Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mimarlik Ve Bilimkurgu Edebiyatinda Mekan Okumalari Yü

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Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Mimarlik Ve Bilimkurgu Edebiyatinda Mekan Okumalari Yü İSTANBUL TEKN İK ÜN İVERS İTES İ FEN B İLİMLER İ ENST İTÜSÜ MİMARLIK VE B İLİMKURGU EDEB İYATINDA MEKAN OKUMALARI YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Mimar Pelin Melisa SOMER Anabilim Dalı : MİMARLIK Programı : MİMAR İ TASARIM HAZ İRAN 2006 İSTANBUL TEKN İK ÜN İVERS İTES İ FEN B İLİMLER İ ENST İTÜSÜ MİMARLIK VE B İLİMKURGU EDEB İYATINDA MEKAN OKUMALARI YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Mimar Pelin Melisa SOMER (502031023) Tezin Enstitüye Verildi ği Tarih : 8 Mayıs 2006 Tezin Savunuldu ğu Tarih : 14 Haziran 2006 Tez Danı şmanı : Doç.Dr. Arzu Erdem Di ğer Jüri Üyeleri Yrd.Doç.Dr. Gülsün TANYEL İ ( İ.T.Ü.) Doç.Dr. Bülent TANJU (Y.T.Ü.) HAZ İRAN 2006 ÖNSÖZ Okuması, çalı şması ve yazması zevkli bir konu seçmek, tezle ilgili olarak alınabilecek en do ğru karar sanırım. Bu tezi çok severek yazmı ş olmak, çalı şma sürecinin zorluklarını a şmamda en önemli etkenlerden biri olurken tezin de olması gerekenden belki biraz daha fazla konuya de ğinmesi ile sonuçlandı. Tezin bir teslim tarihi olmasaydı, büyük bir ihtimalle ben halen yazıyor olurdum, danı şmanım Arzu Hanım da beni durdurmaya çalı şıyor olurdu. Hal bu iken, çalı şma sürecinin ba şından beri bana her türlü konuda yardımcı olan, motivasyonumu kuvvetlendiren ve bunu yaparken yüzünden gülümsemesi eksik olmayan sevgili hocam Doç.Dr. Arzu Erdem’e, jüri üyeleri ve di ğer hocalarıma, hem evde hem büroda her zaman yanımda olan, tezin içeri ğini zenginle ştiren önerilerde bulunan, destekleri bana her zaman güç veren, aileme ve arkada şlarıma çok te şekkür ediyorum. Mayıs, 2006 Melisa Somer ii İÇİNDEK İLER ÖNSÖZ ii İÇİNDEK İLER iii ŞEK İL L İSTES İ iv ÖZET v SUMMARY vi 1. G İRİŞ 1 2. AMAÇ, KAPSAM VE SINIRLAR 3 2.1. Amaç: Mekan Tasarımında Kavramsal Bir Esin Kayna ğı Olarak Edebiyat ve Potansiyellerinin Tartı şılması 3 2.2. Kapsam: Mimarlık Metin İli şkisinin Vurgulanması 7 2.2.1. Mimarlıktan Yazıya Yansımalar 11 2.2.2. Yazıdan Mimarlı ğa Yansımalar 16 2.3. Sınırlar: Kavramsal / Kuramsal Çerçevenin Belirlenmesi Ba ğlamında, Mimarlık Edebiyat İli şkisinin Tartı şılması, Tez Özelinde Bilimkurgu Edebiyatı ve Mekan Betimlemeleri Üzerine Yo ğunla şılması 22 3. 20.YY BOYUNCA MEKANA DA İR ÖNERMELER VE MEKAN ÜTOPYALARI 24 3.1. Söylemde Kalan Mekan 25 3.2. Görselle şmi ş Mekan 32 3.2.1. Enformasyon Teknolojileri Öncesi 32 3.2.2. Enformasyon Teknolojileri Sonrası 47 4. B İLİMKURGU EDEB İYATI, ÖZNE, NESNE VE MEKANA DA İR ÖNERD İKLER İ 61 4.1. Bilimkurgu Edebiyatı: Tanımı ve Tarihi 61 4.2. Çalı şmada Seçilen Metinler Üzerine Genel Notlar 78 4.3. Bilimkurgu Edebiyatında Özne ve Nesne 84 4.4. Bilimkurgu Edebiyatında Mekan 106 4.4.1. Bilimkurgu Edebiyatında Fiziksel Mekan 106 4.4.2. Bilimkurgu Edebiyatında Fantastik Mekan 116 5. SONUÇLAR VE DE ĞERLEND İRME 128 KAYNAKLAR 133 EK A: B İLİMKURGU EDEB İYATI KRONOLOJ İSİ 141 ÖZGEÇM İŞ 148 iii ŞEK İL L İSTES İ Sayfa No Şekil 3.1 : Cita Nuova, Antonio Sant´Elia..................................................... 33 Şekil 3.2 : Cita Nuova, Antonio Sant´Elia..................................................... 34 Şekil 3.3 : Cita Nuova, Antonio Sant´Elia..................................................... 34 Şekil 3.4 : Bruno Taut, Alpine Architecture................................................... 