hsus_te_ch09_na_s02_s.fm Page30 hsus_te_ch09_na_s02_s.fm Reading Skill:RecognizeSequence Lone StarRepublic autonomy Antonio LópezdeSanta Stephen F. Austin Terms andPeople Trace thecausesandoutcomeof • AnalyzethegoalsofPresidentPolk. • ExplainhowTexas wonindependencefrom • Objectives for thestepsthatledtowar withMexico. ᮡ Anna Texans defendtheAlamo rmthissection. from Use theinformationbelowandfollowingreso adjacent DefinitionandSampleSentence reluctant High-Use Word SECTION Mexican-American War. Mexico. Mexico encouragesAmericanstosettleinTexas. Teaching Resources, eia-mrcnWar Mexican-American 5 Monday,April19,20048:11AM Winfield Scott Zachary Taylor James K.Polk Sam Houston Alamo family fromBoston. The settlerswerehappytofindthattheirlandwas adj. Until hehadmoreinformationabout adj. reluctant Texas andthe Look neighboring;nearby unwilling;marked bymental Vcblr ule,p 10 Vocabulary Builder, p. toleadhistroopsintothevalley. bu ,0 Tejanos livedinTexas. about 4,000 Texas WinsIndependence Why ItMatters Americans MigratetoTexas potential threattoaneconomicasset. ico hopedthisstrategywouldconvertAmericansettlersfroma and toaccepttheMexicanconstitution,which bannedslavery. Mex- agree tobecomeMexicancitizens, toworshipasRomanCatholics, to settleinTexas. Inreturnforcheap landgrants, Americanshadto ince, Mexicoadoptedariskystrategy:ItagreedtoallowAmericans as United States. AndithadonlyasmallHispanicpopulation,known expansion. Offeringabundant,fertileland,Texas lay closest tothe Mexico? Howdidtherevolution inTexas leadtowarwith FocusQuestion: Section States. United to awar thatwouldvastlyincreasethesizeof flashpoint forconflictbecameTexas. Intime, thatconflictwouldlead conflict betweenthetwonationsseemedalmostinevitable. The tory andMexicoincontrolofmost of thelandtosouthandwest, Of alltheMexicanprovinces, Texas was mostvulnerabletoU.S. Tejanos urce toteachstudentsthehigh-usewords (teh HAH With Americanexpansionistsseekingnewterri- hesitationorreservations nohs),todefendtheprovince. In1821,only WITNESS HISTORY WITNESS HISTORY “ morning: Esparza recalledhearingsoundsofshootingattwointhe yearslater, win independencefromMexico. Some70 was oneofagroupTexans engagedinastruggleto was eight-year-old EnriqueEsparza.Hisfather, Gregorio, San Antonio, Texas. Amongthoseinsidetheoldmission 1836,Mexicantroopsattacked theAlamoin In March A ChildattheAlamo in ablanket inonecornerwas hitandkilled. into theroomwherewewere. Aboywhowas wrapped near her. Finally theybeganshootingthroughthedark huddled upinthecorners. Mymother’s childrenwere were inthequartersjust andthefamiliesthat anything, .Itwas sodarkthatwecouldn’tsee . . him again. pickedinto thefight.Ineversaw uphisarmsandwent jumped thewall. The fight’s begun.’ Hegotupand I heardmymothersay:‘Gregorio, thesoldiershave the enemy’s numbers, thecaptainwas —Enrique Esparza, —Enrique Texas “LoneStar”flag To developanddefendtheprov- adjacent San Antonio Express, Antonio San tothatofanother AUDIO ᮣ ” 1907 ½ ½ ½ ½ Set aPurpose might leadtoconflictwithMexico. dict howtheseexpansionistviews ico, andCalifornia.Have studentspre- Mexican provincesofTexas, NewMex- American expansioniststoward the Review withstudentstheattitudesof Background Knowledge Trace thecausesandoutcomeof • Analyze thegoalsofPresidentPolk. • Explain howTexas wonindependence • master corecontent. them answertheSectionFocus Questionand focused onthefollowingobjectivestohelp As youteachthissection,keep students Objectives

