory. staff work of the British armies. an and Canadian infantry of the dians gained 13 km, Australians On our side the army seems to A detachment from the Corps ADVANCE: A British Mark V tank of the 2nd Battalion, Tank Fourth Army sustained about 11 km, the French 8 km, and the be buoyed up with the enor- of two infantry battalions, a Corps, advanced near Lamotte-en-Santerre on 8 August 1918. 8,000 casualties. British 3.2 km. mous hope of getting on with wireless unit and a casualty German Army Chief of Staff this business quickly” and that, clearing station had been sent to Although German forces ing about 3.7 km by about Paul von Hindenburg noted the Aftermath “there is a change also in the the front near Ypres to bluff the were on the alert, this was large- 07h30. In the centre, supporting Allies’ use of surprise and that The Battle of Amiens was enemy’s mind. They no longer Germans that the entire Corps ly in anticipation of possible re- units following the leading di- Allied destruction of German a major turning point in the have even a dim hope of vic- was moving north to Flanders. taliation for their incursion on visions attacked the second ob- lines of communication had tempo of the war. Armoured tory on this western front. All The Canadian Corps was not the sixth and not because they jective a further 3.2 km away. hampered potential German support helped the Allies tear they hope for now is to defend fully in position until 7 August. had learned of the preplanned Australian units reached their counter-attacks by isolating a hole through trench lines, themselves long enough to gain To maintain secrecy, the Allied Allied attack. first objectives by 07h10, and command positions. weakening once impregnable peace by negotiation.” commanders pasted the notice Although the two forces were by 08h20 the Australian 4th and The German General Er- trench positions: the British “Keep Your Mouth Shut” into within 460 metres of one anoth- 5th Divisions and the Canadian ich Ludendorff described the Third Army, with no armoured orders issued to the men, and er, gas bombardment was very 4th Division passed through the first day of Amiens as the support, had almost no effect on referred to the action as a “raid” low, as the bulk of the Allied initial breach in the German “Schwarzer Tag des deutschen the line, while the Fourth, with rather than an “offensive”. presence was unknown to the lines. Heeres” (“the black day of the fewer than a thousand tanks, Germans. The attack was so The third phase of the attack German Army”), not because of broke deep into German terri- The Battle unexpected that German forces was assigned to infantry-carry- The battle began in dense fog only began to return fire after ing Mark V tanks. However, the at 04h20 on 8 August 1918. Un- five minutes, and even then at infantry was able to carry out der Rawlinson’s Fourth Army, the positions where the Allied this final step unaided. the British III Corps attacked forces had assembled at the The Allies penetrated well to north of the Somme, the Aus- start of the battle and had long the rear of the German defenc- tralian Corps to the south of since left. es and cavalry now continued the river in the centre of Fourth In the first phase, seven di- the advance, one brigade in the Army’s front, and the Canadian visions attacked: the British Australian sector and two cav- Corps to the south of the Aus- 18th (Eastern) and 58th (2/1st alry divisions in the Canadian tralians. London), the Australian 2nd sector. Aircraft fire by the new The French 1st Army under and 3rd, and the Canadian 1st, RAF and armoured car fire kept General Debeney opened its 2nd and 3rd Divisions. Parts the retreating Germans from preliminary bombardment at of the American 33rd Division rallying. the same time, and began its ad- supported the British attackers The Canadian and Australian vance 45 minutes later, support- north of the Somme. forces in the centre advanced ed by a battalion of 72 Whippet The attackers captured the quickly, pushing the line 4.8 km tanks. first German position, advanc- forward from its starting point 72 73 Gaming

Signaller Matt O’ Brien is manning the radio and handling comms. The only problem is that he doesn’t know his Game Trailer alpha romeo sierra echo from his echo lima bravo oscar whiskey.

hile I really enjoy And your only accessory is a the right choices in the middle of military simulation strategic map, on which you can a fire exchange with Vietcong. Wand RTS (Real Time place tokens and notes. Decide the fate of your soldiers. Strategy) games, sometimes they Will you be smart, fast, and The choices you face will have can all seem the same. cold-blooded enough to carry the a direct impact on the course of So I really appreciate it when a responsibility and protect your the game. They will also define Game Play game developer tries something men in the field? Are you able views of your hero. Or maybe a little different. Radio Com- to judge the situation correctly? those are your views? Playing mander is a game that is just that Do you have the guts to make the Radio Commander you must be - different. hardest choices? prepared to answer tough ques- Game developers Serious Sim, Radio Commander offers an tions about the righteousness of ground? Are you sure that your judgment and cool decisions, • over 600 story dialogues describe the content as follows: unique experience very different your actions, the price of a hu- soldiers are far enough and won’t while you are hoping they’re between units and the com- “Radio Commander evocatively from classic real time strategy man life, and the toxic power of take damages? And does the ends giving their best. Discover hun- mander. portrays harsh reality of the Viet- games. It’s a bold try to redefine propaganda and stereotypes. always justify the means? dreds of original dialogues and Radio Commander is an in- nam War. It uses detailed written the genre, as the player will be Radio Commander is not an- Beneath the narrative layer, scenarios. Replay previously teresting and challenging game descriptions and audio record- involved in a decision making other empty action game. You hidden from your eyes, a deep completed missions and alter the to play and it’s a game I would ings to paint realistic, disturbing process much more realistic than will play as the commander op- and complex simulation is tak- course of events by making dif- recommend. scenes. Violence, cruelty, pro- those pictured by casual RTS erating from his tent, using only ing place. In Radio Commander ferent decisions and encounter- fanity and abundant racism are titles. Ask for situation reports. a radio and a map. You will be every unit is described by unique ing different events. all a part of this reflection of re- Listen what your men have to staring at the map for hours, lis- set of statistics. You will have Radio Commander includes: ality. The game is recommended tell you. Send in casevac chop- tening carefully to the reports. to worry about your platoons • Nine main campaign mis- for mature audiences. The game pers and air strikes. Drop a bit of Your decisions will affect lives morale, supplies, and even their sions (every mission is pos- contains some disturbing audio napalm. Defeat the invisible en- of many people. Just like in real stamina. All those factors will be sible to complete in several recordings that might not be suit- emy. life, there are no fancy graphics important during your soldiers’ different ways), able for children.” Experience the story of soldiers and animations to help you im- confrontations with enemy, un- • Nine animated briefings, In Radio Commander you are and their commander, trapped agine what’s happening on bat- friendly terrain and extreme • 15 unit types, including: in- playing as an American military in the middle of bloody, chaot- tlefield. Only you, your map, and Vietnamese climate. What will fantry, evac choppers, gun- commander serving in US Army ic, morally ambiguous Vietnam skills. You have to listen and be you do, when your choppers ships, field artillery, aerial during the Vietnam War. You conflict. Dive into a scenario that smart. Thanks to this, level of im- report, that they are out of fuel reconnaissance, M113 ar- will be carrying a heavy burden doesn’t avoid the difficult issues mersion is much greater than in and forced to land in the middle moured personnel carriers, as your mission is to coordinate of civilians trapped in the theater normal real time strategy games. of the jungle? Will you send the and napalm-carrying F4 military operations taking place of action, shady CIA operations, You will take under your com- rescue mission risking the life of Phantom jets (every unit is between 1965 and 1968. and cynical political pressures. mand not only units of infantry, even more soldiers? described by a unique set of But this is not just another RTS, Discover those uneasy situa- air cavalry or field artillery, but Troops under your command statistics and communicates in which you are an invisible be- tions, presented in such cult clas- also powerful units of air sup- are not just pawns on the map. with commander using a dif- Publisher - Games Operators. ing hovering over the battlefield. sics as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket port. It’s in your will to order the They are complicated, multi-lay- ferent voice), In Radio Commander situation or Apocalypse Now, which were jungle-burning nape drops, or ered human beings, with their • full voice over, Genre - RTS reports are given to you in form happening on a daily basis for devastating bombings. Are you own voices, problems, strengths • over 200 dialogue blocks, Score - 7/10 of dramatic radio statements sent those serving in Vietnam. See for ready to bring the rain of fire and and weaknesses. Mutual trust is used to construct radio mes- Price - R130 (on Steam) by troops fighting on the ground. yourself how hard it is to make burn the enemy positions to the essential. They depend on your sages, 74 75 Book Review Movie Letters from Iwo Jima Review Released: 2006 Running time: 140 minutes Directed by: Clint Eastwood The Elite he Rhodesian Special Air and finally the decolonization of Service, one of the most Rhodesia by the British in 1980. etters from Iwo Jima is a die of dysentery, including Kashi- Saigo meets up with Kuribayas- Tformidable fighting forc- This is the first book to detail 2006 American war film wara. The troops begin using the hi, and one last attack is planned. es in the world, operated almost the secret exploits of this elite directed, co-produced, caves. Kashiwara’s replacement, Kuribayashi orders Saigo to stay exclusively across the borders regiment and it has been based L during the long bitter bush war, on rare first-hand interviews and scored by Clint Eastwood Superior Private Shimizu, arrives behind and destroy all docu- and written by Iris Yamashita and for duty. Saigo suspects that Shimi- ments, including his own letters, undertaking deep-penetration with operators themselves. Some Paul Haggis. zu is a spy from the Kempeitai sent saving Saigo’s life a third time. missions against insurgents being of their exploits may seem far- The film was shot back to back to report on disloyal soldiers. Kuribayashi is critically wound- harboured inside neighbouring fetched, even impossible, but with Flags of our Fathers, which Soon, American aircraft and ed during the final attack. Saigo Mozambique and . then, truth is often stranger than we reviewed last month. The two warships begin to appear and appears, having buried some of There were missions into Bot- fiction. It is a history of high ad- movies tell the story of the Battle bombard the island, causing sig- the documents and letters instead swana too, and at one stage, SAS venture and daring, courage and of Iwo Jima from both the Amer- nificant casualties. A few days of burning them all. Kuribayas- men were operating without humanism, be it driving through ican and Japanese sides. Letters later, the U.S. Marines land. hi asks Saigo to bury him where benefit of passports in all three the streets of a neighbouring cap- from Iwo Jima is in Japanese The American troops suffer he will not be found, then draws neighbouring territories at the ital, knocking out trains, bridges with English subtitles. heavy casualties, but the beach his pistol and commits suicide. A same time. and installation or swooping out The film opens with a team of defences are quickly overcome, tearful Saigo then buries him. The writer takes the reader of the morning skies then, with Japanese archaeologists exploring as Kuribayashi predicted, and the Back in 2005, the archaeol- from the early days in the West- the ability to hit hard and fast, since out of print - is presented tunnels on Iwo Jima in 2005 and attack turns to the positions on ogists complete their digging, ern Desert to the formation of attacking and taking their leave, in a modern, attractive, upgraded they find something in the dirt. Mount Suribachi. revealing the bag of letters that the Rhodesian SAS for service the devastation complete, the format and contains pictures pre- The scene changes to Iwo Jima While delivering a request for Saigo had buried, and open it. in Malaya, then back to Africa mission accomplished. viously not seen in colour. in 1944. Private First Class Sai- more machine guns from his com- As the letters spill out, the voic- where the action spans the days This edition - originally pub- Paperback: 512 pages go (Kazunari Ninomiya) and his mander to the Suribachi garrison, es of the Japanese soldiers who of the Federation, the UDI era lished in the mid-1980s and long Cost: R495 platoon are digging beach trench- Saigo overhears Kuribayashi wrote them resound. es on the island. Meanwhile, radioing orders to retreat. The Lieutenant General Tadamichi commander, however, ignores Kuribayashi arrives to take com- the General and instead orders mand of the garrison and imme- his company to commit suicide. diately begins an inspection of While delivering a request for the island defences. The role of more machine guns from his com- Kuribayashi is brilliantly played mander to the Suribachi garrison, by Ken Watanabe. Saigo overhears Kuribayashi He saves Saigo and his friend radioing orders to retreat. The Kashiwara from a beating by commander, however, ignores Captain Tanida for ‘unpatriotic the General and instead orders speeches’, and orders the men his company to commit suicide. to begin tunnelling underground Saigo runs away with Shimizu defences into Mount Suribachi. but when they return to their own Kuribayashi believes the US will lines are accused by Lieutenant take the beaches quickly, and that Ito of desertion. Ito raises his ka- the mountain defences will have a tana to execute them for coward- Enduring Valour Winds of Destruction Dirty War better chance for holding out. ice, but Kuribayashi arrives and R275 R450 R550 Poor nutrition and unsanitary saves Saigo again by confirming Click on the poster to watch a conditions take their toll; many his order to retreat. trailer of the film. All books are available from Bush War Books 72 73 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November Some of the significant military events that happened in November. Highlighted in blue are the recapture Ft Vaux. Corporal Kevin Donald Fi- names of those members of the South African Defence Force (SADF) that lost their lives during the achute Battalion Died of month of November. Wounds received in combat • 1917 - The first US troops son (18). Rifleman Gregory on 31 October 1987 during are killed in action in France. Ormond Barker (18). Ops Firewood. He was 20. • 1930 - Ras (Duke) Tafari is • 1980 - Rifleman Naledzani 1 November solini following a visit to in Cairo) have wreaked de- • 1987 - Sergeant Michiel crowned as Emperor Haile Asher Netshidzivhani from • 1893 - The decisive Battle Berlin by Italian Foreign struction across the Algerian George Pienaar from the Selassie in Addis Abeba, 112 Battalion died from in- of Bembesi (Bembasi) is Secretary Ciano. district of Aures. This day Regiment was ac- Ethiopia, after the death of juries accidentally sustained fought in the Ndebele War, • 1936 - Mussolini coins later became known as Rev- cidentally killed during Ops Empress Zaudito (Zewditu). in a military motor vehicle Rhodesia. The Ngubi, Mbe- the phrase “The Axis”. olution Day. Modular. He was 21. • 1942 - Lieutenant General accident. He was 20. zu and Nsukamini regiments • 1939 - Maiden flight of the • 1956 - The Imre Nagy gov- • 1988 - Sergeant Johann Dwight D. Eisenhower ar- • 1982 - Rifleman Gideon fought bravely, but were de- Heinkel He 178, the first jet ernment of Hungary with- Jacobs from the South Afri- rives in Gibraltar to set up Breytenbach from 11 Com- feated by machine-gun fire. • 1950 - . South draws from the Warsaw can Army was accidentally an American command post mando Regiment was killed The plague on the war me- African No 2 Squadron, Pact. killed in a private motor ve- for the invasion of North Af- in a private motor vehicle morial records the result of known as Cheetah Squad- • 1963 - South Vietnamese hicle accident near Kimber- rica. accident on the Witbank the battle and also the brav- ron, comprising of fifty of- President Ngo Dinh Diem ley. He was 25. • 1942 - British breakthrough Highway. He was 19. ery of the Ndebele. ficers and 157 other ranks, and his brother Ngo Dinh • 1994 - Angolan government the Axis lines during the • 1984 - Corporal M. Mbinge • 1899 - Second Anglo Boer including thirty-eight pilots, Nhu were killed in a military forces take the oil-producing Battle of El Alamein. from 102 Battalion SWATF War. The Boer forces invade all volunteers and highly ex- coup. town of Soyo from the rebel • 1951 - More British troops accidentally drowned while the Cape Colony. perienced, arrives in Japan. • 1980 - Rifleman Musandiwa group Unita, which captured are sent to the Suez Canal crossing a river during op- • 1904 - The US Army War Two weeks later, and af- Bernard Ralkwatha from 112 it the year before. Zone (the biggest troop air- erations against SWAPO/ College opens. ter acquainting themselves Battalion was a member of • 1996 - Rwandan and Zairian lift since the Second World PLAN insurgents in South- • 1911 - Italy performs its first with the F 51 Mustang, they the SADF soccer team who forces bombard each anoth- War). ern Angola. He was 24. aerial bombing on Tanguira leave for the operational died from injuries when the er with artillery along the • 1962 - During the Cuban • 1986 - Lance Corporal Al- oasis in Libya. area. At the end of the war military vehicle in which he border, while rebels in Zaire, Missile Crisis, President bertus Marthinus le Roux • 1914 - Battle of Coronel: SAAF casualties were thir- was a passenger, overturned supported by Rwanda, close John F. Kennedy announced from 7 SAI was Killed in Admiral Von Spee’s German ty-four pilots and ground 10km north of Makuya in in on the town of Goma. on TV, “the Soviet bases in Action when his horse deto- cruisers annihilate a weaker staff killed, eight pilots Venda. He was 26. • 2007 - Brig Gen Paul W. Cuba are being dismantled, nated a landmine planted by British squadron off Chile. taken POW and a number • 1981 - Private Louis Brian Tibbets Jr., who commanded their missiles and related MK Operatives at Diepgezet • 1914 - Paul von Hinden- wounded. Schoeman from the Cape the ‘Enola Gay’ and dropped equipment being crated, near Barberton as part of burg is named command- • 1951 - The Algerian Nation- Corps Maintenance Unit the atomic bomb on Hiro- and the fixed installations Ops Ceshwayo. He was 20. er-in-chief of German forces al Liberation Front began was killed when his Buffel shima, dies at the age of 92. at these sites are being de- • 1989 - Trooper Rodger Eric on the Eastern Front. guerrilla warfare against the Troop Carrier overturned stroyed.” • 1918 - Italian naval special French. near Rundu. He was 17. 2 November • 1976 - White mercenaries operations forces sink the • 1951 - President Syngman • 1983 - Rifleman Thomas • 1899 - Second Anglo Boer and Black troops invade Austrian battleship ‘Viribus Rhee presents the South Lochner from 8 SAI was War. The siege of Ladysmith Congo from Portuguese An- Unitis’, which is in Yugo- African Air Force (SAAF) accidentally electrocuted at in Natal starts. gola. slav hands. squadron, placed at the dis- the Riemvasmaak training • 1899 - The Canadian gov- • 1979 - Two members from 1 • 1932 - Wernher von posal of the United Nations facility. He was 19. ernment offered a second SAI were killed when their Braun named head of Ger- organisation during the Ko- • 1986 - Corporal Pieter Jo- contingent of troops consist- private motor vehicle drove man liquid-fuel rocket pro- rean War, with the Korean hann van Oordt Barnard ing of infantry, cavalry and into the rear of a truck on Van gram. presidential unit citation. from the Kirkwood Com- field artillery to bolster Brit- Reenen’s Pass while they • 1933 - German Army cre- • 1952 - First hydrogen device mando accidentally killed in ish troops in the South Afri- were on a weekend pass. ates its first panzer unit. exploded, Eniwetok Atoll. a private motor vehicle ac- can War. The casualties were: Lance • 1936 - The Rome-Berlin • 1954 - Algeria starts rebel- cident at Kirkwood. He was • 1914 - Russia declares war Axis was proclaimed by lion against French rule. 31. on the Ottoman Empire. Italian Dictator Benito Mus- Nationalist rioters led by • 1987 - Rifleman Jean Marc • 1916 - Verdun: The French Ahmed Ben Bella (based Schuurman from 1 Par- Paul W. Tibbets Jr. 78 79 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November