35 Şekil 3.5 : Vladimir Tatlin, Üçüncü Enternasyonal için Anıt, Model............ 36 Şekil 3.6 : Vladimir Tatlin, Üçüncü Enternasyonal için Anıt, Bro şür Kapa ğı............................................................................................ 36 Şekil 3.7 : Iakov Chernikov, Cities of the Future........................................... 37 Şekil 3.8 : Frederick Kiesler, Endless Theatre ..................................................38 Şekil 3.9 : Frederick Kiesler, Endless House ..................................................39 Şekil 3.10 : Constant Nieuwenhuys, New Babylon......................................... 41 Şekil 3.11 : Buckminster Fuller, Geodesic Dome over Manhattan.................. 42 Şekil 3.12 : Buckminster Fuller&Shoji Sadao, US Pavilion at Expo 67.......... 42 Şekil 3.13 : Kiyonori Kikutake, Marine Exposition, Hawaii........................... 43 Şekil 3.14 : Ron Herron, Walking City............................................................ 44 Şekil 3.15 : Peter Cook, Plug-in City............................................................... 44 Şekil 3.16 : Yona Friedman, La Ville Spatiale................................................. 45 Şekil 3.17 : Lebbeus Woods, Zagreb Özgür Bölge.......................................... 46 Şekil 3.18 : Foreign Office Architects, Virtual House..................................... 47 Şekil 3.19 : Foreign Office Architects, Virtual House, Haritalar ve Modeller 48 Şekil 3.20 : Foreign Office Architects, Virtual House..................................... 49 Şekil 3.21 : Greg Lynn, Embryological House 7. Venedik Mimarlık Bienali’nde sergilenen maket...................... 50 Şekil 3.22 : Greg Lynn, Embryological House Embryological House’un kabu ğunu gösteren bilgisayar modeli... 51 Şekil 3.23 : Greg Lynn, Embryological House Bilgisayar destekli kesim tekni ği ile yapılmı ş maket.................... 52 Şekil 3.24 : Greg Lynn, Embryological House Mutasyon sürecini gösteren bilgisayar modelleri.......................... 52 Şekil 3.25 : Kas Oosterhuis, (ONL), Web of North-Holland, Model............... 54 Şekil 3.26 : Kas Oosterhuis, (ONL), Web of North-Holland, Konstrüksiyon.. 57 Şekil 3.27 : Kas Oosterhuis, (ONL), Web of North-Holland, Konstrüksiyon.. 58 Şekil 3.28 : Kas Oosterhuis, (ONL), Web of North-Holland, Detaylar........... 58 Şekil 3.29 : Kas Oosterhuis, (ONL), Web of North-Holland........................... 59 Şekil 3.30 : Kas Oosterhuis, (ONL), Web of North-Holland........................... 59 Şekil 3.31 : Kas Oosterhuis, (ONL), Protospace 2.0 The ITC-driven Collaborative Design Working Space, Model............................... 