td Guide Study Mexican-American War. from Mexico. ihScin2 Assessmentanswers.) with Section tion astheyread. Tell studentstorefer tothisques- Question andwriteitontheboard. fTerms andPeople. of the SectionObjectivesandlist Mexico. the stepsthatledtowar with they read,have studentssequence have studentsreadthissection.As T20), Questioning strategy(TE,p. Preview Focus such asthis. like tobeinthemiddleofabattle their ideasaboutwhatitwouldbe struggle. Askstudentstodiscuss the mostfamousbattlesofthat Point outthattheAlamoisoneof won independencefromMexico. part oftheUnitedStates, itfirst Explain thatbeforeTexas became tion aloud,orplay theaudio. WITNESS HISTORY SECTION Prepare toRead Point outtheSectionFocus Reading andNoteTaking Child attheAlamo A Witness HistoryAudioCD, Have studentspreview

Instruction Step-by-Step Using theGuided Chapter 9Section2 (Answer appears Read theselec- 305 L3 L3 hsus_te_ch09_na_s02_s.fm Page 306 Monday, April 19, 2004 8:11 AM

WITNESS HISTORY DVD Led by Stephen F. Austin, American emigrants began to settle east of San Antonio, founding the town of Austin. Like settlers on other frontiers, these The Alamo Teach Watch on the United newcomers sought the economic opportunity of good farmland in large portions. States Witness History DVD to explore one of the key battles of the Mostly coming from the southern United States, they raised corn, pigs, cattle, Texas Wins Texas war for independence. and cotton. By 1835, Texas was home to about 30,000 American settlers, known as Anglo-Texans. They outnumbered Tejanos by about six to one. Independence L3 Tensions Build Relations between Anglo-Texans and the Mexican government Instruct soured by 1830. Despite their oaths of allegiance and their land grants, the set- tlers had not honored their part of the bargain. They remained Protestants and ½ Key Terms Introduce: Have stu- ignored Mexico’s slavery ban by smuggling in enslaved African Americans to dents locate and write down each work their farms and plantations. In turn, the Anglo-Texans felt dismayed by the key term or person below this blue unstable Mexican government, which suffered from military coups. heading. Then, as they read, ask In 1834, the charismatic but ruthless general Antonio López de Santa Anna students to write a definition or seized power in Mexico City. Santa Anna favored a centralized, authoritarian gov- identification explaining how each ernment dominated by the military. His coup troubled those liberal Mexicans who term or person relates to Texas preferred a decentralized federal system like that of the United States. Santa independence. Anna’s rule especially angered the people of Texas, both Anglo-Texans and Tejanos, who wanted greater autonomy, or independent control over their own affairs. One ½ Teach Display Color Transpar- Anglo-Texan protested that Santa Anna would “give liberty to our slaves and make ency: Texas War for Independence. slaves of ourselves.” Discuss with students how the situ- ation that developed in Texas, a Texans Revolt In 1835, the Texans rebelled against Mexican rule. They seized Mexican territory, led the United the Mexican garrisons at Goliad and San Antonio. A year later, the Texans declared States to war. Ask Why did Mexico their independence and adopted a republican constitution. Their new nation be- invite Americans to settle in came known as the Lone