Patterson from 1 Special Zambezi. tions west of Suez Canal. for the invasion of North Af- Iran, and took 90 hostages, ing officials are arrested and Service Battalion suffered • 1918 - Part of the German • 1979 - Teheran: Iranians rica. including 52 Americans that charged with murder. All multiple skull fractures fleet mutinied at Kiel in the storm the US embassy to • 1942 - During World War they held captive for 444 were acquitted after a trial in when he was accidentally closing days of World War I. take 63 hostages, initiating II, British troops led by Ber- days. 1996. crushed between a SAMIL • 1942 - In Egypt, the German decades of acrimony and nard Montgomery defeated • 1980 - Lieutenant (Doctor) 20 truck and a trailer at the Afrika Korps and Italian hostility. the Germans under Erwin Peter William Geddes from 5 November Army Battle School Lohat- forces under Rommel begin • 1980 - Rifleman Leon Bester Rommel at El Alamein after the Medical Training Centre • 1799 - The 64-gun HMS la. He was 21. a retreat westwards after a from 6 SAI was killed when a twelve-day battle. was Killed in Action while Sceptre is wrecked in Table • 1990 - Rifleman Mentoor renewed campaign by the his private vehicle over- • 1950 - US troops retreat attached to 53 Battalion at Bay and 300 lives are lost. Jacobs from the Cape Regi- allies under Montgomery. turned on the road between from Pyongyang, North Ko- Okotopi. He was 28. • 1902 - The “Mad Mullah” ment was killed in a military About 9,000 German troops Queenstown and Sterk- rea. • 1981 - Corporal Johan Lou- and 17,000 troops are ad- vehicle accident on the Inan- are captured. stroom. He was returning to • 1951 - More British troops is Potgieter from 1 SAI, vancing on the British at Bo- da Highway. He was 24. • 1942 - Guadalcanal: Ma- Camp from a weekend pass. are sent to the Suez Canal attached to 61 Mech was hodle, Somaliland. • 1990 - Trooper Leon Fer- rines clear Japanese from He was 19. Zone (the biggest troop air- Killed in Action during Ops • 1911 - Italy declares war on reira from 2 Special Ser- Point Cruz. • 1983 - Corporal Gregory lift since the Second World Daisy. He was 23. Turkey. vice Battalion was killed at • 1944 - Japanese begin Frederick Beelders from 18 War). • 1981 - Rifleman A. Dala • 1914 - Indian 6th Div lands Zeerust in a military vehicle releasing 9,000 incendiary Corps was killed when the • 1956 - Soviet Russian troops from 201 Battalion SWATF at Basra, securing the oil accident. He was 18. balloon to drift to America. military vehicle in which he moved in to crush an upris- was Killed in Action during fields. • 1990 - Odile Harrington, a • 1956 - Britain and France was traveling, struck a storm ing in Hungary. a contact with enemy forces • 1915 - First US shipboard South African convicted and agree to accept a Middle water bridge at Kamanjab. • 1956 - Israeli troops capture in Ops Daisy. He was 22. catapult launch: LT CDR imprisoned for espionage in East cease-fire in the Suez He was 21. the Straits of Tiran and reach • 1981 - Lieutenant Gerrit Henry Mustin, off ‘North Zimbabwe in 1987, was re- War if UN forces can keep • 1989 - Rifleman Manuel the Suez Canal. van Zyl from 61 Mech was Carolina’ (ACR-12) in a leased and returned to South the peace. S. Antonio from 32 Battal- • 1956 - British forces enter Killed in Action during a Curtiss AB-ZF. Africa. • 1967 - Two members from ion was accidentally killed Gaza, on the western Med- contact with enemy forces • 1916 - Germany and Aus- • 1995 - The former South 17 Squadron were acciden- when his Buffel Troop Car- iterranean seashore 32 km during Ops Daisy. He was tria-Hungary proclaim an African defence minister, tally killed when their Alou- rier overturned near Pom- north of the Egyptian border. 23. “independent” Kingdom of General Magnus Malan, and ette III Helicopter struck fret. He was 44. • 1975 - Private Kevin Edward • 1982 - Rifleman Lionel Ger- Poland. several former high-rank- High Tension cables and Laidlaw from 15 Squadron ald Brown from 3 SAI was • 1917 - Maj. Theodore Roo- ing officials are arrested and crashed while transporting 4 November SAAF was asleep on his bed killed in a private motorcy- sevelt, Jr, leads the first charged with murder. All three civilian members from • 1862 - Richard Gatling in his tent at Rundu when a cle accident in Port Eliza- American patrol into “No were acquitted after a trial in the Department of Water Af- patented his first rapid-fire fellow Private came into the beth. He was 20. Man’s Land”. 1996. fairs. The SAAF casualties machine-gun which used tent on returning from guard • 1991 - Gunner Grant Mann were: 2nd Lieutenant An- revolving barrels rotating duty and threw his UZI from 14 Artillery Regiment 3 November thony Siege Foxon (23). Air around a central mechanism sub-machine gun onto the was accidentally killed • 1839 - The first Opium War Corporal Johannes Christof- to load, fire, and extract the adjacent bed. As the weapon while at 10 Artillery Bri- between China and Britain fel Steyn (27). cartridges. hit the bed, a shot went off gade. He was 21. began after British frigates • 1973 - Trooper Jan Adriaan • 1899 - Second Anglo Boer and the bullet struck Kevin • 1995 - The former South blew up several Chinese Smit van Heerden from the War. The siege of Ladysmith in the head, killing him in- African defence minister, junks. School of Armour died from in Natal starts. stantly. He was 18. General Magnus Malan, and • 1893 - Forces of the Brit- injuries accidentally sus- • 1918 - Austria-Hungary • 1976 - White mercenaries several former high-rank- ish South Africa Company tained during training. He concludes an armistice with and Black troops invade force Matabele King Loben- was 19. Italy. Congo from Portuguese An- gula, son of Mzilikazi, to • 1973 - UN Emergency Force • 1942 - Lieutenant General gola. flee his Great Place in Bul- reports success in easing Dwight D. Eisenhower ar- • 1979 - About 500 young Ira- awayo. Lobengula later dies tension between Egyptian rives in Gibraltar to set up nian militants stormed the while retreating towards the and Israeli troops at posi- an American command post U.S. Embassy in Teheran, Magnus Malan 80 81 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November