60 iv MİMARLIK VE B İLİMKURGU EDEB İYATINDA MEKAN OKUMALARI ÖZET Bu tez çalı şmasının amacı, mekan tasarımında kavramsal bir esin kayna ğı olarak edebiyatı, özellikle de günümüzün de ğişen dünyasının yeni dinamiklerini yansıtabilecek bilimkurgu edebiyatını ve bu anlamdaki potansiyellerini incelemektir. Seçilen temsil alanı olarak edebiyat fikrini desteklemek amacı ile öncelikle ortaya konması gereken, mimarlık ve metin arasındaki ili şkidir. Bu ili şkinin kökenleri dile ve özellikle de felsefeye dayanır. Metin mimarlık ili şkisi incelenirken konuya her iki boyuttan da yakla şabilmek amacı ile hem mimarlı ğın yazıya hem de yazının mimarlı ğa etkileri ele alınmı ştır. İlk bölümde, mekan okumaları, yapısalcılık ve post yapısalcılık kavramları üzerinden de ğerlendirilmi ş, ikinci bölümde ise edebiyata yansıyan mekanlar incelenmi ştir. İnceleme için gerekli altyapıyı olu şturmak amacı ile, 20.yy’da üretilen deneysel mekan önermeleri tartı şılmı ştır. Bu bölüm, yazılı ve görselle şmi ş mekan ütopyaları olarak iki ba şlıkta ele alınırken enformasyon teknolojilerinin görselle şmi ş mekan üzerine etkileri de incelenmi ştir. Bilimkurgu edebiyatına odaklanan bir sonraki bölümde, bu türün tanımı ve tarihi incelenmi ş, geli şim süreci içerisinde meydana gelen sosyal, teknolojik ve politik de ğişimlerin türe etkisi üzerinde durulmu ştur. Çalı şma kapsamında seçilen metinler hakkında genel bilgi özetlenmi ş, bu metinlerden seçilen bölümlerde, bilimkurguda özne, nesne ve mekan kavramları tartı şılmı ştır. Mekan betimlemeleri bilimkurguda fiziksel mekan ve fantastik mekan olarak iki ayrı bölümde incelenmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde, bilimkurgu üzerine yapılan bu analizde elde edilen bilgiler mimarlık ve ütopya ile birlikte de ğerlendirilmi ş, bilimkurgu metinlerde, tasarlanan mekanların mimarlık için önerdikleri irdelenmi ştir. v SPATIAL READINGS IN ARCHITECTURE AND SCIENCE FICTION LITERATURE SUMMARY The aim of this thesis is to analyze literature and its potentials as a conceptual tool in space design. The research especially focuses on science fiction literature, which allows through characterization of new dynamics of modern world. In this scope primarily the relationship between architecture and text is examined, in order to support the selected medium, literature. This relationship has its origins based in language and especially in philosophy. In order to examine both sides of the subject; reflections of architecture on literature and reflections of literature on architecture are analyzed. In the first part spatial readings are examined according to the concepts of structuralism and post structuralism. In the second part space descriptions in literature are analyzed. In order to build the framework of the study, prominent experimental proposals for space design in 20 th century are discussed. In this chapter, written and visualized architectural utopias are also examined, and while discussing architectural utopias impacts of information technologies are considered. In the fourth chapter, which focuses on the science fiction literature, the definition and historical background of the genre is analyzed, according to the influences of the social, technological and political dynamics of the era. General information about selected texts is summarized. Subject, object and space concepts are discussed in the selected parts of these texts. Space descriptions are analyzed in two parts, physical space and fantastic space. In the conclusion chapter the knowledge gathered from the analyses of science fiction literature are evaluated in relation to architecture and utopia, and the suggestions of the designed spaces in science fiction texts are examined. vi 1. G İRİŞ Fiziksel şartlarla sınırlı bir dünyada
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