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The American National Exhibition in Moscow, 1959

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The American National Exhibition in Moscow, 1959 THE AMERICAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION IN MOSCOW, 1959: How the A.N.E.M. influenced the Cold War Matthew Williams History 490 Professor Transchel May 11, 2016 The so‐called Kitchen Debate of 1959 between Richard M. Nixon and Nikita S. Khrushchev was a pivotal point in the Cold War. Held at the American National Exhibition in Sokolniki Park in Moscow, its official purpose was to promote the sharing of ideas regarding consumer technology between the two superpowers. Not limited to simple appliances, the event instigated the sharing of ideas. The Kitchen Debate highlighted many differences: cultural, political, and technological. While the popular narrative considers the American National Exhibition to have contributed greatly to the overall outcome of the Cold War, it clearly did not influence the conflict in the way that is commonly thought. Background The American National Exhibition was originally planned under a 1958 agreement, made between the United States and the Soviet Union, to hold expositions in each others’ countries. A Soviet Exhibition was held in New York City’s Coliseum and an American Exhibition was held in Sokolniki Park in Moscow. The intention of these expositions was to share ideas and show each others’ populations what the other country was like.1 This came at a time when the populations of the two nations knew little about their powerful adversaries. The Soviet Union and communism were taboo subjects in the United States, while conversely America and capitalism were taboo in the Soviet Union. Consequently, most people had little or no idea what life was actually like in either country. The American National Exhibition aimed to change this. 1 Susan E. Reid, “Who will Beat Whom?: Soviet Popular Reception of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, 1959,” Kritika, Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 9, No. 4, Fall 2008, p. 856. 1 In early 1959, President Eisenhower approved Vice President Richard Nixon to represent the United States at the exhibition after a recommendation by the United States Information Agency.2 Just before Nixon left for Moscow, the U.S. Congress passed the Captive Nations Resolution, which dedicated every third week in July to raising awareness concerning countries that were under the control of communistic and other non‐ democratic regimes.3 This resolution caused great tension prior to, and during, Nixon’s visit to the U.S.S.R., and it provided the subject of much of what Nixon and Khrushchev debated when away from the public eye. Figure 1: Map of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, 19594 The Exhibition itself included the latest‐and‐greatest technology and art, representing American “cutting‐edge” culture. There was a model home, nicknamed 2 Richard M. Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Gossett & Dunlap, 1978), 203. 3 Ibid, 205. 4 Paleofuture, “Illustration of plans for the American National Exhibition in Sokolniki Park, Moscow,” The All‐American Expo That Invaded Cold War Russia, accessed April 7, 2016, http://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/the‐all‐american‐expo‐that‐invaded‐cold‐war‐ russia‐550628823. 2 “Splitnik” as a play off of the word “Sputnik.” This nickname derived because the structure was split in half to allow a large audience to view the interior. Inside, the yellow appliances of the General Electric kitchen created a bright, cheery background for the renowned Kitchen Debate. Adjacent to the house, a revolutionary color television studio provided the location where Nixon and Khrushchev would have their debate recorded on Ampex color videotape, later replayed on televisions throughout the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Separate from the house, there were three other kitchens, most notably a fully‐automated Whirlpool “Miracle” kitchen designed to amaze Soviet and American audiences. Voting machines, demonstrated how American election processes worked on the individual level. These voting machines were used during the exhibition to collect data regarding Soviet reaction to the exhibits.5 An array of American art, including many sculptures, as well as a large selection of paintings and photographs rounded out the scene. These exhibits represented the diversity and creativity of modern American artists. A particularly notable exhibit was a film entitled “Glimpses of the U.S.A.,” a slideshow‐type film put together to show Soviets what an ordinary day for an average American family looked like. It contained images of wide‐open prairies, densely wooded forests, mountains, urban metropolises, sprawling suburbs, and interstate highways; all presented to the tune of dramatic cinematic music with a narration that described a typical day in America. It really did capture the late 1950s U.S.A. quite well.6 The event organizers displayed the film on seven twenty‐foot by thirty‐foot screens inside another of the event’s main attractions, a 250‐foot diameter geodesic dome, designed by distinguished architect 5 Reid, “Who will Beat Whom?,” 886. 