• 1940 - Gallant fight of the tion in a landmine explosion without injury. • 1979 - Two members from er in the besieged Kimber- Killed in Action during a armed merchant cruiser in Southern Angola during 101 Battalion SWATF were ley Colonel Kekewich sees contact with SWAPO/PLAN HMS ‘Jervis Bay’ in de- Ops Daisy while attached 6 November Killed in Action during a a “living mass” of men ap- insurgents. They were: Ri- fense of a convoy from the to 61 Mechanised Battalion • 1900 - Second Anglo Boer contact with SWAPO/PLAN proaching and his artillery fleman J. Frans (22). Rifle- German pocket battleship Group. He was 22. War. The Battle of Bothav- insurgents. They were: Cor- opens up at almost point- man N. Mandingi (23). ‘Admiral Scheer’. • 1981 - Private Louis Brian ille or Doornkraal is fought poral M. Djolomien (27). blank range until they real- • 1978 - Two members from • 1942 - Madagascar: Vichy Schoeman from the S.A. with General De Wet surren- Rifleman J. Akaando (24). ise that the men are 3,000 41 Battalion were Killed in French surrender to the Brit- Maintenance dering, after heavy losses on • 1979 - Private Anthony Raul unarmed Black mine-work- Action during a contact with ish at Fort Dauphin. Unit was accidentally killed both sides. Da Costa Miranda from Ser- ers released by De Beer’s SWAPO/PLAN insurgents • 1943 - American aircraft ac- when his Buffel Troop Car- • 1914 - France declares war vices School was acciden- from the compounds, with- while on patrol in Northern cidentally drop two bombs on rier overturned near Rundu. on the Ottoman Empire. tally shot dead by a fellow out informing the military. Owamboland. The casual- the Vatican, which cause mi- He was 17. • 1917 - During World War soldier who was busy clean- • 1901 - Second Anglo Boer ties were: Rifleman Abra- nor damage and no casualties. • 1985 - Sergeant Leonardus I, the Third Battle of Ypres ing his private . He War. The National Scouts ham Roman (36). Corporal • 1956 - Britain and France Johannes Coetzee from Air concluded after five months was 19. Corps of doubtful repute, Willem Petrus Swartbooi land troops in Egypt during Force Headquarters was as Canadian and Australian • 1983 - Rifleman Daniel Pi- consisting of surrendered (28). fighting between Egyptian killed in a military vehicle troops took Passchendaele. eter Oosthuizen from 4 SAI Boers who were willing to • 1982 - Corporal Andries and Israeli forces around the accident at Kamieskroon. Their advance, measuring attached to 62 Mechanised fight on the side of their erst- Johannes Strauss from 201 Suez Canal. A cease-fire is He was 30. eight kilometres, cost at Battalion Group was acci- while enemies, is formed un- Battalion SWATF was Re- declared two days later. • 1985 - Rifleman Nicolaas least 240,000 soldiers. dentally killed when his Un- der direct British command. ported Missing after be- • 1971 - Corporal Nicolaas William Smuts from 1 Par- • 1941 - USS ‘Omaha’ (CL 4) imog 127mm MRL vehicle They were allocated to var- ing dropped off 50km from Frederick van Rensburg achute Battalion was Killed & USS ‘Somers’ (DD 381) overturned near Otjiwaron- ious British units as scouts Omega Base at 13h00 and from 22 Flight (later 22 in Action when his patrol intercept the German block- go. He was 19. and after the war were ostra- told to walk back to the Base Squadron) was killed in a was ambushed near Alpha ade runner ‘Oldenwald’ in • 1990 - Lance Corporal Dirk cised by the whole commu- as a punishment exercise. private vehicle accident in Tower by SWAPO/PLAN the mid-Atlantic near the Johannes Jacobus Kotze nity. Despite an intensive search Cape Town. He was 20. insurgents. He was 20. Equator. from the School of Armour • 1936 - Spanish Civil War: of the area over a number of • 1975 - Numbers of Cuban • 1988 - Rifleman John -Nor • 1960 - Großadmiral Er- was accidentally killed dur- Battle for Madrid begins. days, no trace of him or his soldiers and shipments of man Botha from the 2nd ich Johann Albert Raeder, ing military exercises at the • 1954 - US spy plane shot equipment was ever found. Russian military equipment Battalion Cape Corps was Commander-in-Chief of the General De Wet Training down by Russians over Sea He remains unaccounted for arrive in Luanda, Angola, shot and killed by another Reichsmarine (1935-1943), Terrain. He was 21. of Japan. and has no known grave. He while SA was clandestinely soldier during an argument dies on this day at the age of • 2004 - Nine French soldiers • 1956 - The United Nations was 20. supporting Unita. When SA at 97 Ammunition Depot at 84. and an American aid con- (UN) General Assembly realised that the USA did not De Aar. He was 19. • 1965 - Air Mechanic Barend sultant are killed in bombing adopts a resolution calling support the operation, the • 1988 - Sergeant B. Calipe Jacobus Phillipus Schutte attacks in Ivory Coast’s re- upon Britain, France and Is- SA troops were withdrawn. from 32 Battalion collapsed from 68 Air School died bel-held north, after the gov- rael to withdraw their troops The withdrawal was com- and died after suffering kid- from a gunshot wound acci- ernment broke the cease-fire from Egypt immediately. pleted by 27 March 1976. ney failure while stationed dentally sustained while he agreement on 4 November. British and French declare • 1978 - Private Michael Kidd at Buffalo. He was 34. was in Pretoria. He was 20. French troops destroy the a cease-fire in Egypt, but from Air Force Base Ho- • 2005 - Pirates fire a rock- • 1978 - Private Paul Burg- Ivory Coast air force fleet in Britain says it will evacuate edspruit was accidentally et-propelled grenade and er from 61 Base Workshop retaliation. troops only on arrival of UN killed in a shooting incident machine guns in an attack Technical Service Corps • 2004 - New York’s “Fight- Emergency Force. at Pilgrims Rest involving on the luxury cruise liner was killed in a private motor ing 69th” arrives at Bagdad • 1978 - Two members of his Guard Duty partner at Seabourn Spirit off the coast vehicle accident. He was 20. to assume its duties in “Op- 101 Battalion SWATF were the Base. He was 19. of the east African state of • 1979 - Rifleman M.L. Lifasi eration Iraqi Freedom”. • 1981 - Candidate Officer Somalia. The attack is re- for Sector 70 Headquarters Stephanus Francois Stephan pulsed and the more than SWATF was killed in a mil- 7 November Coetzee from 25 Field 300 passengers, including itary vehicle accident in the • 1899 - Second Anglo Boer Squadron was Killed in Ac- six South Africans, escape Caprivi. He was 19. War. From his conning tow- Erich Raeder 82 83 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November

