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Assessing Freedom of Movement for Counterinsurgency Campaigns

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Assessing Freedom of Movement for Counterinsurgency Campaigns CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and EDUCATION AND THE ARTS decisionmaking through research and analysis. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service INFRASTRUCTURE AND of the RAND Corporation. TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY Support RAND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Purchase this document TERRORISM AND Browse Reports & Bookstore HOMELAND SECURITY Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND National Defense Research Institute View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation technical report series. Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope; present discussions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instru- ments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and research professionals, and supporting documentation; or deliver preliminary findings. All RAND reports un- dergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for research quality and objectivity. Assessing Freedom of Movement for Counterinsurgency Campaigns Ben Connable, Jason Campbell, Bryce Loidolt, Gail Fisher Prepared for U.S. Forces–Afghanistan Approved for public release; distribution unlimited NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The research described in this report was prepared for the U.S. Forces–Afghanistan. The research was conducted within the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community under Contract W74V8H- 06-C-0002. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-5906-2 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2012 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2012 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface This report examines the ways in which military staffs might assess “freedom of movement” within the framework of a counterinsurgency (COIN) campaign assessment. The RAND Corporation has supported the development of military campaign assessment methodology and has directly participated in the assessment of the Vietnam, Gulf War, Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan campaigns. Therefore, this report reflects both original research and findings drawn from the cumulative body of RAND work on the subject of military assessment. The results will be of interest to military staffs, policymakers, and subject-matter experts engaged in attempting to assess the Afghanistan COIN campaign, but the information and findings presented here are also intended to contribute to the broader COIN literature. Some or all of the findings in this report might be generalizable to prospective or other ongoing COIN campaigns. This research was sponsored by U.S. Forces–Afghanistan, and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. For more information on the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center, see http://www.rand.org/nsrd/ndri/centers/isdp.html or contact the director (contact informa- tion is provided on the web page). iii Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... iii Figures and Tables .............................................................................................vii Summary ........................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... xvii Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xix CHAPTER ONE Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Purpose ............................................................................................................ 3 Research Methodology .......................................................................................... 3 Issues Not Addressed in This Report .......................................................................... 4 How This Report Is Structured ................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER TWO How the Concept of Freedom of Movement Can Inform Assessment ................................ 5 Roots of the Concept: Literature, History, and Doctrine ................................................... 5 Counterinsurgency Literature and Freedom of Movement ............................................... 5 Civilian Freedom of Movement and Fundamental Human Rights ..................................... 6 Doctrine and Freedom of Movement ........................................................................ 8 Tying Freedom of Movement to Counterinsurgency Objectives, Strategy, and End State .............10 Security, Stability, and Freedom of Movement in Afghanistan .........................................11 Governance and Freedom of Movement in Afghanistan ................................................12 Infrastructure, Economic Development, and Civilian Freedom of Movement .......................13 Freedom of Movement as a Condition and an Indicator of Success or Failure ........................16 Scope, Scale, and the Interconnectedness of the Operating Environment ...............................18 How Varying Conditions and Needs Shape Assessment .................................................18 Considering Scope, Scale, and Interconnectivity for Centralized Assessment ....................... 20 Reality and Perception: The Two Sides of Freedom of Movement ....................................... 20 Actual Restrictions on Movement ..........................................................................21 Perceptual Restrictions on Movement ..................................................................... 22 Assessing Perception and Actual Freedom of Movement Together .................................... 22 Additional Considerations .................................................................................... 23 Freedom of Movement Is Often Tentative ................................................................ 23 Individual Cost-Benefit Analyses Guide Decisions to Move ........................................... 23 Inherent Theoretical and Practical Contradictions......................................................... 24 v vi Assessing Freedom of Movement for Counterinsurgency Campaigns Increasing Freedom of Movement for Civilians Also Helps Insurgents ............................... 24 Freedom of Movement for Civilians Is Not Always Desirable ..........................................25 Freedom of Movement Can Exist Where Insurgents Have Control ................................... 26 Summary of Analysis .......................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER THREE Analysis of Past and Current Theory and Practice ......................................................29 Historical Examples .............................................................................................29 A Survey of Freedom of Movement in Foreign Counterinsurgency Cases ............................ 30 Freedom of Movement in Vietnam .........................................................................31
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