6 Charles and Ray Eames, Glimpses of the U.S.A. (1959) [excerpt] (Eames Office, 1959), from YouTube, 4:23, https://youtu.be/Ob0aSyDUK4A 3 and inventor Buckminster Fuller.7 It took more than all this, however, to truly impress the Soviets. Figure 2: "Glimpses of The U.S.A." being shown in the Geodesic Dome at the American National Exhibition, 1959.8 The Kitchen Debate The most well‐known events of the American National Exhibition were the debates between Nixon and Khrushchev in the model General Electric kitchen, hence the name 7 Eames Office, “Glimpses Of The U.S.A. Film,” The Work: Multiscreen & Multimedia, accessed April 3, 2016, (Eames Office 1959). 8 Eames Office, “Out Of Many, One: Glimpses Of The U.S.A. And More,” Scholars Walk: Notable Articles, accessed April 4, 2016, http://www.eamesoffice.com/scholars‐walk/out‐ of‐many‐one‐glimpses‐of‐the‐usa‐and‐more. 4 “Kitchen Debate.” This was followed by a debate in the color television studio, which was broadcast in the United States and Soviet Union. These two events are often collectively referred to as “The Kitchen Debate” although only one of them actually took place in a kitchen. The two leaders discussed the superiority of each country in specific areas. In what was probably the most famous scene from the whole event, Nixon and Khrushchev walked into the the General Electric model kitchen and Nixon pointed at a dishwasher: Khrushchev: We have such things. Nixon: This is our newest model. This is the kind which is built in thousands of units for direct installation in the houses. In America, we like to make life easier for women… Khrushchev: Your capitalistic attitude toward women does not occur under Communism. Nixon: I think that this attitude towards women is universal. What we want to do, is make life more easy for our housewives….9 This scene became famous primarily because it highlighted a significant difference in attitude regarding the status and role of women within the cultures. Under Soviet tradition, women worked just as men did and were respected for their labor, whereas in this era in the United States, women were often not employed for meaningful work. Women in the U.S. were also a frequent target of advertisers, attempting to sell products to supposedly improve their lives. In another instance, Nixon admitted that although the Soviet Union was ahead of the United States in rocket technology at the time, the U.S. had an upper‐hand in consumer technologies, such as color television. The two had very lively interactions: jabbing, joking, 9 Central Intelligence Agency (FOIA), The Kitchen Debate – Transcript, July 24, 1959, (The History Channel n.d.)(accessed 2/20/16), p.1. 5 and debating throughout Nixon’s time in the Soviet Union. Though much was said between the two leaders, the moments captured by audio and video technology have become the foundation for scholarly interpretation of the Kitchen Debate. Figure 3: Khrushchev (left) and Nixon (right) in the General Electric model kitchen10 In the color television studio, the two men deliberated more over their countries’ respective policies, trying in vain to answer a question that neither would agree on: which system was better? Each made valid points about the superiority of their own. When the topic of housing came up, Khrushchev argued that Soviets had a right to housing — that one only had to be born in the Soviet Union to receive housing. In jest, he contrasted this to the United States, claiming “if you don’t have a dollar you have a right to choose between 10 The History Channel, “The Kitchen Debate Video,” Richard M. Nixon Videos, accessed April 10, 2016, http://www.history.com/topics/us‐presidents/richard‐m‐ nixon/videos/the‐kitchen‐debate. (Khrushchev and Talbott 1974) (Frankel 1959) 6 sleeping in a house or on the pavement,” meaning if you were penniless, you had to sleep on the street. Nixon rebutted, claiming that there were “a thousand builders building a thousand different houses,” and that no single individual in the government made anyone’s decisions for them.11 Khrushchev firmly convinced himself that, with the adoption of the 1960 five‐year plan, the U.S.S.R. could catch up to the United States and eventually become superior, all thanks to the wonders of communism. He made it a point during the debate to share his confidence with the world. Reception of The American National Exhibition The American National Exhibition received mixed reviews. American news outlets reported that Nixon successfully debated his points and advocated peace between the powers. However, many sources collected from Soviet patrons to the exhibition revealed criticism of the event. The primary means of collecting information from the Soviets included a combination of voting machines that the event organizers used to record quantitative data regarding specific exhibits as “favorable” or “unfavorable,” as well as blank comment books that Soviets could write in.
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