• 1987 - Tunisian President D. Eisenhower begin land- • 1983 - Rifleman I. Haikera cruiser SMS ‘Emden’ in the carrying out a patrol in a collision with a South Af- Habib Bourguiba, in office ings in North Africa, starting from 202 Battalion SWATF Cocos Islands. Northern Owamboland. He rican Police Casspir in On- since independence in 1956, the Algeria-Morocco Cam- was Killed in Action dur- • 1916 - Munitions disaster at was 20. dangwa town. He was 18. is overthrown in a bloodless paign of World War II. More ing a contact with SWAPO/ Bakaritsa, near Arkhangel, • 1979 - Rifleman Frederick • 1987 - Six members from coup. than 400,000 Allied soldiers PLAN insurgents. He was Russia -- 30,000 tons ex- Christoffel van den Berg 4 SAI were Killed in Ac- • 1994 - Over 2,000 Umkhon- take part in the invasion. 26. plode, thousands die. from 4 SAI was Killed tion during Ops Modular. to we Sizwe soldiers of the • 1942 - Hitler proclaims the • 1984 - Sergeant Norman • 1918 - German Kaiser Wil- in Action when his Buf- They were: Sergeant Pierre ANC’s armed wing are dis- fall of Stalingrad, somewhat Keith Abrahams from the helm II abdicated his throne fel Troop Carrier detonat- James Digue (28). Corporal missed from the SANDF for prematurely. Police in the closing days of World ed a landmine in Northern Theunis Antonie Duvenha- failing to report for duty. • 1950 - The first jet fight- Counter-Insurgency Wing: War I and fled to Holland. Owamboland. He was 19. ge (18). Rifleman Frederick • 2010 - The German Army er air duel: Lt. Russell J. Ops-K Division (Koevoet) In Germany, Philip Schei- • 1980 - Corporal Josias Jo- Augustus Muhlenbeck HC holds a formal military cer- Brown’s F-86 scores a North was Killed in Action dur- demann, a Socialist leader, hannes Botha from Infantry (P) (19). Rifleman Adrian emony at a restored mon- Korean MiG-15. ing a contact with SWAPO/ then proclaimed a democrat- School was killed in a pri- Murray Thom HC (P) (19). ument honouring Jewish • 1957 - Britain tests its first PLAN insurgents in North- ic Republic and became its vate motor vehicle accident Rifleman Anthony Stewart soldiers who fought in the hydrogen bomb, Kirimati ern Owamboland. He was first Chancellor. in George while on weekend (20). Rifleman Pieter Gerrit Kaiser’s War. Atoll, in the Pacific. 26. • 1921 - The Unknown Sol- pass. He was 19. Claasen (19). • 2013 - Manfred Rommel, • 1977 - The French Ministry • 1990 - Gunner Pieter Benja- dier arrives at Washington • 1980 - Lance Corporal Roy • 2004 - In Abuja, Nigeria, Su- Luftwaffe veteran and son of of Defence will no longer min Koekemoer from 4 Ar- aboard USS ‘Olympia’. Taylor from the Infantry dan and Darfur rebels sign Field Marshal Eriwn Rom- permit delivery of two es- tillery Regiment was killed • 1925 - Hitler forms the SS School was critically injured accords on Tuesday to end mel, dies at the age of 84. cort vessels (corvettes) and when his Buffel Troop Car- within the Brown Shirts. in a private motor vehicle hostilities and guarantee aid two submarines, under con- rier overturned at Imbali. He • 1937 - The Japanese capture accident near Somerset West groups’ access to 1.6 million 8 November struction in French naval was 18. Shanghai. on 8 November 1980. He civilians uprooted by con- • 1745 - Bonnie Prince Char- yards, to South Africa. • 1990 - President GHW • 1938 - Kristallnacht (the succumbed to his injuries in flict in the troubled western lie invades England from • 1979 - Captain John Al- Bush orders 100,000 addi- night of broken glass) oc- the Tygerberg Hospital on 9 Sudan region of Darfur. Scotland. exander Anderson Howit- tional US troops to the Per- curred in Germany as Nazi November 1980. He was 18. • 1979 - NORAD goes on full • 1923 - Hitler’s Beer Hall son from Services School sian Gulf. mobs burned synagogues • 1982 - Sapper Adriaan Fran- alert, when a computer glitch Putsch took place in the was accidentally killed in a • 1995 - Lieutenant Colonel and vandalized Jewish shops cois van Wyngaardt from 2 indicates a massive wave of Buergerbraukeller in Mu- shooting incident at the Im- Francois Stephanus Botha and homes. Field Engineer Regiment incoming Soviet missiles. nich. Hitler, Goering and pala Base near Phalaborwa from the South African • 1938 - Marshal of the So- was Killed in Action when • 1989 - The Berlin Wall armed Nazis attempted, but while supervising a Junior Medical Corps attached to viet Union Vasily Kon- he detonated a boosted An- comes down. ultimately failed, to forcibly Leadership Training Camp Air Force Base Hoedspruit, stantinovich Blyukher, 48, ti-Personnel Mine during • seize power and overthrow (OSC) at the Letaba training died of injuries received in a executed by Stalin for ‘espi- minesweeping and clear- 10 November democracy in Germany. camp. military vehicle accident at onage’ ing Operations in Northern • 1775 - The U.S. Marine • 1939 - An assassination at- • 1980 - Rifleman Gideon Dendron. He was 40. • 1977 - The Prime Minister Owamboland. He was 19. Corps was established as tempt on Hitler failed at the Karupa from 202 Battalion • 1996 - UN Secretary-Gen- of Swaziland says that his • 1983 - Airman Jan Joa- Buergerbraukeller in Mu- SWATF was Killed in Ac- eral Boutros Boutros-Ghali government will not allow chim Janse van Rensburg nich. A bomb exploded soon tion during a contact with calls for an international mil- the country to be used as a attached to Air Force Base after Hitler had exited fol- SWAPO/PLAN insurgents. itary force to aid and protect base for guerrilla attacks Ondangwa was killed when lowing a speech commem- He was 25. a million refugees caught in against South Africa. He de- the Buffel Troop Carrier in orating the 1923 Beer Hall • 1982 - Lieutenant Colin a civil war in Zaire, but is nies that there are training which he was travelling as a Putsch. Seven others were Brits from 41 Squadron was blocked by the United States camps within Swaziland. passenger, was involved in killed. killed while giving flying in the Security Council. • 1979 - Trooper Paul Stepha- • 1940 - The Royal Air instruction to a newly qual- nus Buys from 1 SSB was Force bombs Munich. ified pilot when his Atlas 9 November Killed in Action when his • 1942 - Allied forces under C4M Kudu crashed near • 1914 - HMAS ‘Sydney’ de- Eland 90 Armoured Car Lieutenant-General Dwight . He was 25. stroys the German raiding detonated a landmine while Adolf Hitler 84 85 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November

part of the U.S. Navy. It be- hill near Nottingham Road Lieutenant-Colonel Antonio The British hold off Republic of Angola. • 1987 - Rifleman Pieter came a separate unit on July and crashed. The casualties dos Santos Franca Ndalu, a desperate attack by Ger- • 1980 - Rifleman Richard Marthinus Schutte from 4 11, 1789. were: 2nd Lieutenant John Chief of Forças Armadas man two corps, as the battle Paul Baillie from 6 SAI died SAI was Killed in Action • 1915 - Fourth Battle of Harold Cox (23). Sergeant Populares de Libertação de ends. in 1 Military Hospital after during Ops Modular. He the Isonzo begins and con- Cornelius Andries Petrus Angola (FAPLA), during • 1918 - World War 1 ends being critically injured in a was 20. tinues to 2 December. van Tonder (27). which he declared that his with Germany and the Al- private vehicle accident. He • 1992 - The Goldstone Com- • 1939 - The SA Corps of • 1976 - Sapper Barend Kru- forces had killed over 230 lies signing an armistice in was 19. mission raids offices of the (S.A.C.M.P.) ger Engelbrecht from 2 En- South African troops in the a railroad car at Compiegne, • 1983 - US cruise missiles ar- SADF’s Directorate. is formed as an independ- gineer Regiment accidental- course of an offensive and France. “At the 11th hour rive in Great Britain. ent unit under Lt.-Col. R.D. ly drowned during a training had destroyed large numbers of the 11th day of the 11th • 1986 - Two members from 12 November Pilkington-Jordan. exercise at Bethlehem. He of vehicles, the South Afri- month, the guns fell silent 8 SAI were killed when • 1901 - The most southern • 1940 - Former British Prime was 19. can Defence Force (SADF) and World War 1 came to an their military vehicle was battle is fought at Kraalbos- Minister Neville Chamber- • 1982 - Private Andre Igna- responded by claiming that end.” involved in an accident at pan, near Darling, Western lain dies at the age of 71. tius Steffens from the Tech- not all the soldiers that were • 1920 - The “Unknown Prieska. They were: Corpo- Cape, with General Manie • 1942 - North Africa Vichy nical Service Corps died in killed were theirs. SADF Warrior” is interred in West- ral Nicolaas Ernst Pattenden Maritz leading the Boers. military chief in Algeria, the Universitas Hospital in admitted to the loss of only minster Abbey & the “Sol- (21). Rifleman David John • 1911 - Combined Turkish Admiral Darlan, orders an after being twelve soldiers, meaning dat Inconnu” beneath the Fowler (21). and Arab forces in Libya are end to the resistance against critically injured in a mil- the rest that were claimed Arc de Triomphe. • 1986 - Private Johannes badly mauled by the Italian the Allies. itary vehicle accident. He by Dos Santos belonged to • 1923 - An Eternal Flame” is Hendrik Snyman from Army. • 1942 - Following the Brit- was 20. South West African People’s lit at the Tomb of the “Sol- North West Command was • 1914 - Rebellion leader ish victory at El Alamein in • 1983 - Rifleman George Organisation (SWAPO). dat Inconnu” at the Arc de accidentally killed at Vry- General C.R. de Wet suffers North Africa during World Murray Boshoff from the • 2012 - Birger Stromsheim, Triomphe. burg after being crushed be- a crushing defeat by gov- War II, British Prime Min- was Norwegian commando who • 1961 - Congolese rebels tween a military vehicle and ernment forces at Winburg, ister Winston Churchill stat- Killed in Action. He was 22. led the “Heroes of Tele- murder 13 Italian airmen in a trailer. He was 18. OFS. ed, “This is not the end. It • 1983 - Rifleman Harold mark”, dies aged 101. UN service. • 1987 - Two members from 4 • 1942 - SA armoured cars is not even the beginning of Hebblethwaite from the Joz- • 1965 - Rhodesian Prime SAI attached to 62 Mecha- are in pursuit of the German the end. But it is, perhaps, ini Military Base suffered 11 November Minister, Ian Smith, issues a nised Battalion Group were forces and re-enter Tobruk, the end of the beginning.” critical head injuries in a • 1865 - Surgeon Mary Ed- Unilateral Declaration of In- Killed in Action during Ops continuing as far as Beng- • 1951 - Allister Mackintosh, private motor vehicle. He ward Walker is awarded the dependence. Britain says the Modular. They were: Rifle- hazi, east Libya. pilot and ‘father’ of SA avi- was admitted to hospital but US Medal of Honor. regime is illegal. man John Mark Howes (19). ation dies in . unfortunately succumbed to • 1885 - World War II General • 1972 - The U.S. turned over Rifleman Daniel Willem He earned a D.S.O. in the his injuries shortly after ad- George S. Patton was born its military base at Long Hendrik van Zyl (20). Battle of the Somme in April mission. He was 23. in San Gabriel, California. Binh to the South Vietnam- • 1987 - Three members from 1916. • 1984 - Rifleman Anthony • 1889 - Second Anglo Boer ese, symbolizing the end 32 Battalion were Killed in • 1954 - USMC (“Iwo Jima”) Joseph Brandt from Infantry War. Commandant J.H. of direct American military Action during a contact with Memorial dedicated in Ar- School was killed in a pri- Visser with 200 men attacks participation in the Vietnam enemy forces in Southern lington. vate motor vehicle accident Kuruman, defended by only War. Angola during Ops Modu- • 1970 - Charles de Gaulle, while on weekend pass. He 35 members of the Cape Po- • 1973 - Egypt and Israel sign lar. They were: Rifleman Er- leader of the ‘Free French”, was 18. lice, 33 local volunteers and a cease-fire agreement spon- nest Ndala Kapepura (25). President of France (1959- • 1985 - Sergeant William a few armed Blacks. They sored by the United States, Rifleman Gabriel Dala (26). 1969), dies at the age of 79. Stephan Butler from Air refuse to surrender and the and begin discussions to Rifleman Fernando Mauri- • 1975 - Two members from Force Headquarters was attack develops into a siege. carry out the pact. cio (33). 5 Squadron were acciden- killed in a military vehicle • 1909 - The US Navy begins • 1975 - Angola gains inde- tally killed when their At- accident at Kamieskroon. construction of a base at pendence from the coloni- las MB326M Impala Mk He was 37. Pearl Harbour. al ruler Portugal with Dr I struck trees on top of a • 1988 - Following a press • 1914 - First Battle of Ypres: Agostinho Neto as president conference of General Staff and is known as the People’s Ian Smith 86 87 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November