Star Republic because of the single star on its flag. Texas? (to develop the territory’s To crush the rebellion, Santa Anna led his army north into Texas. In economy and to defend the province) March 1836, his forces attacked the small Texan garrison at the Alamo, a forti- What did the settlers have to fied former mission in San Antonio. After 12 days of cannon fire, Mexican troops promise in exchange for land? overran the walls of the Alamo. Refusing to keep prisoners, Santa Anna ordered (to become Mexican citizens, to prac- the defenders slaughtered. The victims included tice Catholicism, to accept the Mexi- Anglo-Texans Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett, as well can constitution) For what reasons as a dozen Tejanos. A few weeks later, Santa Anna do you think the Texans did not ordered a similar mass execution of Texan prisoners honor their agreement with Sam Houston (1793–1863) who had surrendered at Goliad. Santa Anna expected the slaughter to frighten other Mexico? (Sample response: They Sam Houston was the only American to serve as governor of two Texans into surrendering. Instead, the fallen defenders of probably did not want to change different states—first Tennessee, then Texas. In between, he was commander of the Texan army, president of the Republic of the Alamo became martyrs to the cause of Texan inde- their ways or religion and did not Texas, and U.S. senator from Texas. pendence. The slogan “Remember the Alamo” rallied feel real allegiance to Mexico.) Have Houston was not afraid to take the Texans and attracted volunteers to their cause from students discuss the major conflicts unpopular stands. An adopted the southern United States. that took place as the Texans Cherokee, he once said that “in Led by Sam Houston, the Texans drew Santa Anna Why did the Mexican presenting myself as the advocate revolted. Ask eastward into a trap. In April, they surprised and government refuse to honor of the Indians and their rights, I crushed the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto. shall stand very much alone.” Santa Anna’s agreement with the Houston’s men killed 630 and captured 730 Mexicans, Texans? (because Santa Anna was In addition, though himself a slaveholder, he angered including Santa Anna himself, while suffering only forced to sign it in fear for his life) proslavery forces by opposing 32 casualties. Color Transparencies A-35 the spread of slavery into the Fearing execution, Santa Anna signed a treaty rec- ½ Quick Activity Have students West. Finally, in 1861, when ognizing Texan independence. He conceded generous Houston spoke out against boundaries that stretched the new republic south and read the HISTORY MAKERS feature Texas seceding from the west to the Rio Grande. On paper, Texas even got half about Sam Houston and complete Union, he was removed from of New Mexico, including its capital of Santa Fe. Biography: Sam Houston. Teaching the governorship of the state Of course, the government in Mexico City refused to Resources, p. 16 he had helped create. honor a treaty forced on a captured and disgraced Independent Practice ½ Show students The Alamo from the Witness History DVD. After they watch the video, have students write a viewer’s response that answers this L1 Special Needs Students L2 English Language Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers

