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Download Pdf KINERJA REGULATOR PENYIARAN INDONESIA Penilaian atas Derajat Demokrasi, Profesionalitas, dan Tata Kelola KINERJA REGULATOR PENYIARAN INDONESIA Penilaian atas Derajat Demokrasi, Profesionalitas, dan Tata Kelola Tim Penulis Rahayu Bayu Wahyono Puji Rianto Iwan Awaluddin Yusuf Saifudin Zuhri Moch. Faried Cahyono Amir Effendi Siregar PR2Media Yayasan Tifa 2014 KINERJA REGULATOR PENYIARAN INDONESIA Penilaian atas Derajat Demokrasi, Profesionalitas, dan Tata Kelola Penulis | Rahayu | Bayu Wahyono | Puji Rianto | Iwan Awaluddin Yusuf | Saifudin Zuhri | Moch. Farid Cahyono | Amir Effendi Siregar Penyunting | Intania Poerwaningtias Perancang Sampul | Dhanan Arditya Tata Letak | Muklis Diterbitkan oleh Pemantau Regulasi dan Regulator Media (PR2Media) bekerja sama dengan Yayasan Tifa. Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi terbitan buku ini dalam bentuk apapun tanpa izin tertulis dari Yayasan Tifa. Tidak untuk diperjualbelikan. Cetakan Pertama, 2014 Perpustakaan Nasional RI: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Rahayu, dkk xviii + 167 halaman; 14,8 x 21 cm ISBN 978-602-97839-5-7 1. Regulator 2. Penyiaran 3. Demokrasi Pemantau Regulasi dan Regulator Media (PR2Media) JL. Solo KM 8, Nayan No. 108A, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55282 Telp. (0274) 489283, Fax. (0274) 486872, e-mail: [email protected] MENILAI DAN MEMBANGUN REGULATOR PENYIARAN oleh Amir Effendi Siregar Ketua Pemantau Regulasi dan Regulator Media (PR2MEDIA) Buku hasil penelitian ini adalah buku keenam yang telah diterbitkan oleh PR2MEDIA bekerja sama dengan Yayasan TIFA dan merupakan kelanjutan dari buku sebelumnya yang berjudul Kepemilikan dan Intervensi Siaran (2014). Buku ini dibuat berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang berjudul Kinerja Regulator Penyiaran Indonesia: Penilaian terhadap Derajat Demokrasi, Profesionalitas, dan Tata Kelola. Di Indonesia, berdasarkan Undang-Undang Penyiaran, terdapat 2 regulator utama penyiaran, yaitu Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika (Kemenkominfo) dan Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia (KPI). Di negeri ini, peranan Kemenkominfo masih lebih dominan karena seluruh alokasi frekuensi dan Izin Penyelenggaraan Penyiaran (IPP) harus dikeluarkan oleh Kemenkominfo. Sementara peranan KPI masih lebih bersifat mendampingi Kemenkominfo. Tugas KPI lebih banyak mengawasi isi siaran lembaga penyiaran dan pemberi rekomendasi untuk memperoleh IPP. Sebenarnya undang-undang penyiaran memberikan tugas yang besar dan dominan, namun lewat perdebatan panjang dan keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) serta peraturan pemerintah yang kontroversial itu peranan dominan masih dilakukan oleh pemerintah. i Kinerja Regulator Penyiaran Indonesia Sekilas untuk melihat mengapa peranan pemerintah menjadi dominan, kita perlu melihat secara singkat Putusan MK Nomor 5/PUU/-1/2003 mengenai pengujian Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2002 tentang Penyiaran terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Permohonan Judicial Review ini diajukan oleh Ikatan Jurnalis Televisi Indonesia (IJTI), Persatuan Radio Siaran Swasta Nasional Indonesia (PRSSNI), Persatuan Perusahaan Periklanan Indonesia (PPPI), Asosiasi