Building Aspects of Democracy Before Democracy: Electoral Practices in Nineteenth Century Chile J
BUILDING ASPECTS OF DEMOCRACY BEFORE DEMOCRACY: ELECTORAL PRACTICES IN NINETEENTH CENTURY CHILE J. Samuel Valenzuela Working Paper #223 - April 1996 J. Samuel Valenzuela is a Fellow of the Kellogg Institute and Professor of Sociology at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of Democratización vía reforma: La expansión del sufragio en Chile (IDES, 1985) and editor of a forthcoming volume on Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy. He coedited and contributed to Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Kellogg Series with Notre Dame Press, 1992), Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorships and Oppositions (Johns Hopkins, 1986), and Chile: Politics and Society (Transaction Books, 1976). His articles on comparative labor, development theory, and political change have appeared in English, Spanish, Italian, and French publications. The author gratefully acknowledges the advice and assistance of Erika Maza Valenzuela in preparing this paper. My appreciation as well to Iván Jaksic for steering me to some important primary sources, namely the substantial accounts of elections in James M. Gilliss, Ignacio Domeyko, and Pedro Félix Vicuña, and to Scott Mainwaring for his comments. ABSTRACT The paper presents a detailed analysis of electoral practices in nineteenth-century Chile. It argues that such elections have been largely misunderstood in Chilean historiography, given the fact that the political system has been viewed simply as a tool in the hands of the rich. Indeed, the existence of income requirements in order to register to vote has even led analysts to assume that only wealthy males actually voted. By contrast, this paper shows that a majority of the voting public in the electoral processes that occurred every three years was drawn from the middle- lower to lower strata of society.
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