question: What was the signifi- cance of the battle of the Alamo Write each blue heading in this section on the board, information in chronological order by asking guiding at the time, and what is it today? one at a time. After you write the heading, read it questions, such as “What happened first? What hap- aloud and ask students to say it with you or repeat pened next? What happened then?” and so on. Monitor Progress it. Then, have students come to the board to fill in Make sure that each student has the opportunity to details from the text below each heading. For this contribute information. As an alternative, have stu- As students fill in their flowcharts, cir- section, put special emphasis on having students give dents suggest details orally for you to record. culate to make sure that they under- stand the sequence of events that led to war with Mexico. For a completed version of the flowchart, see Note Taking Transparencies, B-48.

306 Manifest Destiny hsus_te_ch09_na_s02_s.fm Page 307 Monday, April 19, 2004 8:11 AM

Should the United States Annex Texas? Americans Debate L3 From the time it achieved independence, Texas sought U.S. statehood. America’s leaders had to Expansion decide whether to annex Texas. The 1844 presidential rivals James Polk and Henry Clay disagreed on the issue. Read their views below. Then, you make the call. Instruct ½ Introduce: Key Term Write the Polk Favors Annexation Clay Opposes Annexation name James K. Polk on the board, and explain that Polk had just been elected U.S. President when Texans “None can fail to see the danger to our “Annexation and war with Mexico were requesting that the United safety and future peace if Texas remains are identical. Now, for one, I cer- States annex the Republic. Have an independent state or becomes an tainly am not willing to involve students read to find out how Polk ally or dependency of some foreign this country in a foreign war for the dealt with the annexation of Texas. nation more powerful than herself. Is object of acquiring Texas.... I there one among our citizens who would regard all wars as great calami- ½ Teach Using the Numbered Heads not prefer perpetual peace with ties, to be avoided, if possible, strategy (TE, p. T23), discuss with Texas to occasional wars, which and honorable peace as the students the issues surrounding the so often occur between border- wisest and truest policy of U.S. annexation of Texas. Ask Why ing independent nations?” this country.” was annexation so controversial? —James K. Polk, inaugural —Henry Clay, “Raleigh (Northerners and pacifists did not address, 1845 You Decide Letter,” 1844 want Texas added as a slave state 1. Why did Polk think annexation would promote peace? and did not want to fight a war with 2. Why did Clay think annexation would lead to war? Mexico; southerners and expansionists 3. What decision would you have made? Why? wanted the territory and the additional slave state.) Why did Polk compro- mise with the British? (He knew dictator. The Mexicans only would accept an independent Texas that remained that there would be war with Mexico within its traditional boundaries, which extended no farther south than the over the annexation of Texas and did Nueces River. For the next decade, a border war persisted between Texas not want to fight another war with and Mexico. Britain over the Oregon Territory.) What issues led Anglo-Texans and Tejanos to seek How does the reaction to Polk’s independence from Mexico? compromise foreshadow divisions in the nation? (Sample response: Northern Democrats felt betrayed by an Americans Debate Expansion administration that they believed had a Texans elected Sam Houston as their first president. He quickly asked the strong southern bias.) United States to annex Texas. President Jackson privately favored the request, but he could not overcome opposition in Congress. Northern representatives Independent Practice balked at adding another slave state, especially one so big and potentially pow- erful. For nearly a decade, Texas continued to apply in vain for annexation. Have students read the Decision Point Houston tried to pressure Congress by pretending to consider joining the Brit- feature and answer the questions. ish Empire. At the time, Britain and the United States jointly occupied the Ore- gon Territory in the Pacific Northwest. The prospect alarmed expansionists. Monitor Progress An Expansionist Becomes President The annexation of Texas became a key As students answer the You Decide issue in the 1844 presidential election. Southern expansionists supported James K. questions, make sure that they under- Polk of Tennessee. A Jacksonian Democrat and a slaveholder, Polk devoutly stand the differences in Polk’s and believed in Manifest Destiny. Whig candidate Henry Clay opposed annexation. Clay’s points of view. Polk reasoned that northerners would accept the annexation of Texas if they got their own prize. He promised them the Oregon Territory. Polk threatened to fight Britain if it did not concede all of Oregon. Polk’s vow to obtain both Texas and Oregon helped him win a decisive electoral victory. Answers

You Decide Henry Clay Although he never won the office of Pres- maintain the balance of power between the North and 1. Polk believed that if the United States did ident despite three attempts, Henry Clay spent much of the South, such as the Missouri Compromise. Clay ran not annex Texas, Texas and Mexico would his life working to preserve the Union. Clay was born in for President unsuccessfully in 1824, 1832, and 1844. be perpetually at war. Virginia in 1777. At the age of 20, he passed the bar From 1825 to 1829, he was Secretary of State, and in 2. Clay knew that Mexico would not allow and went to Kentucky to practice law. There, he enjoyed 1831, he began his first full term in the Senate, where the annexation of an expanded Texas. enormous early success, and became involved in poli- he served until he resigned in 1842. To help resolve the 3. Sample response: I would have voted tics. He was elected to several terms in the Kentucky growing threat to the Union, he returned to the Senate against annexation because, like Clay, I do state legislature, and was twice chosen to fill unexpired in 1849 and worked for the passage of the Compro- not think acquisition of Texas was worth terms in the U.S. Senate. In 1811, Clay was elected to mise of 1850, his last major political act. Greatly war with Mexico. the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served admired in his time as a national leader, Henry Clay, The Anglo-Texans and Tejanos were between 1811 and 1825, often in the important role “The Great Compromiser,” died of tuberculosis in dissatisfied with the unstable Mexican of Speaker. He pushed through legislation designed to Washington, D.C., in 1852. government, and later, with Santa Anna’s centralized dictatorship. Chapter 9 Section 2 307 hsus_te_ch09_na_s02_s.fm Page 308 Monday, April 19, 2004 8:11 AM