• 1942 - During World War II 3 SAI attached to 53 Battal- by former Brigadier-Gener- ters SWATF was critically dies in St Omer, France. near Omutwewondjaba in in North Africa, the city of ion was accidentally killed al Thomas Quiwonlpa. injured in a military vehi- • 1919 - Red Army captures Southern Angola. He was Tobruk was captured by the in Northern Owamboland • 1991 - Lance Corporal cle accident on 06 Novem- Omsk, Siberia, from the 27. British Eighth Army under when a hand grenade ex- Petrus Hendrik Theodorus ber 1979. He unfortunately Whites. • 1979 - Rifleman Patrick General Bernard Montgom- ploded while he was still Tait from 6 SAI was killed succumbed to his injuries • 1926 - Major Friedrich W.R. Charles Wolmarans from ery. handling it. He was 19. when the South African in hospital on 13 November Albrecht (78), founder of 4 SAI was killed when his • 1944 - RAF sinks the Ger- • 1980 - Rifleman Jowert Police Boerbok vehicle in 1979. He was 20. the OFS State Artillery, dies Buffel Troop Carrier over- man battleship ‘Tirpitz’ in a Hessel Dijkstra from the which he was travelling as • 1986 - Two members from 2 in Bloemfontein. turned in Northern Owam- Norwegian fjord. Infantry School suffered se- a passenger, overturned near and 5 Reconnaissance Regi- • 1941 - Aircraft carrier HMS boland. He was 19. • 1948 - Japanese General vere brain injuries in a pri- Richmond. He was 19. ment were Killed in Action ‘Ark Royal’ sinks in the • 1984 - Corporal Paulus Hideki Tojo and six others vate motor vehicle accident • 1995 - Britain ends arm sales during Ops Colosseum. The Mediterranean after being Gouws from the South Afri- were sentenced to death by during August 1980 while to Nigeria. casualties were: Corpo- torpedoed by the ‘U-81’ the can Cape Corps was Killed an Allied war crimes tribu- travelling home on a week- • 2001 - The Taliban abandons ral Andries Dawid Renken day before. in Action when his Buffel nal. end pass. He succumbed to Kabul, as Northern Alliance (27). Corporal Marsh La- • 1975 - Gunner Christo Re- Troop Carrier detonated a • 1963 - Bombardier Gide- his injuries in the H.F. Ver- forces approach. zarus Mashavave (30). tief from 4 Field Regiment TMA-3 “Cheese” Anti-Tank on Jacobus Visser from 10 woerd Hospital in Pretoria • 1988 - Rifleman Jacobus was Killed in Action. He Mine. He was 21. Anti-Aircraft Regiment was on 12 November 1980. He 13 November Gert Bock from 53 Battalion was 18. • 1985 - 2nd Lieutenant Wil- killed in a military vehicle was 18. • 1899 - Second Anglo Boer received a severe skull frac- • 1975 - Rifleman Adam Jo- lem Stephanus van der Mer- accident. He was 33. • 1982 - Corporal Carlo Mar- War. Generals Piet Joubert ture after being assaulted by hannes Hendrikus Schon- we from 1 Parachute Battal- • 1974 - Rifleman Barend Jo- cel Bosch from the Finance and Louis Botha cross the members of the local popu- veldt from the Tactical Pla- ion died of multiple shrapnel hannes Andries Vorster from Service Corps was killed in Tugela River and head down lation outside the base. He toon of the SADF Horse and wounds in 1 Military Hospi- 2 SAI was Reported Missing a private motor vehicle acci- the railway line to Pieterma- was flown back to 1 Military Dog Centre was killed in ac- tal after an accidental mor- after he went to collect water dent. He was 20. ritzburg. Hospital in Pretoria where tion. He was 20. tar bomb explosion during a from the river at Bagani. He • 1983 - Rifleman Pierre • 1942 - The five Sullivan he succumbed to his injuries • 1976 - Warrant Officer Class weapons demonstration on was seen to suddenly disap- Hanekom from 8 SAI was Brothers from Waterloo, later in the day. He was 23. II Michael Grahame Craul 22 October 1985. He was pear under the water and it Killed in Action near Chiede Iowa, were lost in the sink- • 1990 - Corporal Gert Ger- from Regiment Algoa Bay 20. is thought that he may have in Southern Angola. He was ing of the cruiser USS Ju- hardus Boorman from the was shot dead at Ondangwa • 1987 - Captain Andre An- been taken by a crocodile. 18. neau by a Japanese torpe- South African Cape Corps by a guard on duty. He was thony Stapa was based at Air He has no known grave and • 1985 - 2nd Lieutenant Rob- do off Guadalcanal during was killed when his Buffel 24. Force Base Ondangwa as a remains unaccounted for. ert Allan Broekmeyer from World War II in the Pacific. Troop Carrier overturned • 1978 - 2nd Lieutenant Station Pilot. He was sub- He was 18. 2 SAI died in the Windhoek Following their deaths, the during a training exercise Roelof Nicolas Britz from sequently Reported Missing • 1975 - Rifleman Gideon Hospital from wounds ac- U.S. Navy changed regula- between Tarraririma and 32 Battalion was Reported when his Atlas MB326KM Joubert Klopper from 3 SAI cidentally sustained in a tions to prohibit close rel- Vorstershoop. He was 20. Missing after being attacked was killed instantly after be- shooting training incident atives from serving on the • 1995 - Israel began pulling by a crocodile while swim- ing struck by lightning dur- at the Swartkoppe Shooting same ship. its troops out of the West ming in the Kavango Riv- ing a thunderstorm. He was Range. He was 20. • 1942 - Minimum US draft Bank city of Jenin, ending er near Buffalo. He has no 19. • 1985 - Rifleman Andrew age reduced from 21 to 18. 28 years of occupation. known grave and remains • 1975 - Rifleman Bart- Steward Dougall from Na- • 1954 - Generalfeldmar- • 1982 - Vietnam War Memo- unaccounted for. He was 23. holomeus Venter from 11 tal Command collapsed and schall Paul Ludwig Ewald rial dedicated. • 1978 - Rifleman P.P. De Commando Regiment was died of suspected heart fail- von Kleist, 73, war criminal, Amorim from 32 Battalion Killed in Action by enemy ure while running a 2.4 at died in Soviet captivity. 14 November was Killed in Action during mortar fire during a contact the Greyville race course. • 1975 - 2nd Lieutenant Chris- • 1914 - Lord Frederick a contact with enemy forces with enemy forces while He was 21. topher James Robin from 4 Sleigh Roberts, (Field Mar- participating in Operation • 1985 - Over 600 people Field Artillery was killed in shall Earl Roberts of Khar- Savannah. He was 20. killed in Liberia in an unsuc- action. He was 20. toum) commander-in-chief • 1980 - Rifleman Nicolaas cessful military coup against • 1979 - Rifleman P.S. Lafitila of the British forces during Jacobus van der Walt from President Samuel Doe, led from Sector 70 Headquar- the Second Anglo Boer War, Samuel Doe 88 89 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November

