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Metrical and Nonmetrical Analyses of Modern Female Crania in the Northwestern Kyushu Area TOMOHIDE WATANABE1, KAZUNOBU SAIKI1, KEISHI OKAMOTO1, TETSUAKI WAKEBE1*

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Metrical and Nonmetrical Analyses of Modern Female Crania in the Northwestern Kyushu Area TOMOHIDE WATANABE1, KAZUNOBU SAIKI1, KEISHI OKAMOTO1, TETSUAKI WAKEBE1* ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE Vol. 112, 147–159, 2004 Metrical and nonmetrical analyses of modern female crania in the northwestern Kyushu area TOMOHIDE WATANABE1, KAZUNOBU SAIKI1, KEISHI OKAMOTO1, TETSUAKI WAKEBE1* 1Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan Received 29 September 2003; accepted 18 December 2003 Abstract In the northwestern Kyushu area, at the southwestern region of the mainland of Japan, a native people of Jomon lineage lived during the Aeneolithic Yayoi period, and differed morphologi- cally from the immigrant people of continental lineage of the northern Kyushu area. In this study, the metric and nonmetric characteristics of 204 modern female crania from northwestern Kyushu were examined in order to investigate their morphological characteristics and lineage relationships by com- paring them with several modern Japanese, Ryukyuan, Hokkaido Ainu, Korean, Chinese, and northern and northwestern Kyushu Yayoi and Jomon cranial series. The craniometric characteristics of the northwestern Kyushu Japanese females were found to be similar to those of the mainland Japanese, as well as to those of Koreans, Chinese, and the northern Kyushu Yayoi, but differed somewhat from the Ryukyuan and Hokkaido Ainu conditions, and distinctly diverged from the northwestern Kyushu Yayoi and Jomon conditions. The results of multivariate analyses of nonmetric traits coincided generally with those of the craniometrical analyses; however, the northwestern Kyushu Japanese was found to be rel- atively close to the Ryukyuans, and markedly remote from the Hokkaido Ainu. These findings suggest that the northwestern Kyushu Japanese possess morphological traits in common with other mainland Japanese populations due to genetic influences of the continental lineage during or after the protohis- toric Kofun period. Key words: Japanese, northwestern Kyushu, female, craniometry, nonmetric cranial trait Introduction area had a markedly higher face and taller stature than the Jomon (Kanaseki, 1956, 1959, 1966; Nakahashi et al., 1985; Numerous morphological studies—both metric and non- Nakahashi and Nagai, 1989; Nakahashi, 1993). Therefore metric—of crania from the Japanese archipelago have been the Yayoi people of the northern Kyushu area are considered reported (e.g. Koganei, 1893; Hasebe, 1917; Miyamoto, to have been strongly influenced genetically by immigrants 1924; Morita, 1950; Yamaguchi, 1973, 1978; Dodo, 1974; from the Asian continent or their descendants. It is widely Mouri, 1976; K. Hanihara, 1984). In recent years, detailed considered—based on many morphological and genetic comparative studies of Ryukyuan crania have also been pub- studies—that people of continental lineage were influential lished by Dodo and others (Dodo et al., 1998, 2000; Dodo, in the formation of the modern Japanese (e.g. Mouri, 1986, 2001). Because morphological regionality is closely related 1988; Ossenberg, 1986; Dodo, 1987; Dodo and Ishida, 1988, to the lineage history of populations, clarifying the morpho- 1990, 1992; T. Hanihara, 1989, 1991; Kozintsev, 1990; logical characteristics of the modern peoples in each area of Yamaguchi, 1990; K. Hanihara, 1991, 1993; Nakahashi, Japan is useful in the study of the origin and formation of the 1993; Omoto, 1995; Omoto and Saito, 1997; Ikeda, 1998). Japanese. Noda (1993) morphologically investigated male crania to In this study we examined modern female crania from the ascertain whether modern males in the northwestern Kyushu northwestern Kyushu area, i.e. the northwest region of area had inherited the characteristics of Yayoi males, and Kyushu Island, including many islets (Figure 1). The people concluded—because of similarities such as a lower cranial of the Yayoi period (ca. 300 BC to 300 AD) in this area vault, a lower face, and a lower orbit—that the modern inherited some morphological characteristics from the peo- males of this area show influence of Yayoi males from the ple of the Jomon period (ca. 10,000 BC to 300 BC), who had same area. However, the morphological characteristics of a low, wide face and short stature (Naito, 1971, 1981, 1984). modern female crania from northwestern Kyushu have not However, the Yayoi people in neighboring northern Kyushu been clarified. Cranial morphological studies have mainly been carried out using male or mixed samples, but little * Corresponding author. e-mail: [email protected] detailed work has been performed on female samples. How- phone: 81-095-849-7022; fax: 81-095-849-7024 ever, there have been some cases of excavation of exclu- Published online 29 June 2004 sively female human skeletal remains from ancient sites. in J-STAGE (www.jstage.jst.go.jp) DOI: 10.1537/ase.00100 Also, lineage analyses using mitochondrial DNA (which is © 2004 The Anthropological Society of Nippon 147 148 T. WATANABE ET AL. ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCE Figure 1. Map showing the location of the northwestern Kyushu area and samples from other areas used in the present study. matrilinearly inherited) in both ancient and modern Japanese Kyushu Yayoi, and Tsukumo Jomon samples were used. For have increased in recent years (Horai et al., 1989, 1991; direct comparisons of trait incidences in the nonmetrical Shinoda and Kunisada, 1990, 1994; Kurosaki et al., 1993; analyses, northwestern Kyushu, northern Kyushu, Kinki, Oota et al., 1995; Shinoda and Kanai, 1999). Therefore we and Kanto–Tohoku Japanese, Hokkaido Ainu, northwestern considered it necessary to clarify the lineage relations of not Kyushu Yayoi, northern Kyushu Yayoi, and Jomon samples only males but also females. were used. For multivariate analyses, all samples were used This study employed standard metrical and nonmetrical in both metrical and nonmetrical comparisons. methods for comparative analysis of modern and earlier female crania. We attempted to clarify metric and nonmetric Metrical analysis characteristics of the modern female crania from the north- The 41 cranial measurements and 16 indices shown in western Kyushu area and to estimate their lineage relation- Appendix 1 were measured according to Martin’s methods ships by analyzing and comparing modern Japanese, (Bräuer, 1988; Baba, 1991), and 17 measurements and 9 Ryukyuans, Ainu, Koreans, Chinese, Yayoi, and Jomon indices shown in Table 2 were used in the analyses. It has female crania, along with comparisons and consideration of been reported that the method of measuring upper facial previous findings based on male crania. height varies between researchers, and this affects the results of analysis (Dodo, 2001). In this study, using Martin’s meth- Materials and Methods ods, the distance between the ‘nasion’ and the ‘alveolare’ was measured. The upper facial height of the northwestern Materials Kyushu Yayoi (Naito, 1971) was corrected by adding The 204 female crania stored at the Nagasaki University 2.0 mm (Dodo, 2001) because it had been measured between Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences were examined. the ‘nasion’ and the ‘prosthion’. The upper facial indices of These were crania of people born between 1866 and 1937 in the northwestern Kyushu Yayoi were also corrected by a Nagasaki prefecture, and their birth and death dates and proportional amount. domiciles were documented. Comparative samples used in Student’s t-test was performed to test the significance of this study are shown in Table 1. For direct comparisons of differences in the measurements. For the indices, the nor- measurements and indices in metrical analyses, northwest- mality of distribution was examined in the large sample of ern Kyushu, northern Kyushu, Kinki, and Kanto Japanese, northwestern Kyushu Japanese. As a result, the null hypoth- Hokkaido Ainu, northwestern Kyushu Yayoi, northern esis of normal distribution could not be rejected at the 5% Vol. 112, 2004 MODERN FEMALE CRANIA IN NORTHWESTERN KYUSHU 149 Table 1. Female samples compared in this study Sample name Period1 No. of crania Source and brief information Metrical analyses Northwestern Kyushu Japanese Modern 202 Present study: Nagasaki prefecture Northern Kyushu Japanese Modern 57 Nakahashi and Nagai (1989): mainly Fukuoka prefecture Central Kyushu Japanese Modern 45 Matsumoto (1956): Kumamoto prefecture Kinki Japanese Modern 20 Miyamoto (1924): Kinki district Hokuriku Japanese Modern 20 Otsuki (1930): Hokuriku district Kanto Japanese Modern 84 Morita (1950): Kanto district Tohoku Japanese Modern 23 Yamasaki et al. (1967): Tohoku district Amami–Okinawa Islander Modern 34 Dodo et al. (2001): Amami and Okinawa islands (Ryukyuan) Miyako Islander (Ryukyuan) Modern 48 Ikeda (1974): Miyako island Hokkaido Ainu Modern 64 Koganei (1893), Yamaguchi (1978): Hokkaido Korean Modern 50 Shima (1934): Kyonggi-do, Korea Chinese Modern 17 Shima (1933): Fuschun, Liaoning Province, China Northern Kyushu Yayoi Aeneolithic Yayoi 86 Nakahashi and Nagai (1989): mainly from plain sites of Fukuoka prefecture Northwestern Kyushu Yayoi Aeneolithic Yayoi 15 Naito (1971): from seaside sites of Nagasaki prefecture Tsukumo Jomon Neolithic Jomon 28 Kiyono and Miyamoto (1926): from Tsukumo site of Okayama prefecture Nonmetrical analyses Northwestern Kyushu Japanese Modern 204 Present study: Nagasaki prefecture Northern Kyushu Japanese Modern 27 Dodo et al. (1992, unpublished data): mainly Fukuoka prefecture Kinki Japanese Modern 85 Mouri (1988): Kinki district Hokuriku Japanse Modern 70 Mouri (1988): Hokuriku district Kanto–Tohoku
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