Vocabulary Builder Polk Compromises on Oregon However, northern Democrats soon felt The Mexican-American reluctant–(rih LUHK tuhnt) adj. betrayed by the new President. They had reluctantly supported annexing Texas unwilling; marked by mental War L3 because Polk had also vowed to grab all of Oregon. Instead, in June 1846 Polk hesitation or reservations compromised with the British, agreeing to split the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel of latitude. The United States got the future states of Washington, Ore- Instruct gon, and Idaho. The British kept what became the Canadian province of British ½ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder Columbia. An Ohio Democrat sputtered, “Our rights to Oregon have been shame- Have students locate the vocabu- fully compromised. The administration is Southern, Southern, Southern!” lary term adjacent in the text, and Polk compromised because the nation could not afford two wars. He wanted to then direct them to the map on the fight weak Mexico rather than powerful Britain. Indeed, by the time the Oregon next page. Ask them to identify two compromise was completed, war with Mexico had already begun. U.S. states that were adjacent to What compromise did the United States and Britain reach Texas at the time of the annexation. regarding the Oregon Territory? ½ Teach Discuss with students the causes and effects of the Mexican- The Mexican-American War American War. Ask Why did Polk send U.S. troops to Texas? (to A month before Polk took office, Congress narrowly voted to annex Texas, which entered the Union as a slave state in December 1845. Annexation occupy the contested lands south and inflamed the long-standing border dispute between Texas and Mexico. Polk west of the Nueces River) Ask a vol- endorsed the Texan claim to the land south and west of the Nueces River as far unteer to read aloud the Primary as the Rio Grande. This claim tripled the traditional size of Texas. Outraged, the Source excerpt from Polk’s war mes- Mexicans refused to recognize the annexation. sage to Congress. Ask Do you think that the United States made Congress Declares War Polk sent American troops led by General Zachary “every effort at reconciliation”? Taylor to occupy the contested borderland between the two rivers. While waiting Explain. (Sample response: No, it for the inevitable conflict, Polk drafted a declaration of war. He did not have to did not. Sending troops into a con- wait long. In May 1846, a Mexican patrol clashed with American soldiers, kill- tested area would incite war, not pre- ing eleven. Polk rushed his war message to Congress: vent it.) Why did antiwar Whigs We have tried every effort at reconciliation.... But not oppose the war publicly? (The “ now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, war was popular, and the Whigs were has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil.” afraid that their public opposition —James K. Polk, war message to Congress, May 11, 1846 would lose them votes.) What was the outcome of the Mexican- Of course, the Mexicans saw the clash differently: To them it was an American invasion that shed Mexican blood on Mexican soil. American War? (The Americans, Democrats, especially those from the South, were enthusiastically in favor of with a larger, better-trained army and war with Mexico. Most Whigs, especially those from the North, opposed war. navy, achieved an overwhelming vic- They believed that Polk had deliberately provoked the war by sending troops to tory, conquering all of Texas, New Texas. Whigs also feared that Polk would not settle for even the biggest version Mexico, and California.) What fac- Vocabulary Builder adjacent–(uh JAY suhnt) adj. of Texas but planned to annex the adjacent northern Mexican provinces, includ- tors contributed to the U.S. vic- neighboring; nearby ing New Mexico and California. The conquered territories might then become tory? (In addition to its military slave states, increasing southern power in Congress. advantages, the United States was Despite their suspicions, most Whigs did not dare block the declaration of wealthier and more populous than war. They knew that the war had wide popular support—and they remembered Mexico. The United States also the demise of the Federalist Party after it had opposed the War of 1812. On had industries that could quickly May 13, Congress voted overwhelmingly to declare war on Mexico. supply Americans with arms and ammunition. U.S. Forces Sweep to Victory In the war, the United States had great advan- tages. It was much larger, wealthier, and more populous than Mexico. The Mexi- cans lacked the industries that so quickly and abundantly supplied the Americans with arms and ammunition. The Americans also had a larger and better navy and more advanced artillery. Above all, the United States enjoyed superb officers, well trained at the military academy at West Point. Generals Zachary Taylor and

L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students

To find out more about the Mexican-American War, the time, recounting the battle. Before they begin, have students conduct research to find detailed students should first decide whether the article will information about one of the major battles of the be written for an expansionist newspaper or an anti- conflict. Students should record the names of the war paper, and then tailor the tone of the article Answer military leaders on both sides, the major events of accordingly. Tell students to include an eye-catching the battle, the types of weaponry used, details about headline and to illustrate the article if they wish. Stu- They split the Oregon Territory at the the location, any dramatic aspects, the casualties on dents may want to read some American newspaper 49th parallel of latitude; the United both sides, and the outcome. Then, have students articles of the time to get a feel for the style. Then, States obtained the future states of use this information to write a newspaper report of have students share their articles with the class. Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; Britain kept modern-day British Columbia. 308 Manifest Destiny hsus_te_ch09_na_s02_s.fm Page 309 Monday, April 19, 2004 8:11 AM