Televisi Siaran Indonesia (ATVSI), Persatuan Sulih Suara Indonesia (PERSUSI), dan Komunitas Televisi Indonesia (KOMTEVE). Perlawanan terhadap pengajuan judicial review ini dilakukan oleh puluhan organisasi masyarakat sipil dan aktivis dalam bentuk ADINFORMANDUM yang dikoordinir oleh Indonesia Media Law and Policy Center (IMLPC) dan Yayasan SET kemudian disampaikan kepada MK. Dari 22 Pasal yang diuji, hanya 2 pasal yang dikabulkan, yaitu Pasal 44 ayat (1) untuk bagian anak kalimat “... atau terjadi sanggahan”, Pasal 62 ayat (1) dan (2) untuk bagian anak kalimat “... KPI bersama ...”. Itu berarti Pasal 44 ayat (1) yang menyatakan: “Lembaga penyiaran wajib melakukan ralat apabila isi siaran dan/ atau berita diketahui terdapat kekeliruan dan/atau kesalahan, atau terjadi sanggahan atas isi siaran dan/atau berita”. Kata-kata atau terjadi sanggahan harus tidak berlaku karena bertentangan dengan UUD 1945. Selanjutnya dalam Pasal 62 ayat (1) dan (2) yang intinya menyatakan bahwa Peraturan Pemerintah disusun oleh KPI bersama Pemerintah. Kata-kata KPI bersama bertentangan dengan UUD 1945. Jadi, menurut MK, Peraturan Pemerintah memang harus disusun oleh Pemerintah meskipun masukannya dapat berasal dari pihak manapun. Itu sebenarnya tidak harus menegasi peranan KPI sebagai regulator utama. Namun, peraturan pemerintah sebagai turunan undang-undang dibuat sendiri oleh pemerintah untuk ii Pengantar meletakkan posisi pemerintah sebagai regulator penyiaran yang utama dan dominan yang sebenarnya tidak sejalan dengan perintah undang-undang. Di sinilah, peranan penelitian ini menjadi sangat penting karena antara lain melakukan studi mendalam untuk melihat siapa sebenarnya regulator utama dan dominan dalam negara demokrasi untuk sekaligus menghilangkan dan menyelesaikan kontroversi yang selama ini berlangsung. Penelitian, sebagaimana judulnya di atas, menilai kinerja regulator penyiaran, yaitu Kemenkominfo dan KPI. Selanjutnya melakukan studi secara mendalam, lembaga seperti apa sebenarnya yang dominan berfungsi sebagai regulator penyiaran di negara demokrasi. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan sejauh apa penilaian masyarakat khususnya stakeholders terhadap regulator penyiaran, termasuk potensi penyalahgunaan kekuasaan oleh regulator penyiaran di Indonesia. Kemudian, lembaga independen (independent regulatory body) seperti apa yang dibutuhkan di Indonesia. Penelitian dan buku ini diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan bagi RUU Penyiaran yang kini sedang dibahas di DPR. Dalam hal posisi regulator penyiaran, RUU Penyiaran versi DPR dan Pemerintah tampaknya saling bertentangan secara diametral. RUU Pemerintah memperlihatkan bahwa pemerintah adalah regulator utama yang mengatur dan mengeluarkan izin serta mencabut izin. RUU Pemerintah ini secara total memotong peranan Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia (KPI) dengan hanya menjadikannya Komisi Pengawas Isi Siaran. Peranan KPI bukan lagi regulator utama bersama pemerintah. Posisinya berada di bawah Menteri. Ini adalah langkah pemerintah mengambil alih peranan KPI dan menjadi regulator tunggal. Langkah ini bertentangan dengan semangat demokrasi yang seharusnya menjadikan independent regulatory body seperti KPI sebagai regulator utama penyiaran sebagaimana yang terdapat dalam RUU