Impala Mk II failed to return the Taliban. mated up to 500,000. Koopmansfontein. He was iment Louw Wepener was born in St. Mark’s Vicarage, from attacking enemy posi- • 2005 - Former defence min- • 1969 - The largest antiwar 19. Killed in Action. He was 26. Kennington Oval, London. tions near Cuvelai in South- ister Magnus Malan joins rally in U.S. History oc- • 1983 - Lieutenant Timothy • 1922 - Samuel Alfred (Taf- ern Angola. The aircraft former SA Defence Force curred as 250,000 persons 16 November David Short from 6 Squad- fy) Long, Herbert Hull and impacted the ground while chief Constand Viljoen in gathered in Washington, • 1900 - Second Anglo Boer ron was killed when his At- David Lewis, strikers during pulling out after firing on denying any knowledge of D.C., to protest the Vietnam War. The Battle of Sprin- las MB326KM Impala Mk the revolt, are hung in the the enemy positions and it mass graves found near a War. kaansnek is fought, with II crashed into the sea 5km Central Prison in Pretoria is thought that the Pilot may former South African mili- • 1980 - Corporal Quintino General Philip Botha forc- off Brighton Beach near for committing murder. have misjudged his altitude tary base in northern Namib- Abel from 32 Battalion was ing a passage through the Durban while on a training • 1958 - The civilian gov- and flown into the ground. ia. People’s Liberation Army Reported Missing when he neck. flight. He was 21. ernment of Sudan is over- The possibility that his air- of Namibia (Plan) fighters disappeared after being at- • 1939 - German U-boat tor- • 1985 - Ordinary Marine Vic- thrown by the military; Ibra- craft may have been hit or killed by the SA army and tacked by a crocodile while pedoes tanker ‘Sliedrecht’ tor Ernest Bastion de Klerk him Abboud becomes prime damaged by hostile ground South-West African Terri- swimming in the Okavango near Ireland. from 123 Harbour Protec- minister. fire was also not ruled out. tory Force by law had to be River near Buffalo Base. He • 1941 - US intelligence los- tion Unit, South African Ma- • 1964 - Harold Wilson, the He has no known grave. He handed to the South-West was no known grave and re- es track of Japanese aircraft rines was killed during the British Prime Minister, an- was 30. African police for identi- mains unaccounted for. He carriers. Cape Riots when his Buffel nounces in the House of • 1987 - Rifleman Andre Tay- fication and burial. Malan was 24. • 1950 - King Farouk, Egypt, Troop Carrier overturned at Commons that the British lor Veltman from 1 Para- says that questions about the • 1982 - Rifleman Jacobus demands the “total and im- Mitchell’s Plain. He was 18. government has decided to chute Battalion was killed in graves should be directed at Albertus van Zyl from the mediate evacuation” of all • 1987 - Two members from impose an embargo on the a private motor vehicle acci- the United Nations as they Kimberley Commando was British troops from the Suez 32 Battalion were Killed export of arms to South Af- dent near Fouriesburg while were in command in Namib- killed instantly after being Canal Zone. in Action during a contact rica. Outstanding commit- on a weekend pass. He was ia at the time. struck by lightning while • 1961 - After the bodies of with enemy forces in South- ments by the Ministry of De- 20. participating in a training thirteen Italian UN soldiers ern Angola. The casualties fence will be fulfilled, but no • 1994 - Having been dis- 15 November exercise at Schmidtsdrift. are “sold” in a Congo mar- were: Staff Sergeant Arsenio new contracts will be accept- missed from the South Afri- • 1891 - German Field Mar- He was 26. ket, UN Secretary-General Nicolau Domignos Batisda ed. The contract to supply can National Defence Force shal Erwin Rommel was • 1986 - Two members of 1 U Thant orders UN forces to (33). Rifleman Joaquim Pe- sixteen Buccaneer aircraft is (SANDF) for their illegal born at Heidenheim, in Parachute Battalion were punish those responsible. dro (29). under review. strike about poor living Wurttemberg, Germany. killed when the Casspir in • 1975 - British newspapers • 1987 - Corporal Jacob Car- • 1975 - A ban on the publica- standards in Wallmannstal • 1899 - Winston Churchill, which they were travelling, report that South African el van Heerden from 4 SAI tion of military involvements military camp previously war correspondent of The overturned near Tsande mercenaries are helping was Killed in Action during in Angola is imposed on in November, Umkhonto Morning Post, is captured while travelling from Om- UNITA against the MPLA a contact with enemy forces South African newspapers. we Sizwe (MK) guerrillas, near Chieveley, Natal, when balantu to Ondangwa. The in Angola. in Southern Angola during through their spokesperson the Boers ambush an ar- casualties were: Corporal • 1976 - Sapper Matthys Phil- Ops Modular. He was 20. Salvador Mkhari, threaten moured train. Thomas Wilhelm Janse van lipus Fourie from 2 Field • 1995 - The United Nations to resume the armed strug- • 1942 - Church bells ring Rensburg (23). Rifleman Engineer Regiment was charged Bosnian Serb lead- gle unless their demands across Britain for the first Christo Badenhorst (20). Killed in Action. He was 18. er, Radovan Karadzic, and were met. time since the German inva- • 1988 - Grintek of SA, Saab • 1976 - Two members from 1 his military commander, • 1996 - American troops ar- sion threat of 1940, to cele- of Sweden and British aer- SAI were accidentally killed Ratko Mladic, with geno- rive in Kigali, Rwanda’s brate victory in the Battle of ospace sign a historic con- while carrying out driv- cide. capital, in advance of a mul- El Alamein. tract for supplying military er training near the Knys- tinational operation to feed • 1943 - During the Holocaust, equipment worth about R60 na-Uniondale Crossroads. 17 November and help send home more Heinrich Himmler ordered million. They were: Corporal Joseph • 1887 - British General Ber- than one million refugees in Gypsies and part-Gypsies • 1990 - Trooper Warren John Edward Flood Ashpole (19). nard L. Montgomery was Zaire, now called Congo. to be sent to concentration Pieters from 1 Special Ser- Corporal Andries Johannes • 2001 - Operation Enduring camps. The number of Gyp- vice Battalion was killed in Blom (21). Freedom: Northern Alliance sies killed by Nazis is esti- a military vehicle accident • 1978 - Lance Corporal Jo- forces liberate Kabul from approximately 25km from hannes Petrus Nel from Reg- Erwin Rommel 90 91 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November • 1980 - Sapper Hendrik Jo- Forsyth, allegedly a spy for in Spain. Carrier overturned 50km comes the supreme com- 20 November hannes Jacobus Jacobs from the SA government against • 1941 - Operation Barbaros- north of Okahandja. He was mander of NATO. • 1917 - The first use of tanks 1 Construction Regiment the ANC, who has been sa: A Soviet counterattack 20. • 1969 - The first news re- in battle occurred at Cam- was shot dead by a Sentry holed up in the British Em- near Tula causes the German • 1992 - After a marathon ten- ports emerged that Ameri- brai, France, during World on guard duty at Chetto Base bassy in Luanda since May, 112th Infantry Division to hour Cabinet meeting, Presi- can troops in Vietnam had War I. Over 300 tanks com- in Sector 20 after he entered leaves for London after be- break. dent F.W. de Klerk appointed massacred civilians in My manded by British General a restricted area during the ing granted an exit visa by • 1941 - Last Italian forces Lt.-Gen. Pierre Steyn as head Lai Village back in March Sir Douglas Haig went into night and failed to identi- the Angolan authorities. in Ethiopia surrender to the of all intelligence functions of 1968. battle against the Germans. fy himself after being chal- • 1993 - Military rule is re-im- British, ending 15 months of of the South African Defence • 1978 - Signaler Arnold • 1918 - The 369th “Colored” lenged by the Sentry. He was posed in Nigeria when Gen- resistance. Force (SADF), including the Charles Lewin from the Infantry, New York Nation- 18. eral Sani Abacha ousts civil- • 1961 - President John F. Ken- Military Intelligence (MI). South African Corps of Sig- al Guard, becomes the first • 1981 - Rifleman Gert Jo- ian leader Ernest Shonekan. nedy sends 18,000 military • 1993 - Nigeria’s new mili- nals stationed at Grootfon- American unit to reach the hannes de Lange from 4 Ve- • 1993 - The United Nations advisors to South Vietnam. tary ruler, General Sani Aba- tein, collapsed from heat Rhine and take up occupa- hicle Reserve Park was acci- opened its first war crimes • 1962 - Corporal Johannes cha, dissolves all democratic exhaustion. He was rushed tion duties in Germany. dentally killed after suffering tribunal since the Nurem- George Wolmarans from 1 institutions. to the Grootfontein Hospital • 1942 - British Eighth shrapnel wounds in an acci- berg and Tokyo trials fol- Parachute Battalion was ad- but died soon after admis- Army recaptures Benghazi, dental hand grenade explo- lowing World War II. Judges mitted to 1 Military Hospital 19 November sion. He was 18. Lybia. sion at the Maryland Train- from 11 nations were sworn after being diagnosed with • 1812 - Napoleon begins his • 1987 - Major Petrus Abra- • 1943 - The Battle of Tarawa ing Base. He was 20. in to examine recent mass myocarditis. He died later in retreat from Moscow. ham van der Merwe from began in the Pacific War as • 1986 - Corporal James Eric murders in Yugoslavia char- hospital after suffering heart • 1863 - President Abraham was American troops attacked Cooper from Group 46 was acterized as ethnic cleans- failure. He was 19. Lincoln delivered the Get- wounded in a grenade ex- the Japanese on the heavily accidentally killed when his ing. • 1971 - 2nd Lieutenant Doug- tysburg Address during cer- plosion on 18 November. He fortified Gilbert Islands. Buffel Troop carrier over- • 1997 - Six militants open fire las Angus Morrison from the emonies dedicating 17 acres succumbed to his wounds • 1944 - US First Army se- turned at Kwanobuhle. He at the Temple of Hatshepsut School of Engineers was ac- of the Gettysburg Battlefield on 19 November 1987. He cures Aachen. was 26. in Luxor, Egypt, killing sev- cidentally electrocuted while as a National Cemetery. was 27. • 1945 - The Nuremberg War • 1986 - Rifleman W. Mband- enty-four people, sixty-one serving at Kroonstad. He was • 1915 - Russia and Italy de- • 1987 - US warships de- Crime Trials began in which jeue from 102 Battalion of them foreign tourists. The 20. clare war on Bulgaria stroy Iranian oil platforms 24 former leaders of Nazi SWATF was accidentally attackers are killed by po- • 1984 - Leading Seaman Syd- • 1941 - HMAS ‘Sydney’ and in Persian Gulf. Germany were charged with killed when his Buffel Troop lice. ney Harry de Jongh from the German merchant cruis- • 1989 - Signaler Jan Gabriel conspiracy to wage wars of Carrier overturned in North- 111 Harbour Protection Unit, er ‘Kormoran’ clash off the Kriel from 2 Signals Regi- aggression, crimes against ern Owamboland. He was 18 November South African Marines acci- western coast of Australia, ment was killed after he was peace, war crimes, and 23. • 1914 - Naval Battle of Cape dentally drowned in a river both sinking, ‘Sydney’ with accidentally run over by a crimes against humanity. • 1987 - Lance Corporal Jo- Sarych: the Russian Black mishap while based at Wene- no survivors. The wrecks Ratel 20 at Keetmanshoop. hann Redelinghuys from the Sea Fleet defeats a Turko- la in the Eastern Caprivi. He were located in 2008. He was 20. South African Medical Corps German squadron. was 28. • 1942 - The Russian Army • 1990 - The Cold War came was attached to 61 Mecha- • 1916 - During World War • 1987 - Cuba denies its troops began a massive counter-of- to an end during a summit nised Battalion Group was I, Allied General Douglas are engaged in fighting fensive against the Germans in Paris as leaders of NATO killed in action during Oper- Haig called off the First against SA forces in Angola. at Stalingrad during World and the Warsaw Pact signed ation Modular. He was 20. Battle of the Somme after • 1988 - The three Zimbabwe- War II. a Treaty on Conventional • 1988 - Private Alwyn Lub- five months. The Allies had an intelligence officers stand- • 1943 - Following an at- Forces in Europe, vastly re- be from 1 Maintenance Unit advanced 201 square kilo- ing trial for a bomb attack on tempted uprising, the Nazis ducing their military arse- was accidentally killed when metres at a cost of 420,000 an ANC house in Bulawayo liquidate the Janowska con- nals. he fell off a moving vehicle British and 195,000 French are sentenced to death. centration camp near Lem- while in a convoy that was soldiers. German losses • 1989 - Rifleman Robert An- berg, at least 6,000 Jews are travelling from Kimberley to were over 650,000 men. tonio Gache from 61 Mech- murdered. Eenhana. He was 19. anised Battalion Group was • 1936 - Germany & Italy rec- • 1950 - General of the Army Olivia Forsyth • 1988 - A SA woman, Olivia ognized Franco government killed when his Buffel Troop Dwight D. Eisenhower be- 92 93 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November • 1962 - The Cuban Missile John Marloh (20). Private lightning while on manoeu- • 2005 - Alfred Anderson, vet- Andre Seaman (21). outclassed armed merchant Crisis concluded as Presi- Rodney Izaak Nelson (20). vres at the Army Battle eran of the Black Watch, the • 1988 - Rifleman Felokwak- cruiser HMS ‘Rawalpindi’ dent John F. Kennedy an- Private Neville Swartz (18). School. He was 18. last survivor of the Christ- he Andreas Magagula from in the North Atlantic off the nounced he had lifted the • 1990 - Anti-Gulf War pro- • 1981 - Rifleman Coenraad mas Truce of 1914, the last 121 Battalion died in the Faroes. U.S. Naval blockade of test marches begin in 20 US Christoffel van Wyk from Scottish veteran of the war, King Edward VIII Hospital • 1942 - Japanese bomb Port Cuba stating, “the evidence cities. 1 Parachute Battalion ac- and the oldest man in Scot- from injuries received when Darwin, Australia. to date indicates that all • 1994 - Angolan government cidentally drowned in the land, dies at the age of 109. his Buffel Troop Carrier • 1946 - Bombardment of known offensive missile signs peace treaty with UNI- swimming pool in the Para- overturned while on an op- Haiphong: The French fleet sites in Cuba have been dis- TA. trooper Fire-Force Camp at 22 November erational patrol at Kwa Ng- shells the port, held by the mantled.” AFB Ondangwa. He was 20. • 1847 - General Jacobus Her- wanase. He was 28. Viet Minh, inflicting heavy • 1983 - Corporal Raymond 21 November • 1984 - Three members from culaas de la Rey, known as • 1988 - South African gov- casualties and initiating the Kenneth Eaton from Tech- • 1894 - Port Arthur is cap- 202 Battalion SWATF were Koos de la Rey, is born. ernment announces it has “First Indochina War”. nical Service Corps attached tured by the Japanese from killed when their Buffel • 1890 - Charles De Gaulle joined Cuba and Angola in • 1966 - Gen. R.C. Hiemstra to the Army Battle School the Chinese, amidst great Troop Carrier overturned in was born in Lille, France. He endorsing a plan to remove opens the Castle of Good was killed in a private motor slaughter. the Operational Area. The led the Free French against Cuban troops from Angola. Hope military museum in vehicle accident at Boshoff. • 1900 - Second Anglo Boer casualties were: Trooper the Nazis during World War • 1990 - Lance Corporal Cape Town, reflecting vari- He was 17. War. The Battle of De Wets- W.A. Basson (19). Trooper II and later became Presi- Sibusiso Dlomo from Natal ous aspects of military his- • 1983 - Chaplain Gerhar- dorp, which was to end on H. Diergaardt (20). Trooper dent of France, serving from Command was killed in a tory since 1652. dus Jacobus Rossouw from the 23rd with the surrender C. McNab (20). 1958-69. military vehicle accident in • 1975 - Captain George Fred- SWATF Headquarters was of the British to Chief Com- • 1984 - 2nd Lieutenant Gus- • 1914 - Ypres burns under Durban. He was 30. erick Schoeman from 2 SSB killed in a private motor ve- mandant C.R. de Wet, starts. tav Brink from 1 Special German bombardment. • 1991 - Airman Martin was critically wounded on 9 hicle accident in Windhoek. • 1918 - German ammunition Service Battalion was ac- • 1917 - German L59 Zep- Jacobsz from the Air Force November 1975 during Op- He was 29. trains explode in Hamont, cidentally killed during the pelin starts flight from Bul- Gymnasium was killed in eration Savannah in South- • 1985 - Marine Ferdinand Belgium, 1,750 die. night in Owamboland when garia to Khartoum carrying a private motor vehicle ac- ern Angola. He succumbed Ben Els from the 111 Har- • 1968 - Trooper Brian Wes- his armoured car drove into much needed supplies to cident after his vehicle was to his wounds on 23 Novem- bour Protection Unit, South ley Dyer from 1 Special Ser- a water-well at dusk and General von Lettow in East involved in a head-on col- ber 1975. He was 31. African Marines was killed vice Battalion was killed in overturned. He was 20. Africa. lision with another vehicle • 1975 - Warrant Officer Class in a military vehicle acci- a military vehicle accident • 1986 - Rifleman Nicolaas • 1943 - The Cairo Confer- on the Delmas to Pretoria II Alwyn Johannes Benson dent at Katima Mulilo. He at Katima Mulilo. He was Carel Martinus Bronkhorst ence occurred as President Road. He was 19. from 4 SAI was Killed in was 18. 17. from the Ermelo Comman- Franklin D. Roosevelt, Brit- Action during Operation Sa- • 1987 - Bombardier Lukas • 1970 - Operation Ivory do died after suffering a fa- ish Prime Minister Winston 23 November vannah. He was 30. Marthinus Charl Havenga Coast: A joint Army-Air tal heart attack while partici- Churchill, and Chinese Na- • 1900 - Second Anglo • 1975 - Captain Johan Wolf- from 4 Artillery Regiment Force commando raid on pating in a shooting exercise tionalist leader Chiang Kai- Boer War. Major-General was attached to the 120mm the Son Tây prisoner-of-war at the Amsterdam shooting shek, met to discuss the war Smith-Dorrien, leaving only Mortar section at the Lomba camp finds all Americans range. He was 39. in the Pacific against Japan. the church standing, razes River during Ops Modular have been moved elsewhere. • 1989 - Colonel Cornelius • 1963 - US President John F. the town of Dullstroom to where he suffered a heart • 1980 - Rifleman Armando Alwyn Johannes Meerholz Kennedy is assassinated. the ground. attack during operations Eduardo from 32 Battalion HCS from 5 Reconnaissance • 1980 - Two members from • 1939 - The German bat- and died before he could be was Killed in Action during Regiment was accidental- Infantry School were killed tleships ‘Scharnhorst’ & evacuated to Rundu. He was a contact with enemy forces ly killed in a private motor in a private motor vehicle ‘Gneisenau’ sink the greatly 22. in Southern Angola. He was vehicle accident at Gravelot. accident between George • 1988 - Three members from 32. He was 37. and the Wilderness while 6 Maintenance Unit were • 1981 - Trooper Marthinus • 1989 - The Citizen reports they were on a weekend accidentally killed when Christoffel Botha from 1 that the remaining 1,500 pass. The casualties were: their military vehicle over- Special Service Battalion South African troops in Na- Corporal Ferdinand Jo- turned on the Bagani-Run- was accidentally killed by mibia have been withdrawn hannes Louw (20). Corporal du road. They were: Private in November. Charles De Gaulle 94 95 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November