The Mexican-American War For: Interactive map ½ Quick Activity Have students Web Code: ncp-0904 access Web Code ncp-0904 to use Ore the Geography Interactive map gon Co untry and then answer the map skills questions in the text. 40° N Iowa B Unorganized Territory ear F ( lag R June evol 14, 1 t 846) Independent Practice So noma San Have students make a cause-and-effect Fran cisco nworth chart analyzing the Mexican-American . Fort Leave R do ra War. Students should especially note lo issouri o M C Bent’s the territory won by the United States. Old Fort UNITED STATES

San G Monitor Progress abriel Santa Fe (Jan. 8 , 1847) As students make their charts, circu- Los Angele kansas . s Ar R late to ensure that they have correctly P San P i a c asqual ( p i Dec. p f i c 6, 18 i 46) s identified the causes and the effects of O s c San i e Dieg s a n o s i the war. El Brazito M N (De c. 25, 1846) Louisiana W El Paso E Texas S 30° N MEX ICO New Orleans Houston Rio G n Antonio G r Sa Sacramento a u (Fe n l b. 28, 184 d f 7) e o N f ueces R. Disputed territory C Corpus Christi a l Alto i Palo American victory f ) o (May 8, 1846 r Mexican victory n i a 6) American forces s (May 17–18, 184 Monterrey Matamoro Mexican forces (Sept. 19–25, Fort Buena Vista 1846) (Feb. 22–23, 1847) Blockade co Mazatlán Gulf of Mexi

120° W Tampico 110° W

Conic Projection Cerro Gordo 0200 400 mi Mexico City (April 18, 1847) (Sept. 14, 1847) , 1847) 0200 400 km Chapultepec Veracruz (March 27 (Sept. 13, 1847)

May August September Taylor crosses United States troops February United States Army Nueces River occupy Santa Fe Battle of Buena Vista enters Mexico City 18461847 1848 June March September Bear Flag revolt Scott captures Veracruz Battle of Chapultepec in California

Map Skills The Mexican-American War of 2. Region What region on the map was the subject 1846–1847 began in Texas. During the war, the of the land dispute that sparked the war? United States won every major battle. 3. Synthesize Information Use the map and chart 1. Locate: (a) Nueces River, (b) Rio Grande, to describe U.S. troop movements in the final month (c) California, (d) Monterrey, (e) Veracruz, of the war. (f) Mexico City

The United States and Mexico Today Although turn, Mexico is the second-largest buyer of U.S. imports relations have often been strained, and many Mexicans and is the third-largest provider of foreign goods to the still bitterly recall the results of the Mexican-American United States. Mexico is also one of the most important Answers War—as recently as 1994, Mexican President Salinas sources of oil for the United States. Currently, the main referred to it in a speech—today the two countries are areas of both conflict and cooperation between the two Map Skills friendly. Partly, this is the result of the North American nations are the drug trade and illegal immigration. Mexico, 1. Review locations with students. Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). However, the United with U.S. aid and guidance, has been working to resist States and Mexico have always been important to each the establishment of drug cartels in the nation and to 2. the region between the Rio Grande and other as trade partners and because of the extensive monitor the flow of illegal narcotics. Mexico has also Nueces River, west to El Paso and north to national border they share. The United States is Mexico’s cooperated extensively on border issues, such as human the Unorganized Territory primary trade partner in both exports and imports. In trafficking and the movements of suspected terrorists. 3. Troops landed at Veracruz and marched inland to fight battles at Chapultepec and Mexico City. Chapter 9 Section 2 309 hsus_te_ch09_na_s02_s.fm Page 310 Monday, April 19, 2004 8:11 AM