DPR. Kita seharusnya mempergunakan referensi, mengambil contoh negara demokrasi di dunia dalam mengatur dunia penyiarannya. Kita harus iii Kinerja Regulator Penyiaran Indonesia mengatur dunia penyiaran kita berdasarkan UUD 45, Pancasila, dan prinsip universal demokrasi di dunia. RUU Pemerintah mengandung prinsip otoritarianisme, nasionalisme berlebihan (chauvinis). Melalui studi ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam negara demokrasi, regulator utama bidang penyiaran dan komunikasi adalah sebuah badan regulator negara yang independen (independent regulatory body). Pemerintah bisa berganti setiap lima tahun, namun regulator komunikasi ini harus terus berjalan secara lancar tanpa dipengaruhi oleh gejolak dan perubahan politik. Lembaga ini harus terus bekerja mengatur dunia komunikasi dan penyiaran yang mempergunakan frekuensi milik publik. Lembaga ini harus independen, tidak boleh diintervensi, dan dipergunakan sebagai alat propaganda pemerintah. Dengan demikian, sangat tepat bila regulator utama dunia penyiaran Indonesia yang sudah memilih demokrasi adalah institusi seperti KPI yang independen dengan tentu saja harus diperkuat. Sementara pemerintah mengurus infrakstruktur dan memberikan alokasi frekuensi untuk penyiaran kepada KPI. Untuk memperkuat KPI dan memperluas organisasi diperlukan sebuah dukungan organisasi yang kuat dengan banyak tenaga profesional dan ahli yang mumpuni. Studi ini memberikan rekomendasi yang cukup terperinci untuk membangun independent regulatory body yang kuat. Suatu saat nanti sebaiknya memang, Badan Regulasi Telekomunikasi Indonesia (BRTI) yang kini hanya sekadar hadir dan di bawah koordinasi pemerintah bergabung dengan KPI dan menjadi sebuah lembaga regulator komunikasi yang independen. Semoga hasil penelitian dan buku ini dapat memberikan masukan penting bagi perbaikan undang-undang penyiaran baru yang kini sedang dan masih dalam pembahasan di DPR. iv DAFTAR ISI MENILAI DAN MEMBANGUN REGULATOR PENYIARAN oleh Amir Effendi Siregar i DAFTAR ISI v DAFTAR GRAFIK & BAGAN ix DAFTAR TABEL xiii DAFTAR ISTILAH xv BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1 Lingkup Kewenangan dan Tanggung Jawab Regulator Penyiaran 2 Masalah Penelitian 5 Tujuan Penelitian 6 Kerangka Konseptual: Mengukur Kinerja Regulator Penyiaran 6 Metode Penelitian 10 Sistematika Buku 13 Prinsip Pengaturan Penyiaran Demokratis 15 Kinerja Regulator Penyiaran Indonesia BAB II REGULASI DAN POSISI REGULATOR PENYIARAN: TINJAUAN TEORETIS 15 Kepentingan Publik dalam Penyelenggaraan Penyiaran 18 Regulator Penyiaran Penjamin Kepentingan Publik 20 Regulator Penyiaran di Negara-Negara Demokrasi 23 Sikap Kritis dan Relevansi Penilaian Kinerja Regulator 32 BAB III DERAJAT DEMOKRASI REGULATOR PENYIARAN 39 Komitmen Regulator dalam Mendemokratisasikan Penyiaran 41 Penilaian Responden terhadap Aspek Komitmen Demokrasi di Setiap Daerah 55 BAB IV TINGKAT PROFESIONALITAS LEMBAGA REGULATOR 61 Tingkat Profesionalitas Lembaga Regulator 62 Penilaian Responden terhadap Dimensi-Dimensi Profesionalitas 67 Perbandingan Penilaian Responden terhadap Profesionalitas di Setiap Wilayah Penelitian 97 BAB V TATA KELOLA REGULATOR PENYIARAN 105 Penilaian Responden terhadap Dimensi-Dimensi Tata Kelola 110 Penilaian Responden terhadap Tata
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