gang Holm HC (P) from from 202 Battalion SWATF outnumbered by their Ger- were involved in a mid-air a road block he was manning • 1940 - Maiden flights of the the Danie Theron Combat was Killed in Action during man opponents, are stranded collision in thick fog over in . He was 19. de Havilland Mosquito & the School was Killed in Action a contact with enemy forces. in the open desert but manage Walker Bay near Hermanus • 1986 - Special Constable Jo- Martin B-26 Marauder, one during Operation Savannah. He was 25. to destroy fifty of the - Ger while en-route to the ship. hannes Sem from the South on each side of the pond. He was 36. • 1983 - The Beirut Barracks man tanks. At about 16:30 all The crews were: Major Jo- West Africa Police Coun- • 1961 - USS ‘Enterprise’ • 1975 - Trooper Neil Lom- Bombing: 241 US & 58 the SA guns are out of action hannes Jacob Stein Steinberg ter-Insurgency Wing: Ops-K (CVN 65), the first nucle- bard from B Squadron 1SSB French military peacekeep- after running short of ammu- (32). Major Clement Roy Division (Koevoet) was ar-powered carrier, is com- was Reported Missing dur- ers, and six civilians are nition and the South Africans Vice (29). Captain Hercules Killed in Action during a missioned, to commence 51 ing Ops Savannah. His body killed when two members are forced to surrender. Du Preez (25). Captain Brian contact with SWAPO/PLAN years of service; decommis- could not be recovered. He of Islamic Jihad detonate a • 1944 - First B-29 raid from Maughan Antonis (26). insurgents in Northern sioned 2012. was 20. truck bomb. Saipan; 111 bombers hit To- • 1975 - Trooper Gideon Owamboland. He was 33. • 1971 - Four members from • 1975 - Corporal Jochem- • 1985 - Fifty-eight die as kyo. Marthinus Frederick Obbes • 1992 - The U.S. military de- 22 Flight (later 22 Squadron) us Jacobus Taljaard from 2 Egyptian commandos storm • 1956 - Soviet troops invade from 2 SAI was Killed in Ac- parted the Philippines after were killed while stationed Special Service Battalion a hijacked Egyptian jet in Hungary as Imre Nagy be- tion. He was 20. nearly a century of military on board the SAS President was Killed in Action dur- Malta. comes prime minister. • 1978 - Rifleman Nicolaas presence. In 1991, the Philip- Steyn that was escorting a ing Operation Savannah. He • 1986 - Sergeant Gert Benja- • 1964 - Belgian paratroop- Mostert Hofmeyer van der pine Senate had voted to re- new Daphne Class subma- was 20. min Labuschagne from the ers, the Congolese army and Spuy van Rooyen from 31 ject a renewal of the lease for rine SAS Emily Hobhouse • 1975 - Lance Corporal Ger- was mercenaries recapture Stan- Battalion was killed instant- the American military base. from France back to South hard Vollgraaff from 2 Spe- found dead during a mili- leyville in the Congo from ly in an accidental hand gre- Africa when their Westland cial Service Battalion Died tary training exercise. It ap- rebels. nade explosion at the Ome- 25 November Wasp helicopter burst into of Wounds received in Ac- peared that he suffered a fa- • 1969 - The U.S. Army an- ga shooting range during a • 1854 - During the Battle flames just after take-off. tion during Operation Sa- tal heart attack while he was nounced that Lt. William training exercise. He was 18. of Balaclava, the famous They were: Captain Chris- vannah during the Battle of asleep. He was 36. L. Calley had been charged • 1981 - Private Johannes “Charge of the Light Bri- tiaan Jacobus Tiedt (24). Ebo. He was 19. • 1993 - Captain Louis Jou- with premeditated murder in Petrus Coetzee from 1 Main- gade” takes place. Nearly Sergeant Johannes Gerhar- • 1976 - Rifleman Stephanus bert from 1 Squadron was the massacre of civilians in tenance Unit was killed when 600 British light cavalry un- dus Blom (34). Corporal Johannes Swartz from 6 Reported Missing when his the Vietnamese village of My the military vehicle in which dertook a frontal attack down Johann Stork (26). Corporal SAI was killed in a military Dassault Mirage F1AZ was Lai in March of 1968. Calley he was traveling overturned. a narrow, mile long valley, Nicolaas Francois Janse van vehicle accident at Bedford seen to suddenly bank steep- was ordered to stand trial by He was 19. an action that had no impact Rensburg (33). in the Eastern Cape. He was ly and dive into the sea ap- court martial and was later • 1982 - Lance Corporal Sax- whatsoever on the outcome • 1975 - Two members from 21. proximately 80km South, convicted and sentenced to on Kaputo from 102 Battal- of the battle, while leav- 11 Squadron and one from 8 • 1977 - Rhodesian forces South West of Cape Point life in prison. However, his ion SWATF was accidentally ing literally hundreds of the SAI were Reported Missing attack nationalist guerrilla while carrying out a low lev- sentence was later commuted killed when his Buffel Troop troopers dead or wounded. during Operation Savannah bases at Tembue and Chi- el maritime strike. He was to three years of house arrest Carrier overturned near Opu- • 1915 - Chilean military lead- moio in Mozambique, kill- 24. by President Richard Nixon. wa. He was 22. er Augusto Pinochet was ing allegedly over a thou- • 1973 - Four aircrew mem- • 1983 - Lance Corporal An- born in Valparaiso, Chile. sand people. 24 November bers from 24 Squadron were dre Dan Mostert from 1 SWA • 1936 - Nazi Germany and • 1978 - Corporal Nicolaas • 1874 - Joseph Glidden pat- Reported Missing after two SPES was accidentally killed Imperial Japan signed the Marthinus Dekker from ented his invention of barbed Hawker Siddeley S-50 Buc- when his Buffel Troop Carri- Anti-Comintern Pact, an Quartermaster General wire. caneer aircraft, Serial Num- er overturned at Opuwa. He agreement to collaborate in was killed by shrapnel at • 1887 - German Field Mar- bers 419 and 420 that had was 19. opposing the spread of Com- Potchefstroom when a G2 shal Erich von Manstein departed from Cape Town to • 1986 - Rifleman William munism. 140mm Medium Gun High was born in Berlin. conduct a maritime strike ex- Haalsward Opperman from Explosive projectile explod- • 1941 - The great tank battle ercise against HMS Fearless 8 SAI died in the Johannes- ed in the cannon breach dur- of Sidi Rezegh in North Af- during a Joint SA Navy and burg General Hospital from ing a training exercise. He rica rages unabated in World Royal Navy exercise referred injuries received after he was was 18. War 2. The South Africans, to as CAPEX 73 failed to re- knocked down by a civilian • 1981 - Rifleman R. Mukoya turn. At 13h30 the aircraft vehicle that failed to stop at William L. Calley 96 97 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November when their Cessna 185D was ern Angola. He was 20. Reported Missing after be- “This dispatch is to be con- • 1943 - The Teheran Con- • 1978 - Lance Corporal presumed to have been shot • 1987 - Rifleman Marius Jo- ing attacked by a crocodile sidered a war warning,” and ference began, attended by Waldemar Heinrich Grob- down over or near the town hannes Mitton HC (P) was while he swimming in the CNO adds to CINCUS Kim- President Franklin D. Roo- ler from 5 SAI was Killed in of Ebo in Central Angola. critically wounded during Cunene River. He has no mel “an agressive move by sevelt, British Prime Min- Action. He was 22. The casualties were: Captain Ops Modular on 11 Novem- known grave and remains Japan is expected within the ister Winston Churchill and • 1978 - Rifleman Robert Sen- Daniel Jakob Taljaard (32). ber 1987 and succumbed to unaccounted for. He was 19. next few days”. Soviet Premier Josef Stalin. tefol from 2 SAI was killed 2nd Lieutenant Keith Arthur his wounds on 25 November • 1975 - Two members from • 1942 - The French Navy Among the major topics instantly after being struck Williamson (21). 2nd Lieu- 1987. He was 20. 2 Parachute Regiment were scuttles its ships at Toulon discussed, a second front in by lightning. He was 18. tenant Eric Brian Thompson accidentally killed as a re- to prevent Nazis from cap- Western Europe, resulting in • 1980 - Four SAAF members (20). 26 November sult of being dragged under turing them. D-Day, the seaborne inva- from the Air Defence School • 1979 - Rifleman Thomas Ig- • 1832 - Doctor Mary Ed- canopy in high winds after • 1951 - First successful sur- sion of Normandy in north- in Pretoria were killed in a natius Louw from 2 SAI was wards Walker, the only landing during a parachute face-to-air missile test is ern France on June 6, 1944. private aircraft crash while Killed in Action during a con- woman to win the Medal of training exercise at the Gen- carried out at White Sands. • 1951 - Military coup under on a weekend pass. The tact with SWAPO/PLAN in- Honor, is born. eral de Wet Training Area. • 1976 - Sapper Petrus Jo- Col Adib el-Shishakli in casualties were: Private Pie- surgents in Northern Owam- • 1943 - British troop trans- The casualties were: Ser- hannes Du Toit from 2 Field Syria. ter Barand De Villiers (18). boland. He was 18. port ‘Rohna’ is sunk in the geant Dirk Johannes Human Engineer Regiment was • 1976 - Corporal Terence Private Gabriel De Wet van • 1981 - Forty-five mercenar- Mediterranean by a Luft- (28). Rifleman Alan Taylor killed in a Military Vehicle Paul Leonard from 2 SAI Eeden (20). Private Leonard ies from South Africa under waffe Henschel Hs 293 Bate (23). Accident at Rundu. He was was killed when the ve- Wilhelm Kruger (24). Pri- Colonel Mike Hoare land in guided glide bomb. 1,138 • 1978 - Signaler Hendrik 19. hicle he was traveling in vate Abraham Daniel Roux Seychelles, attack the airport men are killed, including Lambertus Johann Brown • 1976 - Rifleman Donald overturned, crushing him (18). and cause heavy damage. 