Winfield Scott received exceptional support from their junior officers, including Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, and William T. Sherman. Assess and Reteach (All these men would later play key roles in the U.S. Civil War.) Mean-

while, Mexicans were bitterly divided because Santa Anna had Assess Progress L3 resumed his dictatorship. ½ Have students complete the Section In this one-sided war, the United States won every major battle. Assessment. During the summer of 1846, General Stephen W. Kearny quickly conquered New Mexico. Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy helped American ½ Administer the Section Quiz. settlers, led by explorer John C. Frémont, to seize control of Califor- Teaching Resources, p. 19 nia. Until they could legally join the United States, these rebels organized the short-lived Bear Flag Republic. Frémont joined forces ½ To further assess student under- with Kearny to bring all of California under American control. standing, use Progress Monitoring Taylor led another army deeper into northern Mexico, seizing the Transparencies, 56. city of Monterrey in September. In February 1847, Santa Anna tried to retake the city. But Taylor’s small army defeated the more numer- Reteach ous Mexicans at the bloody Battle of Buena Vista. If students need more instruction, By early 1847, American forces had achieved all of Polk’s war have them read the section summary. goals—but he wanted more. A New England critic of the war com- plained that with every victory, “Our Manifest Destiny higher and Reading and Note Taking L3 higher kept mounting.” In March, the navy carried another Ameri- Study Guide can army, commanded by Winfield Scott, to the Mexican port city of Adapted Reading and L1 L2 Veracruz. After seizing the port, Scott boldly marched his men Note Taking Study Guide through 200 miles of rugged terrain to Mexico City. Scott faced bitter resistance at Chapultepec (chah POOL tuh pehk), a fortress Spanish Reading and L2 above Mexico City. The defenders included six young Mexican cadets—ranging Note Taking Study Guide Battle of Monterrey in age from 13 to 19—who fought to the death. Today, Mexico honors the cadets who fell at Chapultepec as Los Niños Héroes, or the Child Heroes. In September 1846, U.S. troops under In September 1847, Scott captured Mexico City. After little more than a year Extend L4 General Zachary Taylor attacked and a half of fighting, the Mexican-American War had ended in a thorough Amer- See this chapter’s Professional Develop- Monterrey, Mexico. The plumed hat ican victory. ment pages for the Extend Online activ- (above left) was part of the U.S. ity on the Texas War of Independence. military uniform of the time. What advantages did the United States have in the Mexican- American War? Answer

The United States was wealthier and SECTION more populous; it could produce more 2 Assessment Progress Monitoring Online 2 For: Self-test with vocabulary practice war supplies, had superb army officers, Web Code: nca-0905 and maintained a larger and better- equipped navy than Mexico. Also, Mexi- Comprehension 2. Reading Skill: Critical Thinking cans were divided over Santa Anna’s 1. Terms and People Write a sentence Recognize Sequence Use your 4. Recognize Causes In what way was dictatorship. explaining how each of the following chart to answer the Section Focus the fighting in Texas the responsibility was connected with the conflict Question: How did the revolution in of both the Anglo-Texans and the between the United States and Mexico. Texas lead to war with Mexico? Mexican government? • Antonio López de Santa Anna Writing About History 5. Make Decisions Do you think Polk • autonomy was right to compromise with Britain 3. Quick Write: Express an Editorial • Lone Star Republic over Oregon? Explain. Position Imagine that you are the • Alamo 6. Draw Conclusions Do you think the • Sam Houston editor of either a southern Democrat or a northern Whig newspaper in 1844. U.S. declaration of war against Mexico • James K. Polk was justified? Why or why not? • Zachary Taylor Write a topic sentence for an editorial supporting either Polk or Clay for the presidency. Make sure your sentence clearly identifies your position.

Section 2 Assessment the contested area, and they clashed with 6. Sample response: The war was unjusti- Mexican troops. The United States used fied; American expansionists wanted 1. Sentences should demonstrate an under- this situation as an excuse to go to war. a war with weaker Mexico so that the standing of how each term or person is con- United States could grab extensive new nected with the conflict between the United 3. Sample response: We have no choice but lands. Sending American troops into the States and Mexico. to support Henry Clay for President because he will keep us out of a needless contested area was a trap to force a war. 2. Texans rebelled against Mexican rule and war with Mexico. captured Santa Anna. They forced him to sign a treaty granting Texas new terri- 4. Anglo-Texans had not honored their tory. The Mexican government refused oaths to Mexico; however, the Mexican to honor the treaty because Santa Anna government was unstable and did not always protect civil liberties. signed it under duress. Texas then asked For additional assessment, have students the United States for annexation, includ- 5. Sample response: Yes; if he had not, the access Progress Monitoring Online at ing the contested territory, which the United States might have had to fight Web Code nca-0905. United States did. Polk sent troops into another war with the British. 310 Manifest Destiny