1,015 American troops. from the Army Gymnasium Robert Pretorius from 1 SAI underneath. The accident • 1983 - Corporal Gary Rich- Those who are not captured • 1940 - During the Holo- was killed in a private motor was killed in a military Bed- happened while traveling in ard Milne from Western and detained by Seychelles caust, Nazis began walling vehicle accident. He was 22. ford accident at Colesburg. convoy from Grootfontein Province Command was security forces flee by hi- off the Jewish Ghetto in • 1979 - Trooper Louis Petrus He was 19. to Walvis Bay. He was 19. killed in a military vehicle jacking an Air India plane, Warsaw, sealing in 400,000 Badenhorst from 1 Special • 1981 - Lance Corporal Jo- • 1976 - Rifleman Friedrich accident at Garries. He was which they divert to South inhabitants while denying Service Battalion was killed han Martins from 32 Bat- Erwin Abraham from Infan- 23. Africa. The TRC in 1998 them adequate food, sanita- in a private motor vehicle talion was Killed in Action try School died in a private • 1984 - Sergeant Marius rules the SA government re- tion and housing. accident. He was 19. during a contact with enemy motorcycle accident at Raw- Melville Bekker from Na- sponsible for the attack. • 1944 - Himmler orders de- • 1982 - Private Jannie Louw forces in Southern Angola. sonville in the Cape while on tal Command Headquarters • 1982 - Special Constable struction of Auschwitz & from 61 Base Workshops He was 19. weekend pass. He was 20. Unit died in the Addington Tuhfeni Nekundi from the Birkenau crematoria. was accidentally killed when • 1977 - Rifleman Lawrence Hospital from injuries sus- South West Africa Police • 1969 - Major Johannes he was crushed between a 28 November Dennis Kretzmann from Counter-Insurgency Wing: Petrus Britz LWD from 1 military vehicle and a guard • 1887 - Nazi leader Ernst 11 Commando Regiment Ops-K Division (Koevoet) Squadron SAAF was killed tower at Centurion, Pretoria. Rohm is born. attached to 53 Battalion, was Killed in Action dur- instantly near Pietersburg, He was 22. • 1899 - Second Anglo Boer was critically injured on ing a contact with SWAPO/ when his Canadair CL13B War. The Battle of Modder 11 November 1977 when PLAN insurgents in North- Sabre Mk VI, Serial Num- 27 November River or Tweerivieren takes his Unimog Troop Carrier ern Owamboland. He was ber 368 suffered catastroph- • 1941 - HMAS ‘Parramatta’ place, in which both Gen. overturned after striking an 34. ic engine failure and caught is sunk off Tobruk by ‘U- Methuen and Gen. De la animal. He was 19. • 1983 - Syria & Saudi Arabia fire while he was carrying 559’. Rey are wounded. Gen. De announce cease-fire in PLO out bombing practice exer- • 1941 - Operation Crusader: la Rey’s son, Adriaan, is fa- civil war in Lebanon. cises. He was 29. British troops break the sev- tally wounded. • 1987 - Trooper Johann • 1970 - Benjamin O. Davis, en month Axis siege of To- • 1916 - First German air raid Raubenheimer Meyer from Sr., the first black American bruk. on London. 32 Battalion was Killed in general, dies at 93. • 1941 - Joint Army-Navy • 1939 - USSR revokes the Action during a contact with • 1973 - Rifleman Leon signal to senior command- Soviet-Finnish non-aggres- enemy forces in South East- Holscher from 2 SAI was ers in the Pacific ends with, sion pact. Heinrich Himmler 98 99 This month in military history ... November This month in military history ... November tained when his military aides. Eighteen people are in Southern Angola during his sword, Saigon. bert Bondesio from 35 • 1983 - Rifleman Oscar Mu- motorcycle was struck by killed. Operation Modular when • 1978 - Gunner Carel Hen- Squadron suffered a fatal nango from 202 Battalion a civilian motor vehicle in he was accidentally run drik Smit from 14 Artillery heart attack while sitting SWATF was Killed in Ac- Argyle Road, Durban. He 29 November over by a Kwé supply vehi- Regiment was killed when behind the controls flying tion during a contact with was 26. • 1900 - Second Anglo Boer cle. He unfortunately suc- the military vehicle he was Shackleton 1717. He was SWAPO/PLAN insurgents. • 1986 - Rifleman Grego- War. Lord Kitchener suc- cumbed to his injuries be- traveling in, overturned be- 44. He was 24. ry Bruce Gerald Marshall ceeds Lord Roberts as fore he could be medically tween Kuruman and Katu. • 1983 - Lieutenant Andre • 1984 - Rifleman Kachinga from Infantry School was commander-in-chief of the evacuated. He was 20. He was 21. Viljoen from 30 Mainte- Chiemba from 201 Bat- killed in a private motorcy- British forces in SA and • 1991 - Red Cross says clan • 1981 - Captain Abraham nance Unit was killed in a talion SWATF was killed cle accident. He was 19. Lord Roberts succeeds battles in Somalia’s capital Jacobus Petrus de Kock Military Vehicle accident when his Buffel Troop Car- • 1988 - Lance Corporal Izak Wolseley as commander-in of Mogadishu have killed from 1 Reconnaissance 10km east of Otjovazendu. rier overturned in Northern Johannes van Rooyen from chief of the British army. more than 1,000 people. Regiment was Killed in The vehicle went into a cor- Owamboland. He was 26. the Medical Base Depot • 1917 - The Women’s Royal • 1996 - U.N. war crimes tri- Action in a premature ex- ner too fast and the trailer • 1988 - South African, An- was killed in a private ve- Naval Service (WRENS) is bunal sentences Bosnian plosion while laying dem- caused the vehicle to over- golan and Cuban represent- hicle accident in Springs. established. Serb Drazen Erdemovic to olition charges at the Oil turn. He was pinned under atives meet in Brazzaville He was 28. • 1932 - France and the 10 years for the massacre Refinery in Luanda during the vehicle and succumbed for peace talks. • 1992 - Four APLA Gun- USSR sign a non-aggres- of 1,200 Muslims. Ops Kerslig. He was 26. to his injuries before help men burst into the King sion pact. • 1982 - Major Michael Al- arrived. He was 23. William’s Town Golf Club • 1951 - The first under- 30 November as 55 members of the King ground atomic explosion, • 1874 - Sir Winston Leon- Wine Circle, a wine-tasting Frenchman’s Flat, Nevada. ard Spencer Churchill, war club that includes much of • 1974 - Corporal Allan correspondent during Sec- the town gentry, were hav- Geoffrey Becker from Reg- ond Anglo Boer War and ing their annual Christmas iment Noord was later premier of Britain, is dinner. Five guests were accidentally killed while born in Oxfordshire, Eng- killed instantly when the servicing a military vehicle land. men sprayed the room with in Leydsdorp. The vehicle • 1885 - Albrecht Kessel- Automatic weapon gun- slipped off the jacks and ring, German field marshal, fire and lobbed in hand crushed him. He was 24. was born. grenades. Three hand gre- • 1977 - Trooper Ruben • 1934 - Dedication of the nades exploded in the din- van Niekerk from 1 Spe- Anzac Memorial at Gal- ing room, the bar and in a cial Service Battalion was lipoli, presided over by shed outside the clubhouse. killed in a military vehicle Kemal Ataturk. Fifteen diners and two accident while serving in • 1939 - Finland was invad- waitresses were injured, the Operational Area. He ed by more than 20 Rus- some seriously, by gunfire, was 18. sian divisions in the Winter shrapnel and flying glass. • 1986 - Gunner Gerrit War. The four APLA operatives Meintjies from 4 Artillery • 1943 - Teheran Confer- subsequently escaped by Regiment was killed in a ence: FDR, Churchill, & vehicle. All four APLA op- private vehicle accident Stalin agree that Operation eratives were later granted on the Potgietersrus road Overlord will take place in amnesty for this attack. while on leave. He was 20. May of 1944. • 1997 - Fighting breaks out • 1987 - Private Alexander • 1945 - British Admiral among President Laurent Talbat Nelson Sadler from Louis Mountbatten accepts Kabila’s soldiers in Kin- 101 Base Workshops was the surrender of Japanese shasa, Congo, when he or- critically injured, suffering Field Marshal Hisaichi ders the arrest of one of his massive internal injuries Terauchi, who hands over 100 101 quiz Military Remember me? Despatches 1. Kurt Student - he command- for the VC 34 times. ed the German Fallschirm- 5 10. Anthony McAuliffe - The jäger throughout World War American general who said Website II. “Nuts” to the Germans at the 2. Edwin Swales VC - World Battle of the Bulge. War II South African pilot 11. Lyudmila Pavlichenko - and Master Bomber. with 309 kills, the deadliest 3. George S. Patton Jr - Ameri- female sniper ever. “Things don’t have to can World War II general. 12. Karl Dönitz - the admiral change the world to be 4. Isoroku Yamamoto - World decorated serviceman. that replaced Hitler. important.” War II Japanese admiral, ar- 7. Mary Walker - The first and 13. Võ Nguyên Giáp - the man Steve Jobs chitect of the attack on Pearl only woman to be awarded that planned Dien Bien Phu. Harbour. the Medal of Honour. 14. Audie Murphy - Hollywood 5. Hal Moore - commander 8. Paddy Mayne - Rugby in- star and the most decorated during the Battle of Ia Dang, ternational and founding American soldier. the first major American en- member of the Special Air 15. Heinz Guderian - the father gagement in Vietnam. Service. of modern tank warfare. 6. Hans-Ulrich Rudel - Stuka 9. Harold Ackroyd VC - World ace and Germany’s most War I doctor recommended

Useful links Our aim is to make the Military Despatches website easy to use. Even more important to us, we Every month we will be featuring a few useful links to military websites, newsletters and on- want to make the website informative and interesting. The latest edition of the magazine will be line magazines. Stuff that we think our readers will appreciate. available, as will all the previous editions. More over, there will be links to videos, websites, and Here are two of our favourites. The first one is Nongqai, the unofficial police newsletter for articles that our readers may find interesting. So check out the website, bookmark it, and pass the veterans of the former South African Police Force and for those interested in Police History. The URL on to everyone that you think may be interested. second is Jimmy’s Own, the official newsletter of the South African Signals Association. Click on the magazine covers to go to the respective websites. Have you checked out the bookshelf on the website? Here you can open and read individual articles on screen with no need to download anything.

You will find articles on numerous differ- ent topics that have been published over the past two years as well as video clips and documentaries.

102 103 E-mail [email protected]

Online Magazines Flip book magazines with pages that can be turned.

E-books Produced in any electronic format required.

2D & 3D Animation Produced in any video format.

Video Production Scripting, storyboard, filming and edit- ing done to any video format required. We also do aerial and underwater video and stills.

Still Photography

If you’re thinking digital media then think Hipe Media.